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Chapter 7 Container Assessment Courtesy of Tyler Bones.

Learning Objectives 1 through 6 Describe the process of assessing container damage at a hazmat/WMD incident. Detail factors to consider when assessing non-bulk containers. Detail factors to consider when assessing intermediate bulk containers (IBCs). Detail factors to consider when assessing ton containers. Detail factors to consider when assessing railway tank cars. Detail factors to consider when assessing highway cargo containers. 7– 1

Learning Objectives 7 through 12 Detail factors to consider when assessing intermodal containers. Detail factors to consider when assessing air freight cargo. Detail factors to consider when assessing pipelines. Detail factors to consider when assessing fixed facility containers. Discuss other storage facility considerations. Detail factors to consider when assessing radioactive materials packaging. 7– 2

Section I: Damage Assessment Learning Objective 1 — Describe the process of assessing container damage at a hazmat/WMD incident. 7– 3

Damage Assessment (1 of 3) Determine container’s construction materials Determine t ype of stresses to which the container has been or is being subjected May also check internal pressure and temperature while evaluating a container 7 – 4

Damage Assessment (2 of 3) Binoculars, robots, and/or drones may be essential tools to safely perform an initial assessment , plan a safe approach Elevation provided by ladder trucks may also be useful C autiously approach containers with special concerns Avoid positioning personnel in line with the ends of pressurized containers in case of catastrophic failure Remote product control operations may take precedence over on-scene control operations 7 – 5

Damage Assessment (3 of 3) Inner tank and container damage is often difficult to evaluate due to tank outer jackets or insulation Besides container damage, physical and chemical properties of material being transported must be researched “Empty” tanks T anks designated as “empty” may still contain product “Empty” simply means that the product level is below that required for discharge or removal and dispensing operations are no longer possible 7 – 6

Types of Container Damage (1 of 2) Always inspect containers for signs of damage Container storage conditions and weather conditions play an important part of how the containers will hold up to stresses What seems to be an insignificant blemish can be critical based on the container’s construction material and manufacture date A lso important to try to identify the mechanism of damage, and understand precisely how the container received the damage 7 – 7

Types of Container Damage (2 of 2) 7 – 8

Cracks Some container materials are more brittle and prone to cracking than others A crack in the exterior of any container must be evaluated carefully Always assume that cracked containers may fail catastrophically 7 – 9

Dents (1 of 2) May vary in size S hould be evaluated in the context of the container material, pressure, contents and the amount of force required to produce the dent M ay not be significant in some materials if the material has natural flexibility and is not otherwise damaged May affect the internal pressure of the container 7 – 10

WARNING 1 Dents that affect the vapor space of liquid-filled containers can dramatically change the internal pressure of the container. 7 – 11

Dents (2 of 2) Dents associated with gouges and cracks may indicate or cause container failure Other dents may be critical depending on depth, location on the container, and their orientation on the container 7 – 12

Scores and Gouges May not be as critical as a container crack Consider longitudinal score that runs a significant length of the container to be most dangerous Circumferential scores and gouges constitute a longitudinal notch at any given section and may pose an elevated hazard U nload tanks having scores or gouges in place when internal pressure exceeds half of allowable internal pressure allowed for the tank Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 13

WARNING 2 A long score or gouge adjacent to or crossing a weld is likely to lead to container failure. 7 – 14

Heat-Affected Zones: Welds, Flames, and Friction (1 of 2) H eat-affected zone of any metal container — A rea of the tank wall or shell of the container which has had its microstructure altered by welding or other heat-intensive operations Heat-affected zones will typically be less ductile and more prone to failure than the original Mechanical stresses such as friction or road burn can lead to heat-affected zones Courtesy of Richard Moseley 7 – 15

Heat-Affected Zones: Welds, Flames, and Friction (2 of 2) In reference to rail cars, these are called rail burn or wheel burn If a heat-affected area is severe, consider off-loading the container If damages cross the weld bead of a pressurized container and come in contact with the metal wall or shell, consider the container to be in danger of imminent failure 7 – 16

Punctures (1 of 2) Occurs when an exterior object is forced through the walls of a container and/or its insulation, resulting in a hole or perforation Many are caused by sharp, narrow, or pointed objects such as Forklift tine Spikes Unprotected barrier steel 7 – 17

Punctures (2 of 2) May result in a release of product if the container’s walls or attachments have been breached In insulated and double-walled containers, exterior wall and/or insulation can be punctured while the inner wall remains undamaged I mportant to evaluate how deep a puncture has penetrated Though rare, punctures in pressurized containers are especially dangerous Courtesy of Richard Moseley 7 – 18

Cuts and Tears Indicates a part or parts of a container have been forcefully cut or ripped apart Can affect outer layers such as insulation As with punctures, it is necessary to determine if the primary container has been breached by the cut or tear, or if only exterior features such as insulation have been damaged Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 19

Corrosion Degradation and destruction of a material Caused by chemical and/or electrochemical interactions, such as Oxidation of metal Exposure to incompatible materials One of the most common causes of storage tank and metal drum failure Can be internal or external, weakening tank walls Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 20

Deterioration May be caused by wear, corrosion, incompatibilities, and even sunlight Exposure to sunlight (UV radiation) and weather can also cause deterioration of exposed containers, their coatings and liners For example, many plastics will degrade when exposed to UV radiation 7 – 21

Distortion (Bulging or Swelling) Typically caused by vapor pressure building above a liquid product A n indicator the container has been subjected to stress Bulging containers should be Treated as a pressurized container which could rupture violently Considered extremely hazardous with an increased probability of failure Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 22

Damaged Fittings and Attachments (1 of 2) 7 – 23

Damaged Fittings and Attachments (2 of 2) Courtesy of Barry Lindley During accidents, fittings and attachments can be damaged by external stresses Seals, washers, threads, and other parts can fail because of wear, misuse, incompatibilities, or accidental damage After an accident, all container fittings and attachments must be evaluated for damage 7 – 24

Temperature and Pressure Measuring temperature and pressure is a critical aspect of damage assessment and behavior prediction Even if a tank is undamaged and not releasing product, a catastrophic release may occur due to abnormal internal temperature and pressure Always evaluate the incident scene for potential thermal, pressure, and energy sources that could affect any containers Because of the international nature of shipments, verify which temperature scale (Celsius or Fahrenheit) is being used on shipping papers and safety information 7 – 25

Review Question 1 What types of container damage should you scan for? 7 – 26

Container Materials Understanding a container’s components and materials is critical for a proper damage assessment While container materials are designed to withstand daily stresses, they may fail when subjected to extreme stresses during a critical event Some old containers that are still in use may withstand far less stress Courtesy of Tyler Bones 7 – 27

CAUTION 1 When transferring products or evaluating leaks affecting surrounding containers, always check compatibility between the containers and the product. 7 – 28

Aluminum C ontainers tend to be relatively light and can withstand impact stress well Generally designed to contain atmospheric pressure (low to nonpressure tanks) D oes not react with hydrocarbons A relatively “soft” meta l — P lugging materials and methods may have variable success Before use, check compatibility between products and materials used for product control 7 – 29

