CHAPTER-3-Report.pptx Research design and methodology

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1. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

2. RESEARCH DESIGN The conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the collection, measurement, and analysis of data . The research design provides the backbone structure of the study; it supports the study and holds it together .

3. Research design The researcher’s overall plan for answering the research questions or testing the research hypotheses. A framework or blueprint for the research plan of action. The planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study

4. Purpose of the research design O - Organize P - Provide M - Maintain

5. Parts of research design S - Sampling design O – Observational design S - Statistical design O - Operational design

6. Advantages of research design 1. Can lead to more ACCURATE results 2. Gives OPTIMUM EFFICIENCY and RELIABILITY 3. MINIMIZE the WASTE of TIME , RESOURCES , and MONEY

7. Research design

8. Quantitative research Descriptive Correlational Experimental Quasi-experimental

9. Descriptive research design Describing existing conditions, behaviors, or characteristics by systemically gathering information without manipulating variables . There are no intervention on the researcher’s part – only data collection.

10. KEY ATTRIBUTES : It purely describes the situation . It does not explore potential relationships between different variables or the causes that may underlie those relationships. Useful for generating insight into a research problem by describing its characteristics .

11. correlational RESEARCH DESIGN Identify and measure the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them . Type of research design that is useful when you want to know whether a change in one thing tends to be accompanied by a change in another thing .

12. Key attributes : Useful when exploring potential relationships between variables that cannot be manipulated or controlled for ethical, practical, and logistical reason. Helpful in developing predictions . Can be implemented at a large scale .

13. Experimental research design Use to determine if there is a causal relationship between two or more variables . Type of research design that allows the researcher to manipulate one variable (the independent variable) while controlling others (dependent variables).

14. Key attributes : Provides researchers with a powerful way to identify and measure causal relationships between variables . Small sample sizes Reduced statistical power Random assignment

15. Quasi-experimental Used when the research aims to identify causal relations but one cannot or doesn’t want to randomly assign participants to different groups for practical or ethical reasons.

16. Key attributes : More difficult to confidently establish causality between variables. The researcher has less control over other variables that may impact the findings. Can be undertaken on a much larger scale than experimental research design .

17. Qualitative research Phenomenological Grounded Theory Ethnographic Case Study

18. Phenomenological r-design Explores the meaning of lived experiences . Seeks to understand people’s perspectives , emotions , and behaviors in specific situations. Aim to uncover the essence of human experience without making any assumptions or imposing preconceived ideas on their subjects.

19. Phenomenological r-design Typically involves in-depth interviews or open-ended questionnaires. Prone for potential biases in data collection and interpretation.

20. Grounded theory r-design Also know as “GT” aims to develop theories by continuously and iteratively analyzing and comparing data collected from a relatively large number of participants in a study. Letting the data to speak for itself without being influenced by preexisting theories 0r the researcher’s preconceptions.

21. Grounded theory r-design Typically involves collecting data through interviews or observations and then analyzing it to identify patterns and themes that emerge from the data. These emerging ideas are then validated by collecting more data until a saturation point is reached (i.e., no new information can be squeezed from the data). From that base, a theory can then be developed.

22. Grounded theory r-design Suited to studies where the research aims involve theory generation , especially in under-researched areas. Type of research design can be quite time-intensive , given the need for multiple rounds of data collection and analysis

23. Ethnographic Research Design Involves observing and studying a culture-sharing group of people in their natural setting to gain insight into their behaviors, beliefs, and values. The focus is to observe participants in their natural environment (as opposed to a controlled environment ).

24. Ethnographic Research Design This typically involves the researcher spending an extended period of time with the participants in their environment , carefully observing and taking field notes.

25. Ethnographic Research Design Also involves in-depth interviews  to explore participants’ views, beliefs, etc. However, unobtrusive observation is a core component of the ethnographic approach .

26. Case study research design The researcher, investigates a single individual (or a single group of individuals) to gain an in-depth understanding of their experiences, behaviors, or outcomes in this design.

27. Case study research design Unlike other research designs that are aimed at larger sample sizes, case studies offer a deep dive into the specific circumstances surrounding a person, group of people, event, or phenomenon, generally within a bounded setting or context.

28. Case study research design Case study research designs can have different variations; - single-case - multiple-case - longitudinal case

29. Case study research design Single-case design involves intensely examining a single entity to understand its unique characteristics and complexities.

30. Case study research design Multiple-case design, multiple cases are compared and contrasted to identify patterns and commonalities

31. Case study research design Longitudinal case design, a single case or multiple cases are studied over an extended period of time to understand how factors develop over time. In longitudinal

32. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Locale Of The Study Population And Sampling Techniques Data Gathering Procedure Research Instrument Statistical Analysis/Treatment

33. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 1. Locale Of The Study - the setting of the study. - Where will the study take place/be conducted

34. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 2. Population And Sampling Techniques Population is where the samples/variables/participants will be taken. Sampling frame is the list from which the potential respondents are drawn.

35. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 2. Population And Sampling Techniques Sample is a smaller (representative) collection of units taken from a population that is used to determine truths about the population (Field, 2005).

36. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 2. Population And Sampling Techniques Sampling is the process of learning about the population on the basis of a sample drawn from it .

37. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3:

38. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Non-Probability

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42. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Probability

43. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Probability

44. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Probability

45. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Probability

46. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 3. Data Gathering Procedure Data collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. The primary and most important part of research.

47. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 3. Data Gathering Procedure Step 1: Define the aim of your research Step 2: Choose your data collection method Step 3: Plan your data collection procedures Step 4: Collect the data

48. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 4. Research Instrument A tool used to obtain, measure, and analyze data from the subjects around the research topic. The tools are Questionnaire, Interview, Observation, and Checklist.

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53. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: 5. Statistical Treatment A way of removing bias to the study by interpreting data statistically. a process of taking raw data and turning it into something that can be interpreted and used to make decisions.

54. Other necessary information to add in chapter 3: Data analysis - The process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making.

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58. What Constitutes the Chapter 3? Purpose of the study Research design Research methods Statistical data analysis