Chapter 19 Empires in collision Middle East and East Asia 1800 1914

Summary of Chapter 19 Ways of the World book.
Empires in Collision Middle East and East Asia 1800 to 1914

1. @SOFISANDOVAL

2. INTRODUCTION
s Opium Wars remain a central element of China´s
“patriotic education”
s Some 170 years after that clash between the Chinese and
British empires, the Opium War retains en emotional
resonance for many Chinese.
s China faced an immense military and political ambitions
of rival European states.
s Became enmeshed in networks of trade and investment
s Touched by various aspects of Eruopean culture –
modernity and scientific rationalism

3. MAP OF TIME
s 1973 – Chinese rejritish requests for OpenTrade
s 1798 – Napoleon invades Egypt
s 1838-1842 First Opium War in China
s 1850-1864 Taiping uprising in China
s 1856-1858 Second Opium War in China
s 1868 In Japan: Meji Restoration
s 1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion in China
s 1911 Chinese Revolution : End of Qing Dynasty

4. CRISIS WITHIN
s In 1853 : 430 million Chinese = no
Industrial Revolution, no agricultural
revolution = couldnt keep up.
s Huge peasant population, unemployment,
impoverishment, misery and starvation
high.
s State was unable to effectvely perform
many functions: tax collection, flood
control, social welfare. = corruption
s Gave rise to bandit gangs = peasant
rebellion opposed to Qing Dynasty. =
Taiping Uprising

5. VIDEO TAIPING REBELLION
3 MINUTE VIDEO: HISTORY OF TAIPING REBELLION
s https://youtu.be/UaWv5cE-_hM

6. TAIPING REBELLION
s Its leading figure, Xiuquan (1814-1864) proclaimed himseld younger brother of Jesus. Establish
“heavenly Kigdom of Great Peace”.
s Xiuquan renounced the Qing Dynasty.
s Taiping officials ordered that the feet of women be unbound. Promised women and men equal
shares of land. Women allowed for civil service examinations.
s Postured toward women represented sharp challege to long established gendered roles.
s Taiping forces – capital in Nanjing. But the lack of communication with other leaders of rebel
groups led to the pro-Qing Dynasty to organize themselves.
s Qing dynasty loyalits crushed peasant rebellions (Western military support for Qing Dynasty).
s = devastation and destruction of civil war weakened China´s economy. 30 million lives lost.

7. WESTERN PRESSURES
s 1830s British and Americans found
enormous, growing profitable market
for this addictive drug: OPIUM
s Chinese authorities recognized
problem: illegal trade = corruption
s China found itself with many millions
of addicts. – Emperor decided
supppression.
s British offended by the seizure of
their property in opium – sent a naval
expedition to China. = First Opium
War

8. OPIUM WARS
s First Opium War – Treaty of Nanjing (ended
the war in 1842) on British terms, imposed
numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty
and opened 5 ports to European traders. (For
China this was = “unequal treaties”.)
s Britains victory in a Second Opium War
(1856-1858) accompanied by a brutal
vandalizing of emperor´s exquisite Summer
Palace (humilitation). British wanted more
ports , now foreigners allowed to travel
freely and buy land in China and preach
Christianity.
s China lost control of Vietnam, Korea and
Taiwan. China was being “carved up”.

9. CONSEQUENCES?
s Women: Qiu Jin (1785-1907) left husband and
2 children to study in Japan, started a women
´s journal arguing that liberated women were
essential for strong Chinese nation.
s Jin “my aim is to dress like a man, in China
men are strong and women are viewed
weak”.
s Qing Dynasty response to foreign led to the
edicts in 1898 “Hundred Days of Reform”.
s Many organized revolutionaries. China was in
the beginning of an immense struggle over
country´s future.