Steel (1 of 2) A ferrous metal M ay be difficult to examine for metal elongation, heat stress, and fractures Easiest of all metals to plug Mild steel can often withstand dents but does bend and distort easily May chemically react with many materials, such as acid Weakest point will be at either side of the welded seam Heat incurred in welding can disrupt original annealing process and affect steel at alloy level 7 – 30

Steel (2 of 2) When inspecting a steel container for damage, bends will reduce the overall thickness of the metal and increase the likelihood of failure When bends or dents happen, fractures often occur on the inside of the container opposite the damaged portion, which will not be visible on inspection 7 – 31

High Strength Low Alloy Steel (Carbon Steel) High strength low alloy steel has high carbon content Extremely strong and abrasion resistive Used in construction of many pressure vessels Reacts with corrosives Fractures easily Is difficult to plug 7 – 32

Stainless Steel Containers This alloy is iron-based with a content of either chromium or nickel Material is corrosion and abrasion resistive Does not fracture easily Typically used for materials that are not compatible with any other type of container 7 – 33

CAUTION 2 Stainless steel or exotic containers may indicate that the product inside has unique properties and/or special hazards. 7 – 34

Other Materials (1 of 5) Fiberboard Slightly sturdier than textile and paper, easily damaged by exposure to moisture and many solvents Will tear, dent, crush, and puncture Will burn if subjected to extreme heat, and, if not treated, may absorb some contents Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 35

Other Materials (2 of 5) Fiberglass Containers are rigid and corrosion resistant Fiberglass resin is susceptible to heat and UV radiation damage Solvents will attack fiberglass, so most containers come with a lining to protect from solvent damage Courtesy of Bill Hand, Houston Fire Department (ret) 7 – 36

Other Materials (3 of 5) Glass, porcelain, or stoneware — Containers are brittle, prone to crack and fracture if subjected to any source of stress Metal (other than steel or aluminum) Containers can hold a variety of products, both liquids and solids Rigid, subject to dents, cracks, corrosion, and punctures Exposure to extreme heat can damage metal Paper — Containers are easily damaged by a variety of stresses, despite being flexible will typically tear and burn 7 – 37

Other Materials (4 of 5) Plastic Varies in strength and rigidity Rigid plastic may be dented, punctured, torn, and/or cracked Flexible plastic may be cut, torn, and/or punctured Both are subject to degradation from UV radiation Containers may melt and/or burn if subjected to extreme heat Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 38

Other Materials (5 of 5) Textile — Cloth or other woven materials that are flexible Containers may be cut, torn, worn, and/or punctured; may burn Typically used to contain solids Wood (natural, plywood, and reconstituted) Naturally subject to cracking and fracturing under stress Easily punctured and torn Will burn if subjected to extreme heat, and, if not treated, may absorb some contents Plywood and reconstituted wood may be damaged by exposure to moisture, corrosives, and many solvents 7 – 39

Discussion Question 1 What materials are most commonly used to construct the hazmat containers in your jurisdiction? 7 – 40

Section II: Assessing Non-Bulk Containers Learning Objective 2 — Detail factors to consider when assessing non-bulk containers. 7– 41

CAUTION 3 Monitor the atmosphere before and while opening any container. 7 – 42

Bags (1 of 2) Come in a variety of materials May hold a wide array of contents, but are mainly used for solid materials Flexible packaging constructed of Paper Plastic Textiles Woven material Other similar materials 7 – 43

NOTE 1 49 CFR defines bags but does not specify a weight limitation. 7 – 44

Bags (2 of 2) Typical contents Dry corrosives Explosives/blasting agents Fertilizers Flammable solids Oxidizers or organic peroxides Poisons Pesticides Other regulated materials (ORM) Non-bulk bags can be stacked and transported on pallets Courtesy of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives and the Oklahoma Highway Patrol 7 – 45

Bags — Hazards Type of materials used in bag construction causes them to be fragile and prone to damage and the release of contents Structure of bags makes them susceptible to environmental conditions Contamination and spread of material may occur easily Containment and confinement techniques may require atypical combinations of response techniques Flammable dust may complicate the incident based on the material, location, and quantity 7 – 46

Review Question 2 Which types of hazmat are most likely to be transported in bags? 7 – 47

Bottles and Carboys (1 of 2) Bottles — Sometimes called jugs or jars Hold liquids and solids Can be glass, plastic, metal, or ceramic Range in size from a few ounces (milliliters) to multiple gallons (liters) Usually packed in some type of outside packing for transit, such as a wood or fiberboard box 7 – 48

Bottles and Carboys (2 of 2) Carboys — Large rigid or semi-rigid containers meant for pouring liquids In common use, may be typified as used for water cooler jugs, gas cans, custodial products, food service containers In hazmat they may be glass or plastic bottles protected by an outer cushion container Typical sizes range between 5 gallons (20 L) and 16 gallons (60 L) L imited-use, non-bulk container Both types of containers have a narrow neck and a larger internal capacity 7 – 49

Typical Contents of Bottles and Carboys 7 – 50

NOTE 2 When not in transit, bottles and carboys are often reused and may contain mixtures. 7 – 51

Bottles and Carboys Characteristics Due to their construction, bottles and carboys are Relatively safe mode of transportation for hazardous materials Typically are not prone to the same type of damage and corrosion that may be found on other types of containment devices Glass bottles and carboys may be shipped with an outer packaging If the outer packaging is damaged or not sized correctly, the internal vessel may be damaged 7 – 52

Bottles and Carboys Considerations Colored glass often indicates that the material is photosensitive Outer packaging may react with contents if a breach occurs Crystals on the rim of a bottle or carboy indicates spillage or leakage from inside the container 7 – 53

WARNING 3 Some solutions may form crystals which are extremely sensitive to many forms of energy. When crystals are present on the rim of a container, the integrity of the container and stability of the product may be in doubt. 7 – 54

Review Question 3 What is the difference between a bottle and a carboy? 7 – 55

Boxes and Multicell Packaging (1 of 2) Wood and fiberboard boxes may be used as primary packaging devices or as cases for smaller inner containers such as carboys Boxes may carry an array of hazardous materials, and proper labeling must be used for identification purposes Wooden boxes may be used to carry every classification of hazardous material including compressed gas cylinders Fiberboard boxes may be used to carry every classification of hazardous material except compressed gases and poisons 7 – 56

Boxes and Multicell Packaging (2 of 2) While boxes cannot carry compressed gases themselves, they can carry products such as aerosol cans which pose a pressurized hazard Multicell packaging Packaging device that is form-fitted to other containers Can serve as a protective device for the container DOT limits their capacity Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 57

Drums Typically used for liquids and solids and may contain a variety of materials Not designed for compressed gases or etiological (infectious) agents May be configured with either an open head or closed head Can hold up to 119 gallons (450 L) liquid capacity (49 CFR 173.3) Most common capacity is 55 gallons (220 L) 7 – 58

Drum Construction Materials 7 – 59

NOTE 3 Some drums and pails may incorporate an inner liner. 7 – 60

Drums Construction Considerations Drums may leak from the seams or bung openings Metal drums frequently corrode if improperly stored Wood and fiberboard based drums may disintegrate or rot, depending on the environment and material contained Mechanical damage is a concern for all types of drum material Punctures, tears, and overpressure are also causes of drum damage 7 – 61

