CHAPTER-2-BIOSPHEREjwiaooqwbsjjdjeiowj.pptx

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1. The biosphere, (from Greek words bios meaning life, and sphaira meaning sphere) is the layer of the Earth where life exist. The biosphere is made up of the parts of the Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment ocean tranches, to lush rainforests and high mountaintops. Since life exists on the ground, air, and in water, the biosphere overlaps the other spheres.

2. The biosphere is also known as ecosphere. It is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems, incorporating all life forms and their relationships, which includes their interactions with the elements of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, andlithosphere. Simply put, it is the space on or near the Earth’s surface where land, air, and water interact with each other to support life. It ranges from the heights of up to 12, 500 meters above sea level to depths of at least 8, 000 meters in the ocean

3. ORIGIN OF BIOSPHERE

4. The development of the term is attributed to the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914), who helped lay the basis for paleogeography and tectonics., the study of the architecture and evolution of the Earth’s outer rocky shell; and to the Vladimir Ivanovich Verdansky (1863-1945), a renowned Russian crystallographer, mineralogist, geochemist and geologist. He is best known today for his research on the “noosphere” and the way it affects the biosphere.

5. IMPORTANCE OF BIOSPHERE

6. PROMOTES LIFE ON EARTH for organisms to survive, various environmental conditions must exist such as favorable temperature and moisture. The organisms also require energy and nutrients.

7. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC MATTER oxygen and nitrogen are produced in the biosphere through oxygen photosynthesis. These substances are responsible forvirtually every biochemical process of organic matter production. Organic matter is produced through the carbon cycle, which involves both terrestrial and organic substrates.

8. PROVIDES RAW MATERIAL AND FOOD the living components of the biosphere, also known as the biota, plays an integral role in providing us with the raw material we need to survive: food, fuel, and fiber.

9. CLEANS THE EARTH OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES the natural cycles of decomposition and biological modification, which take place in the biosphere, help the planet Earth to expel toxins and other components that could be harmful to life.

10. PROVIDES PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES virtually, all the substances used in pharmaceutical industry today are derived from compounds that exist naturally in the terrestrial biosphere.

11. COULD SERVE AS A POLLUTION MARKER the study and control of the composition of the biosphere can function as an efficient marker to keep the levels of terrestrial pollution in check.

12. CAN HELP TO TRACK POLLUTANTS with the study of the composition of the biosphere, you could be able to tell exactly what the pollutants caused by humans are and how they act.

13. EXAMPLES OF BIOSPHERE The biosphere is made up of living organisms and the physical environment. The physical environment comprises the non-living components such as the rocky substance of the Earth’s crust, water, light, and atmospheric gas. All life forms in the biosphere are categorized into different level of complexity. The layers range from an individual organism, to populations, to ecosystems. An ecosystem encompasses all living things in a given area, plus all of the non-living components of that area.

14. EXAMPLES OF BIOSPHERE Ecosystems can be divided into several major biomes. Each biome is characterized by a specific type of geography, climate and vegetation.

15. TUNDRA a major zone of treeless level or rolling ground found in cold regions, mostly north of the Arctic Circle (Arctic tundra) or above the timberline on high mountains (alpine tundra). Tundra is known for large stretches of bare ground and rock and for patchy mantles of low vegetation such as mosses, lichens, herbs, and small shrubs. This surface supports a meager but unique variety of animals.

16. TUNDRA

17. PRAIRIES are enormous stretches of flat grassland with moderate temperatures, moderate rainfall, and few trees.

18. PRAIRIES

19. DESERT The desert biome covers about one-fifth of Earth’s surface. This biome has a layer of soil that can either be sandy, gravelly, or stony, depending on the type of desert. Deserts usually get at most 50 centimeters (20 inches) of rainfall a year, and the organisms that live in deserts are adapted to this extremely dry climate.

20. DESERT

21. TROPICAL RAINFOREST The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers. The top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m (about 250 ft) or more.

22. TROPICAL RAINFOREST

23. DECIDUOUS FOREST A deciduous forest is a biome dominated by deciduous trees which lose their leaves seasonally. The Earth has temperate deciduous forests, and tropical and subtropical deciduous forests, also known as dry forests. Another name for these forests is broad-leaf forests because of the wide, flat leaves on the trees. Trees in tropical deciduous forests lose their leaves in the dry season and regrow them in the rainy season. In temperate deciduous forests, trees lose their leaves in the fall and regrow them in the spring.

24. DECIDUOUS FOREST

25. OCEAN BIOME Ocean biome is a biotic community that is present in the ocean. An ocean biome is the largest biotic community that supports and allows various marine life-forms to thrive and live. An ocean biome supports all sorts of marine life-forms right from fishes to whales, along with other exotic creatures.

