CHAPTER 19 EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT (1901).pptx

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1. Chapter 19 El Filibusterismo Published in Ghent (1891)

2. - He had begun writing it in October, 1887 , while practising medicine in Calamba . - The following year (1888), in London, he made some changes in the plot and corrected some chapters already written. - He wrote more chapters in Paris and Madrid, and finished the manuscript in Biarritz on March 29, 1891 . - It took him, therefore, three years to writes his second novel.

3. Privations in Ghent July 5, 1891, Rizal left Brussels for Ghent , a famous university city in Belgium. Two reasons for moving to Ghent: The cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels and, t o escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzannes . University of Ghent

4. - He met two compatriots, Jose Alejandro (from Pampanga) and Edilberto Evangelista (from Manila), both studying engineering in the world-famed University of Ghent. Rizal lived in a cheap boarding house, with Jose Alejandro as room-mate . Alejandro became a general during the Filipino – American War of 1899 – 1902. Jose Alejandro Edilberto Evangelista

5. The Printing of El Filibusterismo Rizal searched for a printing shop that give him the lowest quotation for the publication of his novel. F. MEYER – VAN LOO PRESS, No. 66 Viaandren Street – to print in instalment basis. He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and early partial payments.

6. He had received some money from Basa and P200 from Rodriguez Arias for the copies of Morga’s Sucesos sold in Manila. On August 6 , the printing had to be suspend, as Rizal feared, he could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer. He wrote to Basa in Hong Kong: “As you will see in the enclosed clipping, the printing of the second part (sequel to the Noli – Z.) is advanced, and I am now on page 112. Because no money is forthcoming and I owe everybosy and I am broke, I will have to suspend the publication and leave the work half- finished”. Jose Maria Basa Rodriguez Arias

7. Ventura, Savior of Fili - Rizal’s Calvary in connection with the printing of Noli was repeated in the Fili’s printing. - His funds ran out in Ghent, a similar calamity that he experienced in Berlin in the winter of 1886. In a moment of bitter disillusionment, he almost hurled the manuscript of Fili into flames, just as he almost did the Noli in Berlin.

8. Ventura, Savior of Fili When everything seemed lost, help came from an unexpected source. Valentin Ventura in Paris learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent him the necessary funds. With his financial aid, the printing of the Fili was resumed.

9. The Fili Come off the Press September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo came off the press . He sent two printed copies to Hong Kong – for Basa and Sixto Lopez . Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and autographed printed copy to his friend in Paris, Valentin Ventura . He sent other comlementary copies to Blumentritt , Mariano Ponce , G. Lopez Jaena , T. H. Pardo de Tavera , Antonio and Juan Luna , and other friends.

10. Sixto Lopez Juan Luna Antonio Luna T. H. Pardo de Tavera Mariano Ponce

11. The members of the Filipino colony of Barcelona published a tribute in La Publicidad , a Barcelona newspaper, eulogizing the novel’s original style which “is comparable only to the sublime Alexander Dumas” and may well be offered as “a model and a precious jewel in the now decadent literature of Spain”.

12. The liberal Madrid newspaper, El Nuevo Regimen , serialized the novel in its issues of October, 1891 . All copies of the first edition (Ghent edition) of El Filibusterismo were placed in wooden boxes and shipped to Hong Kong, but almost all the boxes were confiscated and the book were lost. The book became rare, and few available Ghent copies were sold at very high prices, reaching as high as 400 pesetas per copy.

13. Dedicated to Gom -Bur- Za He dedicated El Filibusterismo to them.His dedication reads as follows: To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in Bagumbayan Field on the 28 th of February, 1872.

14. The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the government, by surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows, causes the belief the there was some error, committed in fatal moments; and all the Philippines, by worshipping your memory and calling you martyr, in no sense recognizes your culpability. In so far, therefore, as your compicity in the Cavite mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not have been patriots, and as you or may not have cherished sentimental for justice and for liberty,

15. I have the right to dedicate my work to you as a victims of the evil which I undertake to combat. And while we wait expectantly upon Spain someday to restore your good name and cease to be answerable for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over your unknown tombs, and let it be understood that every on who without clear proofs attacks your memory stains his hands I your blood!

16. In historical records, however, we rectify Rizal’s historical inaccuracies in his dedicatory note. First of all, the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgos, and Z amora occurred on February 17, 1872 – not on the 28 th . Secondly, Father Gomez was 73 years old – not 85, Father Burgos was 35 years old – not 30, and Father Zamora was 37 years old – not 35.

17. The manuscript and the Book The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own hand writing is now preserved in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila . It had been acquired by the Philippine Government from Valentin Ventura for P 10,000 . It consist of 279 pages of long sheets of paper.

18. Two features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed book, namely: FOREWORD and the WARNING . These were not put into print, evidently, to save printing cost. The FOREWORD appears just before the dedicatory page in the manuscript. It runs as follows: We have so often been frightened by the phantom of filibusterism that from only nurse’s narration it has become a positive and real being whose name alone (in driving us of our serenity) makes us commit the greatest myths in order not to meet the feared reality. Instead of fleeing, we shall look at its face, and with determined, if inexpert, hand we shall raise the veil to uncover before the multitude the mechanics of its skeleton.