Pails May be considered a type of drum, but with a lower content capacity Wide variety of uses and are found in all types of locations May be constructed of metal, fiberboard, or plastic May hold from 1 to 13 gallons (3 L to 50 L) or more of material P rone to the same types of leakage and damage as drums because of similar construction materials 7 – 62

Drums and Pails Common Materials Corrosives Flammable or combustible liquids Flammable solids Hazardous wastes and regulated materials Oxidizers or organic peroxide Poisons Radiological materials 7 – 63

NOTE 4 Drums and pails may contain a variety of products, including most DOT hazard classes. “If it fits, it ships.” 7 – 64

Drums and Pails — Considerations Consider the integrity of the container Look for indicators of potential hazards Assume that empty drums have residual product or vapor until proven otherwise Drums with multiple rolling rings may be carrying a denser than normal material Look for bulges that indicate that there is a pressure buildup inside the container Vacuums and signs of collapse are also possible D rums are used for salvage and cleanup and may inadvertently contain materials not appropriate for the container 7 – 65

Review Question 4 What is the difference between open- and closed-head drums? 7 – 66

Cylinders A pressurized vessel e ngineered to contain Compressed or liquefied gases Flammable or combustible liquids Poisons Corrosives Radioactive materials Designed for pressures higher than 40 psia (276 kPa) Has a circular cross section Can be found in a wide variety of locations including 7 – 67

Cylinders — Basic Identification (1 of 4) Although cylinder characteristics are not standardized, their shape and size often give clues to their contents A cylinder that is short and broad will typically have a lower pressure than cylinders that are long and thin Cylinders with a weld seam on the long axis are not designed for high-pressure containment Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 68

Cylinders — Basic Identification (2 of 4) DOT establishes regulations for the care, maintenance, and manufacture of cylinders designed to be transported in the U.S. 7 – 69

Cylinders — Basic Identification (3 of 4) Per 49 CFR 178 the general requirements for marking cylinders includes DOT specification marking starts with “DOT” followed by the specification number, followed immediately by the service pressure Serial number and manufacture identifying symbol (letters) Inspector’s official mark is placed near the serial number with the date of the hydrostatic test so that subsequent tests can be added 7 – 70

Cylinders — Basic Identification (4 of 4) The Compressed Gas Association has recommended a color-coding system for cylinders, which many medical gas manufacturers follow Color-coding system is not required by law; therefore, cannot rely on color as a means of identifying contents of a compressed gas cylinder Use labels to properly identify the contents of all cylinders 7 – 71

WARNING 4 Marking and color-coding of cylinders is not an industry standard and cannot be relied on for identification purposes. Use labels to identify cylinder contents. 7 – 72

Cylinders — Construction Features (1 of 3) U ses materials with a high tensile strength — Steel is the most common W ill include valve devices that are specific to the product intended to be contained in the cylinder Stop angle valves are a common feature of most cylinders Pressure relief devices are safety devices that work in tandem with the valve If the pressure of the cylinder exceeds the rated pressure of the relief device, pressure relief device will activate and relieve the excess pressure In most cases, once a cylinder pressure relief device activates, it cannot be reset and must be replaced 7 – 73

Cylinders — Construction Features (2 of 3) Pressure relief devices may include a simple rupture (also known as a burst disc ) Installed in the back of the valve and is nothing more than a small metal gasket that will rupture at a predetermined pressure A low melting point metal may comprise the pressure relief device In case of fire impingement or temperature increase the relief device will activate and prevent catastrophic failure of the cylinder 7 – 74

NOTE 5 Not all cylinders incorporate safety devices. 7 – 75

Cylinders — Construction Features (3 of 3) Cylinders are an inherently strong type of containment vessel Although leaks are uncommon in a well-maintained cylinder, mechanical damage may reduce the overall strength of the cylinder or shear off the valve Leaks may occur at the threaded connections for the valve assembly or within the valve assembly itself Based on the orientation of the cylinder and position of the leak, the leak may either be a Gaseous leak Liquid leak 7 – 76

Cryogenic Cylinders Designed and manufactured to store super-cooled materials Must be able to accommodate the material at both its gaseous state and its liquid state Vary in capacity Pressure includes low and high ranges Valve assemblies on a cryogenic cylinder will be constructed to dispense both a gas and a liquid 7 – 77

Dewar Flask Non-pressurized, insulated container that has a vacuum space between the outer shell and the inner vessel Designed for the storage and dispensing of cryogenic materials such as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, and helium Have a bulky appearance due to the insulation that is used to keep the cryogenic material at the desired temperature 7 – 78

Y Cylinders (1 of 2) Courtesy of Barry Lindley Type of compressed gas cylinder that can be bulk or non-bulk Typically will have a specification such as DOT 3AA-2400 or DOT3AA-480 Pressure is dependent on product Typically 7 ft (2115 mm) long, 2 ft (600 mm) in diameter, have a wall thickness of about 0.6 inches (15 mm), and, when empty, weigh about 1,200 lbs (600 kg) 7 – 79

Y Cylinders (2 of 2) Water capacity of approximately 120 gallons (480 L) Often used for refrigerants, ammonia, and anhydrous hydrogen chloride T ypically operate in a cascade system Two specifications of Y cylinders are defined based on size ( 49 CFR 178 ) DOT–3AA cylinder DOT–3AAX cylinder Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 80

Discussion Question 2 Can you identify a cylinder and its contents by sight alone? 7 – 81

Section III: Assessing Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) Learning Objective 3 — Detail factors to consider when assessing intermediate bulk containers (IBCs). 7– 82

Assessing Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) (Totes) Designated by the DOT as either rigid or flexible portable packaging designed for mechanical handling Design standards for IBCs are based on United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Transport a wide variety of materials Alcohols Aviation fuel (turbine engine) Corrosive liquids Gasoline Solid materials in powder, flake, and/ or granular forms Toluene 7 – 83

Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs) Flexible, collapsible bags or sacks that are used to carry solid material Designs vary greatly Common-sized supersack FIBC can carry 2 , 204 pounds (1 000 kg) Can be stacked one on top of another depending on design Sometimes transported inside a rigid exterior container made of corrugated board or wood Courtesy of Leslie Miller 7 – 84

Rigid Intermediate Bulk Containers (RIBCs) Typically made of steel, aluminum, wood, fiberboard, or plastic ; o ften designed to be stacked Can contain both solid materials and liquids Other RIBCs may be large, square or rectangular boxes or bins Rigid portable tanks may be used to carry various liquids, fertilizers, solvents, and other chemicals Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 85

Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) Considerations S hare many of the same issues as barrels and drums Some have valves that have the potential to leak and sometimes are difficult to access Some have containment vessels incorporated into the container but may not be able to contain the entire volume of the container Specific products have specifically designed containers Depending on the protective housing, patching and plugging operations can be difficult Supersacks can be extremely difficult to handle, have some of the same vulnerabilities as bags 7 – 86

Review Question 5 Explain the difference between FIBCs and RIBCs. 7 – 87

Section IV: Assessing Ton Containers Learning Objective 4 — Detail factors to consider when assessing ton containers. 7– 88