26. OCEAN BIOME

27. ARTIFICIAL BIOSPHERE

28. BIOSPHERE 2 The Biosphere 2 facility serves as a laboratory for controlled scientific studies, an arena for scientific discovery and discussion, and a farreaching provider of public education.

29. BIOSPHERE 2

30. BIOSPHERE 3 (BIOS 3) BIOS-3 is an experimental closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. It is a research facility owned by the Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Its construction began in 1965, and was completed in 1972. BIOS-3 consists of a 315 cubic meters (11,100 cu ft) underground steel structure suitable for up to three persons, and was initially used for developing closed ecological human life-support ecosystems.

31. BIOSPHERE 3 (BIOS 3)

32. THE ECOSYSTEM THE FOUR BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

33. ABIOTIC COMPONENT the abiotic components of an ecosystem are all of the nonliving elements. It includes water, air, temperature, rocks and minerals that make up the soil. Abiotic components of an ecosystem might include how much rain falls on it, whether it is fresh water or salt water, how much sun it gets or how often it freezes and thaws. The biotic components of the ecosystem both live on and interact with the abiotic components.

34. PRODUCERS AT THE BASE producers are the living organisms in the ecosystem that take in energy from sunlight and use it to transform carbon dioxide and oxygen into sugars. Plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria are all examples of producers. They form the base of the food web and are generally the largest group in the ecosystem by weight, or biomass. They also act as an interface with the abiotic components of the ecosystem during nutrient cycles as they incorporate inorganic carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere.

35. CONSUMERS IN THE CHAIN consumers are living organisms in the ecosystem that get their energy from consuming other organisms. They are subdivided by what they eat: Herbivores (eat producers), Carnivores (eat other animals), and Omnivores (who eat both). Consumers can only harvest about 10% of the energy contained in what they eat, so there tends to be less biomass at each stage as you move up to the food chain

36. DECOMPOSERS AND NUTRIENTS CYCLE decomposers are living component of the ecosystem that breaks down waste material and dead organisms. Examples of decomposers include earthworms, dung beetles, and many species of fungi and bacteria.

37. CYCLES IN THE ECOSYSTEM

38. Some further detailed discussions of various ecosystem types found in the Philippines:

39. FOREST ECOSYSTEM Forests are inherently diverse ecosystems, as conditions found within them are ideal for supporting symbiotic ecological relationships. This is especially so in the Philippines where the tropical climate allows forests to receive, absorb, and redistribute rainwater to support life not only within themselves, but also to other nearby and adjacent ecosystems where the water reserves are released.

40. FOREST ECOSYSTEM

41. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM Another prominent type of ecosystem that naturally occurs in the Philippines, given the multitude of coastal areas of this country, is the mangrove ecosystem. Mangroves are medium-size and highly tolerant floras that can survive in brackish water (water which is more saline than freshwater, but not as much as seawater). The Philippines boasts having more than half of the world’s 70 mangrove species.

42. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

43. AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM is an artificial ecosystem created in the process of developing land and coastal/aquatic areas for farming, animal husbandry, and fishing needs, for generations. In the case of the Philippines, it is historically one of the primary economic drivers of the country.

44. AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM

45. MARGINAL ECOSYSTEM are located between two ecosystems. These can be either natural or artificial, such as areas adapted or appropriated for agricultural use. Marginal lands now comprise about 70% (over 11 million hectares) of declared forest area in the Philippines.

46. MARGINAL ECOSYSTEM

47. URBAN ECOSYSTEM Urban ecosystems are the product of modernized, industrialized human society. These function as the base of human settlements, as well as economic development. They are a testament to the economic, academic, and technological progress that humankind has achieved through generations. That said, they are still rapidly expanding, often to the detriment of natural ecosystems.

48. URBAN ECOSYSTEM

49. CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM Whereas forests are a distinctive feature of the Philippines’s terrestrial biodiversity, coral reefs give the country a likewise sterling reputation when it comes to aquatic ecosystems. Owning 5% of the world’s total 617,000 sq km of coral reefs, the Philippines is part of the world’s “Coral Triangle,” joining Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste as countries that bear the most extensive coral reef ecosystems in the world. In fact, Verde Island in Batangas has been noted to be “the center of the center” of marine biodiversity in the world.

50. CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM

51. FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEM Freshwater ecosystems occur in in-land bodies of water and may either be flowing, standing, or man-made. Rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, and artificial fishponds are examples that fall into the three respective categories. All of these are distinguished by low-salinity water that flow from the natural rainwater catch basins created by forests.

52. FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEM