CHAPTER-2_SOCIOLOGICAL-THEORIES-AND-EDUCATION (1).pptx

Sociological theories about socilogy

1. 2.1 FUNCTIONAL TEORY 2.2 CONFLICT THEORY 2.3 INTERACTIONIST THEORY 2.4 CRITICAL THEORY 2.5 RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY CHAPTER 2: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND EDUCATION Reporters: Jocelyn P. Dumalti Swarchzen P. Delizo Sheryl T. Garcia

2. Interactionist Theory the interactionist perspective and its importance in sociology

3. What is interactionist theory? Interactions with others and societal norms shape an individual's perspective Interactionist means looking at people's relationship with different aspects of society as a response to their interactions with others It involves observing how a person has been taught to think about a certain experience in their life Humans assign meaning to their lives through interactions with the world around them

4. What’s the importance? Allows for understanding of an individual's response as a part of the broader society's worldview It helps us understand the value and meaning of events, memories, and experiences to individuals It provides insights into social processes such as conflict, cooperation, and identity formation

5. History of the interactionist theory Developed from M ax Weber' s social action theory , which focused on human activity as the basis for sociological research Influenced by George Herbert Mead's teachings on the self and social interactions Herbert Blumer coined the term 'symbolic interactionism ' to describe the perspective

6. Understanding interactionism Behavior can be understood by studying how others in society have behaved and the individual's observations of their situation Social behavior is the result of the interaction between an individual and their situation

7. Assumptions of Interactionist Perspective The interactionist perspective assumes that you can understand all human behavior based on the three principles of interactionism.

8. Three Principles of Interactionism An individual's behavior is the result of the meaning they assign to people, things, or experiences. Meaning is assigned through social interactions. People can change the meaning they associate with people, things, or experiences by interpreting their own interactions and making adjustments.

9. Strengths of Interactionism Allows understanding of behavior based on societal influence . Helps make assumptions and predictions about future actions.

10. Weaknesses of Interactionism Vague application and lack of clear results. Does not consider political, historical, or personal emotional influences.

11. Interactionist perspective helps understand how people relate to others. Society plays a significant role in assigning value. Not comprehensive, but provides a starting point for sociologists. Conclusion

12. Critical Theory

13. Critical theory is a social theory oriented toward critiquing the changing society. It differs from traditional theory, focusing only on understanding or explaining society. Critical theories aim to dig beneath the surface of social life and uncover the assumptions that keep human beings from a full and true understanding of how the world works.

14. Critical theory emerged out of the Marxist tradition and was developed by a group of sociologists at the University of Frankfurt in Germany who referred to themselves as The Frankfurt School.

15. Eclectic is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

16. The works of the Frankfurt School members, Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm, Walter Benjamin, and Herbert Marcuse, are considered the heart of critical theory.

17. The Purpose of Critical Theory

18. Max Horkheimer defined critical theory in his book Traditional and Critical Theory. Where he asserted that a critical theory must do two important things : (1) It must account for society within a historical context, and (2) it should seek to offer a robust and holistic critique by incorporating insights from all social sciences.

19. Further, Horkheimer stated that a theory can only be considered a true critical theory if it is explanatory, practical, and normative. The theory must adequately explain the social problems that exist, offer practical solutions for how to respond to them and abide by the norms of criticism established by the field.

20. Horkheimer condemned "traditional" theorists for producing works that fail to question power, domination, and the status quo. He expanded on Gramsci's critique of the role of intellectuals in processes of domination.

21. Rational Choice Theory

22. Rational choice theory is a sociological perspective that interprets human behavior as being driven by individuals' calculations of costs and benefits, particularly in relation to economic incentives. This theory suggests that people make rational decisions by carefully weighing the potential gains and losses associated with different courses of action.

23. At the core of rational choice theory is the understanding that individuals are motivated primarily by their self-interest, with economic considerations playing a central role. Money, profitability, and material resources are seen as powerful motivations that influence human behavior. According to this perspective, individuals are constantly evaluating the costs and benefits of their actions, intending to maximize their welfare.

24. Rational choice theory assumes that individuals are capable of making rational decisions based on logical calculations. It emphasizes the importance of the individual's ability to gather and process information, assess potential outcomes, and make decisions that will lead to the greatest personal gain.

25. This theory suggests that individuals are goal-oriented and strive to make choices that are in their self-interest, taking into account factors such as potential rewards, risks, and trade-offs. In summary, rational choice theory offers a framework for understanding human behavior by focusing on individuals' calculations of costs and benefits, particularly concerning economic incentives.

26. By emphasizing the role of motivations such as money and profitability, this theory suggests that individuals make rational decisions based on careful calculations to maximize their personal welfare.