Assessing Ton Containers (1 of 4) DOT refers to ton containers as multi-unit tank car tanks (DOT 110 and DOT 106) Typically stored on their sides Ends (heads) are convex or concave Usually rest on a scale to determine the weight, indicating how much product is in the container Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 89

Assessing Ton Containers (2 of 4) Have two valves in the center of one end, one above the other One valve connects to a tube going into the liquid space Other valve connects to a tube going into the vapor space above 7 – 90

Assessing Ton Containers (3 of 4) Some of these containers Have a pressure-relief device in case of fire or exposure to elevated temperatures May also have fusible plugs that can melt and relieve pressure in the container C ommonly contain chlorine , o ften found at locations such as water treatment plants and commercial swimming pools May also contain materials such as sulfur dioxide, anhydrous ammonia, refrigerants Are an extremely rigid type of containment device 7 – 91

Assessing Ton Containers (4 of 4) Leaks in this type of container typically occur at the valves Based on the orientation of the container, the leak may either be a gaseous leak or a liquid leak Specialized repair kits for chlorine and sulfur dioxide are available should a leak occur in either the valves or fusible links 7 – 92

Review Question 6 Where are you most likely to find a ton container in the community? 7 – 93

Section V: Assessing Railway Tank Cars Learning Objective 5 — Detail factors to consider when assessing railway tank cars. 7– 94

Assessing Railroad Tank Cars (1 of 2) Tank cars are classified according to their Construction features Fittings Function Responders should evaluate the types of railway tank cars in their jurisdiction ERG provides basic information about rail cars 7 – 95

Assessing Railroad Tank Cars (2 of 2) During a derailment g reat potential for extreme mechanical damage due to the size, weight, and momentum of the cars Cars are not physically connected to the truck assembly (body) of the car C an be thrown around Shipments of hazardous materials may also be transported in specialty railcars Courtesy of Richard Moseley 7 – 96

Tank Car Markings, Stencils, and Plates 7 – 97

Reporting Marks (Initials and Numbers) Identify the tank car and its owner Stenciled on the left side of the tank car and on each end Some shippers also stencil these numbers on the top of the tank car Reporting marks include Up to four letters indicating the tank car’s owner Up to six digits 7 – 98

NOTE 6 The app, AskRail, can provide detailed information on tank car contents, owners, and other information. 7 – 99

Specification Markings (1 of 2) Courtesy of Rich Mahaney Stenciled on the right side of the tank car on the longitudinal side Represent the DOT, TC, or American Association of Railroads (AAR) standards to which the tank car was constructed Do not identify the tank car’s cargo 7 – 100

Specification Markings (2 of 2) 7 – 101

Capacity Stencils Shows maximum water volume Volume in gallons (and sometimes liters) is stenciled on both ends of the car under the car’s reporting marks Volume in pounds (and sometimes kilograms) is stenciled on the sides of the cars under the reporting marks For certain tank cars the water capacity of the tank in pounds (and typically kilograms) is stenciled on the sides of the tank near the center of the car Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 102

Identification Plates Tank cars built after June 25, 2012 are equipped with two identical identification plates on the bolster Must be permanently mounted on the inboard surface of the tank car’s structure Information includes Material from which the tank is constructed Specified equipment such as bottom and top shelf couplers, head shields Any thermal protection All other cars have this identification stamped into the heads of the cars 7 – 103

Product Name Stencils Some materials shipped by rail must feature the name of that product stenciled on the side of the tank Tank cars with stenciled markings are known as dedicated tank cars These cars are allowed to carry only the product which is stenciled on the tank If another product is to be shipped in this container, the car must qualify for the new product and have new stenciling applied 7 – 104

Review Question 7 Describe the types of markings that may be found on tank cars. 7 – 105

Tank Car Structure Tank Truck assembly Similar to a chassis Includes Wheels Axles Truck bolster Bowl Pin It is possible to construct the car in several different ways 7 – 106

Stub Sill The bottom of the tank may be frameless Known as a frameless tank car, or stub sill This is where all of the stresses of the railcar will be borne by the tank itself The stub sill Short structural member welded to the end of the tank Attaches the tank to the truck assembly and absorbs the forces of train movement 7 – 107

Full Sill A one-piece assembly runs the length of the railcar Continuous underframe absorbs forces created by the train’s movement Topside of underframe holds tank in place Bottom of underframe rests on truck assembly Body bolster — Structural cross member mounted at a right angle to the underframe Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 108

Review Question 8 What is the difference between stub sill and full sill tank cars? 7 – 109

Safety Features of Railway Tank Cars 7 – 110

NOTE 7 Technicians will find some of these safety features on other transportation containers, as well. 7 – 111

Head Shield (1 of 2) Help protect the heads of a tank car when transporting hazardous materials All pressure cars must have head shields May or may not be visible Offer an extra layer of puncture protection on the ends of the tank If required, newly constructed tanks will have full head shields Older tanks may have a “half head” or a trapezoidal plate of steel welded to the lower half of the tank ends Jacketed tank cars may incorporate a full plate that protects the entire head of the tank 7 – 112

Head Shield (2 of 2) Full Head Shields Courtesy of Steve George Half Head Shields Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 113

Insulation Helps protect a tank’s cargo from outside temperatures May be found on both pressure and nonpressure tank cars Cryogenic tank cars always have insulation Fiberglass and polyurethane foams are common types of insulating materials Perlite is typically used to insulate cryogenic products Tank’s outer jacket conceals insulation 7 – 114

NOTE 8 Highway cargo tanks, intermodal containers, and fixed facility tanks may have thermal insulation, also. 7 – 115

Thermal Protection Designed to protect a tank car from D irect flame impingement A pool of fire P rimarily for tank cars shipping either a liquefied flammable gas or flammable liquids ; a lso required for tank cars transporting poisonous gases Some cars incorporate both thermal protection and insulation to protect cargo such as ammonia Two types: Jacketed thermal protection and spray-on thermal protection 7 – 116

CAUTION 4 Older thermal protection materials may contain asbestos. 7 – 117

Lining and Cladding Some tanks may be equipped with a lining which is applied after the tank is constructed Linings can be applied in sections, sprayed or painted Rubber is a common lining for tank cars transporting hazardous materials Cladding is a covering applied to the metal container wall or shell before the plate is formed — Typical cladding materials include nickel and stainless steel Designed to prevent hazardous materials from reacting with the tank material — Used to both protect the tank and maintain purity of the product 7 – 118

Heating Lines and Coils Some tanks may be equipped with heating lines or coils located either inside or outside the tank — May be concealed by insulation and/or an outer shell Steam, hot water, or heated oil can be used to heat thick or solidified materials such as asphalts or waxes Outlets and inlets for interior lines or coils must have caps in place during transport Caps are not required for exterior coils Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 119

Top and Bottom Shelf Couplers Courtesy of Rich Mahaney Also known as double shelf couplers Train car couplers with vertical restraint mechanisms that reduce the potential for coupler disengagement, and possible head puncture Tank cars transporting hazardous materials must have this safety equipment in place 7 – 120

Skid Protection Safety feature that prevents loss of a tank car’s contents in the event of a derailment Skid plate attaches to the tank in the area of the bottom fittings There is also top skid protection, which will help reduce the amount of mechanical stress on the tank and any fitting located on the bottom of the car 7 – 121