10. OTTOMAN EMPIRE
s Islamic world represented a highly
successful civilization that felt little need to
learn from the “infidels” or “barbarians” of
the West.
s Ottoman Empire protected its pilgrims on
their way to the Mecca.
s The growing West by the end of the 19th
century, Ottoman Empire was no longer
able to deal with Europe.
s Great West saw Ottoman Empire as the SICK
MAN OF EUROPE

11. SICK MAN OF EUROPE
s Ottoman Empire shrank considerably at the hands
of British, Austrian and French aggresion.
s In 1798 Napoleon invasion of Egypt was a stunning
blow. = Led to Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria achieved
independence based on their own surging for
nationalism with the support of the British (army,
trade).
s Ottoman state weakened, (particularly its ability
to raise necessary revenue to fight) –
technological and military gap with the West was
growing.
s Competition from cheap European manufacturer
goods hits Ottoman Empire.
s = Ottoman Empire falls into a dependency on
Europe.

12. REFORM AND ITS
OPPONENTS
s Sultan Selim III sought to reorganize and
update army to draw on European advisers and
techniques.
s But hostility of powerful factions among the
Ulama (religious scholars) and Janissaries
overthrow Selim in 1807.
s In 1839, reformist measures known as
TANZIMAT, reorganization took shape on the
Ottoman leaderships to provide Economic,
social and legal for a new recentralized state.
s Western style new codes, modernization =
factories, railroads, steamships, telegraph
system. Armaments.

13. REFORMS – WOMEN AND
STATE MODERNIZATION
s Tanzimat reforms did not address gender issues, they did
stimulate modest education for women.
s Teacher training college for women in 1870. Favored
greater opportunities for them as means of
strengthening the state, middle high class were invited
to discussions state matters.
s Ottoman Empire became in favor of a more European
style democratic, less power to the Emperor.
s Islamic modernism, such ideas found expression in many
parts of Muslim world. – societies argued the need to
embrace Western technical knowledge.
s Modernity without sacrificing its essential religious
character.

14. YOUNG TURKS
s Civilian elites known as Young Turks –
modernization along European lines
to perform Turkish national state.
s Led = Turkish as official language.
Openings of Univeristies (University of
Istambul), women to wear Western
clothing, permitted to divorce,
restricted polygamy.
s Ottoman identity help stimulate Arab
and other nationalisms.

15. COMPARING CHINA AND
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
s Both are/were vibrant Civilizations, shifting balance
of power to the West.
s Now they were “semi-colonies” within West
(Europe).
s Chinese and Ottoman Empires couldnt create an
Industrial Economy or Strong State. But gave rise to
a new conception of society.
s In China collpase of Imperial System 1911 – led to a
communist regime.
s Collapse of Ottoman Empire led to the creation of
new but smaller state of Turkey.
s Chinese retained traditional Confucian values.
s Islam retained a hold on its civilization.

16. JAPANESE DIFFERENCE:
RISE OF NEW EAST POWER
s Japan confronted the agressice power of the West
during the 19th century – Specially United State
“black ships” led by Mathew Perrys commodore. –
demanding opening ports and a more “normal”
relations with the worlds.
s Japan undertook a radical form of its society: A
revolution from abrove; turning Japan into a
powerful, modern, united, industrialized nation.
s Japan joined the club of imperialist countries by
creating its own Empire.
s Building a society that was modern and distincly
Japanese.

17. TOKUGAWA
BACKGROUND
s Japan had been governed by Shogun (military ruler) from the
Togukama family. – lived in Tokyo 300 miles away from the seat
of power EDO (Tokyo).
s Based on military pwer Japan for 2 centuries enjoyed internal
peace (1600-1850). No national army, no uniform currency, little
central authority at local level, the Tokugama was more into:
residence, behavior of status groups and dressing.
s Japanese society was divided into: (all devoted to DAIMYO
LORDS)
s Samurai (top)
s Peasants
s Artisans and
s Merchats

18. TOKUGAWA
BACKGROUND
s Centuries of peace contributed to
economic growth: rice production.
s Influence of Confucianism encouraged
education and remarkably 40% of its
population – literate.
s Tokugawa era provided a solid foundation
for Japan´s remarkable industrial growth
in the late 19th centuries.
s Until severe famine in 1830 that eroded
with outbursts. – Shogunate was losing
control.