19. if upon seeing it, our country and our government reflect, we shall consider our selves happy no matter whether we pray for it like the young student of Sais who wished to penetrate the secret of the priestly imposure . (On the other hand, if in the face of reality, instead of being soothed, one’s fear is increased and the trepidation of another is aggravated, then they will have to be left in the hands of time which educates the living, in the hands of fatality which weaves the destinies of peoples and governments with the faults and errors that they are committing everyday.)

20. The WARNING is found on the other side of the dedication. It is as follows: They are going to waste their time who would attack this book by holding on to trifles, or who from other motives, would try to discover in it more ore less known physiognomies. True to his purpose of exposing the disease, of the patient, and, in order not to divert himself nor divert the reader, whilst he narrates only real facts which happened recently and are absolutely authentic in substance, he has disfigured his characters so that they may not turn to be the typical pictures some readers found in his first book. Man passes; his vices remain, and to accentuate or show their effects the pen of the writer aspires.

21. Inscription on Title Page The title of El Filibusterismo contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt . This inscription, which is not found in many published English translation, is as follows: It can easily be supposed that a rebel ( filibustero ) has secretly bewitched the league of friar- zealots and retrogrades so that, unwittingly following his incitements, they should favor and foment that policy which pursues one sole end; to spread ideas of rebellion throughout the length and breadth of the land, and to convince every Filipino that there is no salvation except through separation from the Mother country. Ferdinand Blumentritt

22. Synopsis of El Filibusterismo This novel is a sequel to the Noli . It has a little humor , less idealism , and less romance than the Noli Me tangere . It is more revolutionary , more tragic than the first novel .

23. The protagonist of  El Filibusterismo  is a jeweler named  Simoun . He is the new identity of  Crisostomo Ibarra  who, in the prequel  Noli , escaped from pursuing soldiers. It is revealed that Crisostomo dug up his buried treasure and fled to Cuba, becoming richer and befriending Spanish officials. After many years, the newly fashioned Simoun returns to the Philippines, where he is able to freely move around. He is a powerful figure not only because of his wealth but also because he is a good friend and adviser of the governor general.

24. Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain; however, in secret, he is plotting a terrible revenge against the Spanish authorities. His two obsessions are to rescue his paramour  Maria Clara  from the nunnery of Santa Clara and to foment a Philippine revolution against Spain. The story of  El Filibusterism o begins on board a steamer ship sailing up the Pasig river from Manila to Laguna de Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun ;  Doña Victorina , a pro-Spanish native woman who is going to Laguna in search of her henpecked husband,  Tiburcio de Espadaña , who has deserted her;  Paulita Gomez , her beautiful niece;  Ben- Zayb  (anagram of Ibañez ), a Spanish journalist who writes silly articles about the Filipinos;  Padre Sibyla , vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas;  Padre Camorra , the parish priest of the town of Tiani ;  Don Custodio ,

25. a pro-Spanish Filipino holding a position in the government;  Padre Salvi , thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego;  Padre Irene , a kind friar who was a friend of the Filipino students;  Padre Florentino , a retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest;  Isagani , a poet-nephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of Paulita ; and  Basilio , son of Sisa and promising medical student, whose medical education is financed by his patron,  Capitan Tiago . A man of wealth and mystery, Simoun is a very close friend and confidante of the Spanish governor general. Because of his great influence in Malacañang , he was called the “Brown Cardinal” or the “Black Eminence”. By using his wealth and political influence, he encourages corruption in the government, promotes the oppression of the masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the country so that the people may become desperate and fight.

26. He smuggles arms into the country with the help of a rich Chinese merchant,  Quiroga , who aspires to be Chinese consul of Manila. His first attempt to begin the armed uprising did not materialize because at the last hour he hears the sad news that Maria Clara died in the nunnery. In his agonizing moment of bereavement, he did not give the signal for the outbreak of hostilities . After a long time of illness brought about by the bitter loss of Maria Clara, Simoun perfects his plan to overthrow the government. On the occasion of the wedding of Paulita Gomez and JuanitoPelaez , he gives a wedding gift to them a beautiful  lamp .

27. Only he and his confidential associates, Basilio ( Sisa’s son who joined his revolutionary cause), know that when the wick of his lamp burns lower the nitroglycerine , hidden in its secret compartment, will explode, destroying the house where the wedding feast is going to be held killing all the guests, including the governor general, the friars, and the government officials. Simultaneously, all the government buildings in Manila will be blown by Simoun’s followers. As the wedding feast begins, the poet Isagani , who has been rejected by Paulita because of his liberal ideas, is standing outside the house, sorrowfully watching the merriment inside. Basilio , his friend, warns him to go away because the lightened lamp will soon explode.

28. Upon hearing the horrible secret of the lamp, Isagani realizes that his beloved Paulita is in grave danger. To save her life, he rushes into the house, seizes the lightened lamp, and hurls it into the river, where it explodes . The revolutionary plot is thus discovered. Simoun is cornered by the soldiers, but he escapes. Mortally wounded, and carrying his treasure chest, he seeks refuge in the home of Padre Florentino by the sea. The Spanish authorities, however, learns of his presence in the house of Padre Florentino .  Lieutenant Perez  of the Guardia Civil informs the priest by letter that he will come at eight o’clock that night to arrest Simoun .

29. Simoun eludes arrest by taking poison. As he is dying, he confesses to Padre Florentino , revealing his true identity, his dastardly plan to use his wealth to avenge himself, and his sinister aim to destroy his friends and enemies. The confession of the dying Simoun is long and painful. It is already night when Padre Florentino , wiping the sweat from his wrinkled brow, rises and begins to meditate. He consoles the dying man saying: “God will forgive you Señor Simoun . He knows that we are fallible. He has seen that you have suffered, and in ordaining that the chastisement for your faults should come as death from the very ones you have instigated to crime, we can see His infinite mercy.

30. He has frustrated your plans one by one, the best conceived, first by the death of Maria Clara, then by a lack of preparation, then in some mysterious way. Let us bow to His will and render Him thanks!” Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and at peace with God, Padre Florentino falls upon his knees and prays for the dead jeweler . The priest then takes the treasure chest and throws it into the sea.

31. “ Noli ” and Fili ” Compared The Noli is romantic novel; it is a “work of the heart” – a “book of feeling”; it has freshness, color , humor , lightness, and wit. The Fili is a political novel; it is “work of the head” – a “book of the thought”; it contains bitterness, hatred, pain violence, and sorrow. El Filibusterismo is shorter than Noli Me Tangere . It contains 38 chapters as against the Noli’s 64 . Rizal had to cut the Fili due to lack of funds.

32. Rizal himself considered the Noli as superior to the Fili as a novel thereby agreeing with M.H. del Pilar who had the same opinion. Retana , Rizal’s first Spanish biographers, also believes that Noli is superior to the Fili . Blumentritt , Garciano Lopez Jaena , and Dr. Rafael Palma – are of the opinion that the Fili is superior to Noli .

33. Rizal’s Unfinished Third Novel Even fore Lopez Jaena suggested the writing of another novel, Rizal had already in mind to open a third novel. September 22, 1891, four days after Fili came off, he wrote to Blumentritt : “I am thinking of writing a third novel, a novel in the modern sense of the word, but this time politics will not find much space in it, but ethics will play the principal role.

34. October 18, 1891 , boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong . During the voyage he began writing the third novel in Tagalog which he intended for Tagalog readers. The unfinished third novel has no title. It consist of 44 pages (33 cm. x 21 cm.) in Rizal’s handwriting still in manuscript form, it is preserved in the National Library, Manila. The story begins with the solemn burial of Prince Tagulima , sin of Sultan Zaide of Ternate on Malapad-na-bato , a big rock on the bank of the Pasig River.

35. Sultan Zaide , with his royal family and retainers was taken prisoner by the Spaniards during the wars in the Moluccas and brought to Manila. The old sultan, his children, and followers were promised good treatment, but the Spaniards forgot their promise and let them die one by one in misery. The hero of the novel was Kamandagan , a descendant of Lakan-Dula , last King of Tondo . He plotted to regain the lost freedom of his fathers. One day he saved his two beautiful grand daughters, Maligaya and Sinagtala , from the lustful Spaniards – the cura and the encomendero of Bay Laguna. Rizal was fortunate not to have finished this novel, because it would have caused greater scandal and more Spanish vengeance of him.

36. Rizal’s Unfinished Third Novel Makamisa , a novel in Tagalog written in light sarcastic style and is incomplete for only two chapters are finished. The manuscript consists of 20 pages, 34.2 cm x 22 cm. Dapitan , written in ironic Spanish. He wrote it during his exile in Dapitan to depict the town life and customs . The manuscript consists of 8 pages, 23 cm. x 16 cm.

37. A novel in Spanish about the life in Pili , a town in Laguna, is also unfinished. The manuscript consists of 147 pages, 8” x 6.5”, without title. Among the characters are the following: Padre Agaton , a Spanish friar; Captain Panchong and Capitana barang ; Cecilia, their pretty daughter; Isagani , lover of Cecilia; Capitan Crispin, political rival of Panchong ; and Dr. Lopez, a free thinker.

38. Another is novel without title is about Cristobal , a youthful Filipino student who has returned from Europe. The manuscript consist of 34 pages, 8 ½” x 6 ¼” . Among the characters are Cristobal, who has studied for 12 years in Europe; Amalia , his sweetheart; Capitan ramon , the father of Cristobal; a Dominican friar; a Franciscan friar; and a Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.

39. Another novel are contained in two notebooks – the first notebook contains 31 written pages, 35.5 cm. x 22 cm. and the second 12 written pages, 22 cm. x 17 cm . The author describes the deplorable conditions of the Philippines . This unfinished novel is written in Spanish, and the style is ironic.

40. Thank you for listening