Review Question 9 What are shelf couplers? 7 – 122

Tank Car Fittings Tank car fittings — Allow for loading and unloading of products ; g auges to determine product levels , temperatures Safety features such as pressure relief devices Include Ladders and platforms Access points Valves and venting devices Safety relief devices Other fittings Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 123

NOTE 9 Highway cargo tanks, intermodal containers, fixed facility tanks, and other containers may have similar fittings. 7 – 124

Ladders and Platforms Ladders on rail cars are for access to the top of the railcar and its fittings Located on the sides and ends Since some of these ladders may follow the contour of tanks Initial step may be difficult Initial climb may be partially inverted Platforms May or may not have handrails or fall protection Do not meet OSHA fall protection standards Situational awareness is critical when working on a rail car platform 7 – 125

Access Points Most obvious fittings found on most tank cars Large openings located at the top of the cars Allow access into the interior of the tank Play an integral part in identification Often located within a protective housing Access point gaskets are a very common source of leaks Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 126

Valves and Venting Devices Valves — F ittings that allow product to flow in one direction or another P rimary means of loading / unloading Tank cars often include safety features to protect valves and piping on top or bottom of the car , includ ing Sheer valves Skid protection Valve protection and housings Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 127

Safety Relief Devices (1 of 3) Courtesy of Rich Mahaney Allow tank’s internal pressure to be relieved Most are spring-operated to allow device to close when tank’s internal pressure is reduced to normal limits Pressure relief devices (PRDs), including pressure relief valves, are typically set to activate at 75 percent of the tank’s test pressure Pressures can be identified by the stencil on the car 7 – 128

Safety Relief Devices (2 of 3) Safety vents , also known as rupture discs A frangible disk will rupture at a predetermined temperature or pressure Predetermined pressure is typically 33 1 / 3 percent of burst pressure of tank Unlike relief devices, once a safety vent opens it cannot be closed Once this device has been activated, someone who has been properly trained must replace it Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 129

Safety Relief Devices (3 of 3) Some pressure relief devices are combination safety relief valves that have a rupture disk with or without a breaking pin plus a spring-loaded relief valve ; use of this indicator valve tells whether the rupture disk has activated Vacuum relief valves prevent internal vacuums from occurring in nonpressure tanks during normal temperature changes ; accidental activation may cause debris to become lodged and render the car out of service when the valve cannot reseat 7 – 130

Other Fittings 7 – 131

Review Question 10 Explain the purpose of safety release devices. 7 – 132

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars (1 of 6) The most common type of tank car in North America Commonly categorized as DOT 111 Some variation in the allowed parameters DOT mandated that industry phase out the DOT 111 tank cars that are transporting flammable liquids by May 2025 and instead transport them in DOT 117 tank cars 7 – 133

NOTE 10 CPC-1232 cars are DOT 111 cars voluntarily built to an upgraded industry standard specifically for use in transporting flammable liquids such as crude oil and ethanol. 7 – 134

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars (2 of 6) Carry both hazardous and non-hazardous liquids Except for cars carrying flammable liquids, DOT 111 cars are not required to have head shields to protect the tank car from an adjacent car in an incident Fittings and valves are not protected and are vulnerable to being sheared off in an incident leading to a release of contents Do not have a pressure relief device sized to protect against rupture in the event of a large fire 7 – 135

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars (3 of 6) DOT 117 Non-pressurized tank car with a thicker shell and insulating material providing thermal protection Have protected top fittings, a fully protected head shield, and a bottom outlet valve with an enhanced handle designed to prevent the tank car from emptying its contents in an incident All the enhancements are designed to protect the tank from being punctured and to prevent the valves from being disrupted 7 – 136

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars (4 of 6) 7 – 137

CAUTION 5 The appearance of general service/non-pressure/low pressure tank cars may be changed with the addition of protective housings intended to protect valves in the instance of a rollover. 7 – 138

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars (5 of 6) Because general service (non-pressure/low pressure) tank cars are so widely used by the railway industry, only way to determine tank’s contents is by shipping papers, placards, or tank markings Common hazardous materials transported Corrosives Flammable and combustible liquids Flammable solids Liquid poisons Oxidizers and organic peroxides 7 – 139

WARNING 5 General service/non-pressure/low pressure tank cars may have pressures up to 100 psi (690 kPa). 7 – 140

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars (6 of 6) DOT 120 tank cars Built to pressure car standards, but are used to transport flammable liquids Look identical to DOT 117 tank cars Specification plate must be referenced to determine the identity 7 – 141

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars — Basic Identification (1 of 2) C ylindrical in shape with rounded heads ; a t least one access point to access interior of the tank Fittings for loading and unloading , other hardware will sometimes be visible DOT 117 tank cars — Have protected top fittings and a fully protected head shield If a single protective housing is present on a tank car, check the specification marks to confirm if it is a pressure or general service (non-pressure/low pressure) car Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 142

NOTE 11 DOT 117R tank cars are a DOT 111 or DOT 111 - CPC 1232 tank car that has been upgraded to meet the DOT 117 specifications. The “R” stands for retrofit in the DOT 117R. 7 – 143

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars — Basic Identification (2 of 2) Can have pressures up to 100 psig Designed for materials with vapor pressures of 25 psig (274 kPa) or less at 70° Fahrenheit (21° Celsius) Responders should refer to waybill to determine total contents of all compartments in the tank Sometimes called a consist Located in the engine or caboose Train conductor is responsible for this paperwork New apps can also assist responders by providing access to waybill 7 – 144

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars — Construction Features (1 of 2) Most general service tank cars are constructed from carbon steel and may be manufactured with a full or stub sill May be compartmentalized M ust be built to mechanical standards designed for rail freight cars; meet 49 CFR Part 179 and the AAR Specifications for Tank Cars Human error can contribute to leaks from valves and fittings even when not involved in accidents (nonaccidental related) Mechanical damage may occur in the event of a railway accident and may compromise the tank’s integrity Carefully evaluate tank and contents if involved in an accident 7 – 145

General Service (Non-pressure/Low Pressure) Railway Tank Cars — Construction Features (2 of 2) D amaged tank may fail v ia a heat-induced tear when temperatures are high enough When exposed to fire, common for low pressure tank cars transporting flammable/combustible liquids Fire causes tank shell to tear and fail Heat-induced tears primarily occur in low-pressure containers in contrast to boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs) which primarily occur in pressure containers Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 146

Pressure Railway Tank Cars (1 of 2) Similar in design to general service (non-pressure/low pressure) tank cars Able to carry highly hazardous materials or liquids of a high vapor pressure Pressure tank car specifications include DOT 105, a common car for chlorine DOT 112, a common tank car for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and ammonia DOT 114, a common tank for refrigerants Human error can contribute to leaks from valves and fittings, even when not involved in accidents 7 – 147

Pressure Railway Tank Cars (2 of 2) Common types of products transported in pressure tank cars include Corrosives Flammables Liquefied gases Toxics Water reactives Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 148

Pressure Railway Tank Cars — Basic Identification Cylindrical in cross-section Has an enclosed protective housing mounted on the pressure plate located around the center tank May be insulated R efer to the waybill of the relevant tank because they may vary by Manufacture date Type of contents Capacity 7 – 149