19. AMERICAN INTRUSION
AND MEJI RESTORATION
s Japan deliberately limited contact
with the West to a single port and
only for the Dutch to allow trade.
s United States forced the entrace:
Sending Commodore Perry in 1853 to
demand humane to American vessels
to refuel and buy provisions, and the
opening of ports for trade. (By force)
s Japan agreed to a series of unequeal
treaties with various Western powers.
– led to apolitical take over by a group
of young samurai from southern
Japan: Meji restoration. (Enlightened
Rule).

20. MODERNIZATION
JAPANESE STYLE
s There reforms were revolutionary – transforming
Japan.
s National Unity – required attack on the power
and privileges of both Daimyo and the Samurai
(replacing them with governors appointed by a
responsible to the national government) Not the
local authorities
s Special priviledges for the high class was
dismantled, with reforms everyone was a
commoner.
s Elite class had a soft landing in the army, or
business enterprises. These social and political
changes was a widespread and eager fascination
with almost everything from the Western world:
technology and science.

21. MODERNIZATION OF
JAPAN
s Legal and educational systems from the west
applied to Japan. Hundreds of students sent
abroad,
s Western writers were translated into Japanese.
s Japan saw the benefit from learning from the
West to succesfully apply it to them.
s Japan borrowed more selectvely and combine
foreign and Japanese elements in distinctive
ways.
s German experience inffluence: Constitution of
1889. (political parties)
s Modern educational system (from the U.S and
China; confucianism applied to Shinto)

22. JAPANESE WOMEN?
s New government included girls in their
plans for universal education. (schools
segregated by sex)
s Women playin a role in public life or
political life was suppressed.
s Unitl 1922 women could join a political
party.
s Constitution of 1889 made NO mention
on rights for women. It was almost as the
reforms was a threat to women than an
opportinuty.

23. INFRASTRUCTURE IN
JAPAN
s Acted to create a modern infrastructure by
building railroads, postal system, national
currency and banking.
s Japan´s industrilization, organized around a
large number of firms called ZAIBATZU
s Japan was able to produce its own munitions
and industrial goods as well. Enjoyed a mass
circulation of newspapers and movie
theaters , electric lights on streets = created
its own industrial revolution.
s Japan taxed heavily and led to protests
specially from the outside of cities (poor
families) countryside. = starvation

24. WOMEN IN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
s Majority of Japan´s textile workers
were young women from poor
families in the countryside.
s Pay was low and their working
conditions were terrible, working
from 14 to 20 hours per day!
s Some committed suicide or ran
away and many tried organizing
strikes or joined socialist
movements which later were
repressed.

25. JAPAN AND THE WORLD
s By the early 20th century its economic growth, openness
to trade and the embrace of “civilization and
enlightenment”
s The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 acknowledge Japan as
an equal player among the Great Powers of the world.
s Japan escape from its semi colonial entaglements with
the West but it also launched its own empire building
enterprise.
s Japan was now an economic, politicla and military
competitor in Asia.

26. JAPAN AND THE WORLD
s Japan defeated Russia in 1905.(over territories in Korea*) =
generated admiration among many Asian and European.
s The war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by
US President Theodore Roosevelt. The complete victory of the
Japanese military surprised world observers.
s Thousand flocked to Japan to study its achievements. Japan´s
victory over Russia was an “awakening of the East”.
s Japanese manage to extend – imperialism to Taiwan. Exceeding
the brutality of European imperialism practices.
s Nevertheless, Japan was a liberator of Asia from the European
yoke and the reality of Japan as an oppressive imperial power
in its own right derived from the country´s remarkable modern
transformation.

27. REFLECTIONS
s Should we consider Japan more successful than
China or the Ottoman Empire during the 19th
century?
s If we measure success is national wealth and power,
then Industrial Revolution surely counts as a great
accomplishment. But if preservation of the
environment, spiritual growth and relationships of
village life are more highly valued, then
industrialization, as Gandhi argued, might be more
reasonably considered a disaster.
s Success for whom? Women?