Pressure Railway Tank Cars — Construction Features Pressure tank cars are constructed of steel, stainless steel, or aluminum Have rounded heads Load in a standard way Typically have fittings inside a protective housing M ust be built to meet mechanical standards designed for rail freight cars M echanical damage may occur in the event of a railway accident and may compromise the tank’s integrity Carefully evaluate the tank and contents if involved in an accident 7 – 150

Review Question 11 How can you visually distinguish between general service and pressure railway tank cars? 7 – 151

Cryogenic Railway Tank Cars Carry low-pressure refrigerated liquids Specifications include DOT 113 (three main types: A-423, C-260, and D-155) Association of American Railroads (AAR) 204W Bulk transportation of LNG is now allowed in DOT-113C120W9 specification tank cars with enhanced outer tank requirements and additional operational controls Refrigerated liquids are transported at temperatures between -155°F (-104°C) and -423°F (-217°C) These products are gases in their natural state but have been cooled through refrigeration to become a liquid 7 – 152

Cryogenic Railway Tank Cars — Products Carried Argon Ethylene Hydrogen Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Nitrogen Oxygen 7 – 153

Cryogenic Railway Tank Cars — Basic Identification H ave a cylindrical cross-section with round heads Size of the tank may not be representative of the amount of product carried Traditionally manufactured as a tank within a tank to allow for the insulation needed to keep the product cold Products shipped Are normally gases in their natural state but have been supercooled to become a liquid Have a high expansion ratio if released into the atmosphere Refer to the waybill to determine actual amount of product carried in the tank car 7 – 154

Cryogenic Railway Tank Cars — Construction Features (1 of 2) High alloy steel inner tank supported by a strong carbon steel outer tank Fittings for this type of railway cargo tank, including loading and unloading valves, will be kept in ground-level cabinets on both sides of the tank or in the center of one end of the car Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 155

Cryogenic Railway Tank Cars — Construction Features (2 of 2) Cryogenic products may also be shipped in a tank located in a standard boxcar, referred to as an XT boxcar When involved in an accident, may leak from valves and fittings While most railway tank cars go through rigorous inspection, insulated tanks can be difficult to inspect due to the double tanks and insulation M echanical damage may occur in the event of a railway accident and may compromise the tank’s integrity Carefully evaluate the tank and its contents if involved in an accident 7 – 156

Review Question 12 How does construction of cryogenic railway tank cars differ from regular pressure tank cars? 7 – 157

Specialized Cars D o not usually possess any specific identifying features A bulk hazmat shipment should have placarding/markings, including a UN number Boxcars may carry hazardous materials in Drums Crates Bags Boxes Liquid bladders 7 – 158

Agricultural Cars Although not placarded, cars and intermodal containers containing agricultural products, such as fruit or other foodstuffs, may have been treated with fumigants. Fumigants, such as phosphine, are extremely hazardous. These cars/containers should be marked, but these signs may not be conspicuous. 7 – 159

Pneumatically Unloaded Hopper Cars Force their product out of the hopper using air pressure May be designed to withstand up to 80 psig (650 kPa) Some materials transported in this type of car include Caustic soda Calcium carbide Other dry bulk products Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 160

CAUTION 6 Pneumatically unloaded hopper cars present a high risk for static shock. This can be an ignition source. 7 – 161

Refrigerated Cars H ave some integrated hazards aside from the contents Insulated, bunkerless cars may have heaters located at the top of the doorways Mechanical refrigerated cars may have an electrical generator G enerator may carry between 500 and 550 gallons (2 000 L and 2 200 L) of fuel Mechanical refrigerated cars may contain refrigerant gases Atmosphere inside refrigerator cars may not contain oxygen May also be fumigated and have toxic contents like phosphine 7 – 162

Discussion Question 3 Are hazmat incidents involving railway cars a concern in your jurisdiction? 7 – 163

Section VI: Assessing Highway Cargo Containers Learning Objective 6 — Detail factors to consider when assessing highway cargo containers. 7– 164

Assessing Highway Cargo Containers (1 of 2) ERG provides basic information about cargo tanks H ave construction features, fittings, attachments, or shapes that are characteristic of their uses Should typically use placards, shipping papers, or other formal sources of information to identify contents Commonly used to transport bulk amounts of hazardous materials by road In the U.S., designed to meet tank-safety specifications Minimum tank construction material thicknesses Required safety features Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) 7 – 165

Assessing Highway Cargo Containers (2 of 2) Two specifications currently in use Motor carrier (MC) standards DOT/TC standards Trucks built to a given specification are designated using MC or DOT/TC initials followed by a three-digit number identifying the specification Some cargo tanks have multiple compartments — Each compartment is considered a separate tank and may contain different products 7 – 166

Non-Spec Tanks Not constructed to meet one of the common MC or DOT/ TC specs If the tank was designed for a specific purpose and exempted from the MC or DOT/TC requirements, may haul hazardous materials Nonhazardous materials may be hauled in either non-spec cargo tank trucks or cargo tank trucks that meet a designated specification Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 167

Review Question 13 What do motor carrier (MC) standards and DOT/TC numbers and letters indicate? 7 – 168

Tank Markings Many highway cargo vehicle tanks will display a number of markings Some markings may directly correlate to the contents Others will not help identify the product By DOT regulations All compressed gases and cryogenic liquids must have the product shipping name displayed on the tank’s exterior Must be located on both sides of the tank and at both ends Highway cargo tanks are frequently marked with product’s brand name — Cannot interfere with required markings, labels, or placards 7 – 169

Specification Plates (1 of 4) DOT requires construction of highway specification tanks to be in accordance with 49 CFR 178 Included on the cargo tank truck specification plate Refer to the specification plate to determine cargo tank truck specifications Pressure — While various transport tanks may generally fall within an expected range, the actual pressure may be certified to a higher or lower level Both positive and negative pressures pose hazards, typically in relation to ambient atmospheric pressure 7 – 170

Specification Plates (2 of 4) Each cargo tank must carry two types of plates Nameplate Specification plate Specification plates must be Corrosion-resistant Permanently attached to the cargo tank truck or its integral supporting structure Permanently and plainly marked in English Affixed to the left side of the vehicle near the front of the cargo tank truck in a place that is readily accessible for inspection 7 – 171

WARNING 6 Always refer to the specification plate for information about the container you’re dealing with. 7 – 172

Specification Plates (3 of 4) 7 – 173

Specification Plates (4 of 4) Insulated tank trucks that are certified tanks may have multiple specification plates In addition to the DOT specification plates, some tanks that are certified to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code for pressure carriers must also carry a separate certification plate While the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) may give a range for specific tank truck type, individual specification plates are the definitive source for determining the legal tank capacity for pressure, volume, and weight 7 – 174

NOTE 12 For many years, gasoline tankers known as a MC306/DOT406 and TC306/TC406 have been listed in literature as 3, 3.5 or 4 psi (20, 24, 27 kPa) tankers. In the 2020 ERG , the DOT widened the range to 3-15 psi (20-100) on type MC306 and DOT 406 type tankers. 7 – 175

Review Question 14 What is the definitive source for determining the legal tank capacity for pressure, volume, and weight? 7 – 176

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks May carry any product from food-grade liquids to petroleum products such as gasoline and fuel oil Carry the MC 306 designation or the DOT/TC 406 designation Designed to accommodate pressures not exceeding 3 psig (122 kPa) Often comprise more than one compartment Common products shipped in these tanks may include alcohols, flammable and combustible liquids, food-grade liquids, fuel oil, gasoline 7 – 177

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks — Basic Identification (1 of 2) The nonpressure cargo tank can be identified by elliptical or oval cross-section and nearly flat heads Owner’s name is usually permanently marked on oval tanks Commonly top loaded and unloaded through discharge valves located at the bottom of the tank Typically have Rollover protection running the length of the tank Multiple compartments A separate access point for each compartment An emergency shutoff on driver’s side front 7 – 178

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks — Basic Identification (2 of 2) MC 306 and DOT/TC 406 tankers May carry a wide variety of product quantities Typically carries 9,000 gallons (36 000 L), but may also carry significantly more Each compartment may have a different volume of product Refer to the bill of lading for exact quantity of product being hauled Bill of lading is found in the vehicle cab — Driver is responsible for this paperwork 7 – 179

Non-pressure Liquid Tank (1 of 2) Non-pressure Liquid Tank DOT406, TC406, SCT-306(MC306, TC306) Pressure less than 4 psi (28 kPa) Typical maximum capacity: 9,000 gallons (34 069 L) New tanks made of aluminum Old tanks made of steel Oval shape Multiple compartments Recessed access points 7 – 180

Non-pressure Liquid Tank (2 of 2) Rollover protection Bottom valves Longitudinal rollover protection Valve assembly and unloading control box under tank Vapor-recovery system on curb side and rear, if present Access point assemblies, and vapor-recovery valves on top for each compartment Possible permanent markings for ownership that are locally identifiable Carries: Gasoline, fuel oil, alcohol, other flammable/ combustible liquids, other liquids, and liquid fuel products 7 – 181

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (1 of 4) MC 306 and DOT/TC 406 cargo tanks are usually constructed of aluminum Tanks constructed prior to August 31, 1995, may be constructed of carbon steel May be insulated Often compartmentalized Each compartment has its own access point assembly located at the top of the tank Large compartments may have more than one access point assembly 7 – 182

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (2 of 4) Most tanks will have baffles to help control liquid movement Marking indicating that the tank has baffle holes may be visible on the front and rear of the tank Vapor recovery lines are an integral part of this type of tank but are not an indicator of how many compartments the tank contains Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 183

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (3 of 4) MC 306 and DOT/TC 406 tanks are equipped with rollover protection that may run the entire length of the tank Emergency shutoffs are usually manual and may be located on the driver’s side front of the tank If hauling flammable materials, this tank may also include a fusible link DOT/TC 406 Will have a thicker shell than MC 306 tanks Allows for a maximum pressure of 3-15 psig (21-103 kPa) Access points must be able to withstand higher pressures and are rated to be leak free at 36 psig (350 kPa) 7 – 184

Non-pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (4 of 4) When involved in an accident, the most common leak point of MC 306 and DOT/TC 406 cargo tanks is through the access point s and dome covers Discharge valves are another common source of leaks Additional points may appear if the cargo tank has been subjected to mechanical damage Lower discharge valves are traditionally equipped with “shear” type leak protection if tank is subject to a motor vehicle accident Even though shear protection is in place and has activated, discharge piping may still contain a significant volume of product 7 – 185

Review Question 15 How much pressure can non-pressure cargo tanks accommodate? 7 – 186

Low-Pressure Cargo Tanks Also known as low-pressure chemical tanks Carry the MC 307 or DOT/TC 407 designation Transport liquids that may have a higher vapor pressure than those products carried in their nonpressure counterparts Typical contents carried in the low-pressure tanker Flammable and combustible liquids Flammable liquids Mild corrosives Poisons 7 – 187

Low-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Basic Identification (1 of 2) Low-pressure liquid chemical cargo tanks will have a circular cross-section with flat heads Shape may vary depending on whether they are insulated Viewed from behind, insulated tanks may have a horseshoe shape Will have a n access point at the top Usually have a single compartment Off-loading valve is typically located in the rear of the tank Access point rollover protection and ladder are typically in the center of the tank when viewed from the side 7 – 188

Low-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Basic Identification (2 of 2) MC 307 tankers Usually have a pressure of 25 to 35 psi (172 to 241 kPa) Typical capacities of 5,500 to 7,000 gallons (20 820 L to 26 500 L) In some locations, the DOT/TC 407 may be rated with a higher capacity due to its thicker design MAWP can be found on the specification plate Refer to the bill of lading for the exact quantity of product being shipped 7 – 189

Low-Pressure Cargo Tank (1 of 2) Low-Pressure Chemical Tank DOT407, TC407, SCT-307(MC307, TC307) Pressure under 40 psi (172 kPa to 276 kPa) Typical maximum capacity: 7,000 gallons (26 498 L) Rubber lined or steel Typically double shell Stiffening rings may be visible or covered 7 – 190

Low-Pressure Cargo Tank (2 of 2) Circumferential rollover protection Single or multiple compartments Single- or double-top access point assembly protected by a flash box that also provides rollover protection Single-outlet discharge piping at midship or rear Fusible plugs, frangible disks, or vents outside the flash box on top of the tank Drain hose from the flash box down the side of the tank Rounded or horse shoe-shaped ends Carries: Flammable liquids, combustible liquids, acids, caustics, and poisons 7 – 191

Low-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (1 of 2) M ay be constructed of aluminum, mild steel, stainless steel Will have rollover protection around the access point area General use of stiffening rings to increase the tank’s structural integrity May have an incorporated heating system DOT/TC 407 cargo tank — Will have a thicker shell and material A small percentage of low-pressure cargo tanks have multiple compartments 7 – 192

Low-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (2 of 2) Safety features of low-pressure cargo tanks include a fusible cap if carrying flammable materials As with most cargo tanks, the access point s and valves are a common point for leakage Leaks may be difficult to locate due to the presence of insulation Inspection is paramount for this type of tank 7 – 193

Review Question 16 What do low-pressure cargo tanks usually carry? 7 – 194

Corrosive Liquid Tanks Also called a corrosive cargo tank Transports heavy, high density liquids and toxic inhalation hazards Either a MC 312 or DOT/TC 412 designation Typically carry materials that are corrosive in nature like sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid Also used as vacuum trucks May carry products besides corrosives Traditionally single tanks with no compartmentalization For the exact quantity being transported, refer to the bill of lading 7 – 195

Corrosive Liquid Tanks — Basic Identification (1 of 3) T ypically features access point and valves located in the rear and discharge lines located in the top rear of the tank Because corrosives are usually heavy, overall volume carried is typically lower than that of other types Because of its relatively small capacity, the tank will appear to be small in diameter Have convex heads External stiffening rings are a common trademark of corrosive tanks Can also be insulated and/or heated 7 – 196

Corrosive Liquid Tank — Basic Identification (2 of 3) Corrosive Liquid Tank DOT412, TC412, SCT-412(MC312, TC312) Pressure less than 75 psi (517 kPa) Typical maximum capacity: 7,000 gallons (26 498 L) [per NFPA] Rubber lined or steel Typically single compartment Small-diameter round shape Exterior stiffening rings may be visible on uninsulated tanks 7 – 197

Corrosive Liquid Tank — Basic Identification (3 of 3) Typical rear top-loading/unloading station with exterior piping extending to the bottom of the tank Splashguard serving as rollover protection around valve assembly Flange-type rupture disk vent either inside or outside the splashguard May have discoloration around loading/unloading area or area painted or coated with corrosive-resistant material Permanent ownership markings that are locally identifiable Carries: Corrosive liquids (usually acids) 7 – 198

Corrosive Liquid Tank — Construction Features (1 of 2) Typically made of stainless steel or carbon steel May be lined with several different materials Can also be made of aluminum or fiberglass reinforced plastic Typical pressure range of 35 to 55 psi (241 kPa to 379 kPa) and may have a much higher MAWP Typical tank capacities are from 3,300 to 6,300 gallons (12 492 L to 23 848 L) C an be insulated or noninsulated — I nsulation may hide the tank’s true shape T ypically contain stiffening rings — I f noninsulated, these rings are visible 7 – 199

Corrosive Liquid Tank — Construction Features (2 of 2) R ollover and splash protection around access point and fittings Typically top unloading Typically fittings for the piping and valves are flanged Most do not have emergency shutoffs , valves must be manually opened and closed A re often discolored around the loading and unloading areas Many carry noncorrosive toxic inhalation hazard materials Access points and valves are common leakage points ; m ay be prone to leakage and failure if product leaks through its liner Inspection is paramount for this type of tank 7 – 200

Review Question 17 How can you visually identify a corrosive liquid tank? 7 – 201

High-Pressure Cargo Tanks Transport liquefied gases and high vapor pressure materials; c ontents must remain under pressure in order to maintain a liquid state MC 331 designation Common products shipped in high-pressure cargo tanks may include anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, other gases that have been liquefied under pressure P ressure gauges located on the side or end of the tank C apacity gauges that indicate amount of product in the tank 7 – 202

High-Pressure Cargo Tanks Basic Identification (1 of 3) R ound with protruding, rounded heads MC 331 is considered a highway bulk tank ; p ropane “bobtail” truck is its intercity counterpart DOT requires upper two-thirds of noninsulated tanks be painted white or another highly reflective color Chlorine trucks are MC 331 tanks Look different from other high-pressure cargo tanks Have a domed protective housing on the rear Refer to the bill of lading for exact quantity of product Liquid gauge can also indicate the amount of liquid in the tank 7 – 203

High-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Basic Identification (2 of 3) High-Pressure Tank MC 331, TC 331, SCT 331 Pressure above 100 psi (689 kPa) Typical maximum capacity: 11,500 gallons (43 532 L) Single steel compartment Non-insulated Bolted access point at front or rear Internal and rear outlet valves Typically painted white or other reflective color 7 – 204

High-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Basic Identification (3 of 3) Large hemispherical heads on both ends Guard cage around the bottom loading/unloading piping Uninsulated tanks, single-shell vessels Permanent markings such as the product name Carries: Pressurized gases and liquids, anhydrous ammonia, propane, butane, and other gases that have been liquefied under pressure High-Pressure Bobtail Tank: Used for local delivery of liquefied petroleum gas and anhydrous ammonia 7 – 205

High-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (1 of 2) High-pressure cargo tanks are constructed of steel or insulated aluminum N ot compartmentalized Pressures typically between 100 to 500 psi (690 to 3 448 kPa) Typical capacities between 3,000 to 11,000 gallons (11 356 to 41 640 L) All valves on the MC 331 tank must be labeled to indicate whether it will control liquid or vapor 7 – 206

High-Pressure Cargo Tanks — Construction Features (2 of 2) If the cargo tank has a water capacity below 3,500 gallons (14 000 L) it must have at least one emergency shutoff valve Any MC 331 tank with a water capacity greater than 3,500 gallons (14 000 L) must have both mechanical and thermal discharge control valves Safety valve thresholds must be set at 110 percent of the tank’s overall design pressure Tanks must include temperature and pressure gauges May have liquid gauging devices MC 331 is a very rugged tank designed to protect its contents 7 – 207

Review Question 18 What do MC 331 tank trucks usually carry? 7 – 208

Cryogenic Tanks (1 of 2) Designed to carry gases that have been liquefied by reducing their overall temperature; c ontents will be extremely cold -130° F (-90° C) or colder May pose more of a hazard than those associated with the product itself Due to typically high expansion ratios, a release may displace normal atmosphere over a wide area Classified as MC 338/CGA 341 Cryogenic materials offer a unique safety hazard, tanks used to contain them have features intended to safe l y control the product, but those features are limited 7 – 209

Cryogenic Tanks (2 of 2) Common products carried in cryogenic tanks include Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Liquefied oxygen Liquid carbon dioxide Liquid hydrogen Liquid nitrogen Courtesy of Brent Cowx 7 – 210

WARNING 7 and 8 The rapid expansion of vapors from cryogens can quickly displace oxygen. Liquid hydrogen burns clear due to the lack of carbon produced, so flames may not be visible. 7 – 211

Cryogenic Tanks — Basic Identification (1 of 3) Because cryogenic liquids are transported at extremely cold temperatures, must be adequately insulated to protect their contents — W ill give tank a bulky appearance Tank is round with flat ends A loading/unloading station will be located either in the rear of the tank or just forward of the rear wheels To determine the actual quantity of product being transported, refer to the bill of lading 7 – 212

Cryogenic Tanks — Basic Identification (2 of 3) Cryogenic Liquid Tank MC 338, TC 338, SCT 338(TC 341, CGA 341) Well-insulated steel or aluminum tank Possibly discharging vapor from relief valves Round tank with flat ends Large and bulky double shelling and heavy insulation 7 – 213

Cryogenic Tanks — Basic Identification (3 of 3) Loading/unloading station attached either at the rear or in front of the rear dual wheels, typically called the doghouse in the field Permanent markings such as REFRIGERATED LIQUID or an identifiable manufacturer name Carries: Liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid hydrogen, and other gases that have been liquefied by lowering their temperatures 7 – 214

Cryogenic Tanks — Construction Features (1 of 3) C onstructed of aluminum or stainless steel F lat heads Comprised of welded inner tank that holds the product surrounded by a vacuum space that contains insulating material, final outer shell made of steel Pressures can be less than 25 and up to 500 psi (172 to 3 447 kPa) Capacities of 8,000 to 10,000 gallons (30 283 to 37 854 L) Pressure gauge must be located so that the driver may view it from the cab 7 – 215

Cryogenic Tanks — Construction Features (2 of 3) MC 338/CGA 341 tanks that carry products such as oxygen Must have discharge precautions set at 110 percent of the design pressure of the tank A thermal closure must activate at a preset temperature Is an extremely rugged tank designed and built as a tank within a tank Valves are the most vulnerable to leakage, due to gasket material being compromised Mechanical damage and stress can compromise the integrity of the tank 7 – 216

Cryogenic Tanks — Construction Features (3 of 3) A unique feature of the CGA 341 is its ability to vent based on temperature and pressure — What may appear as a leak or the activation of a pressure relief device may actually be the result of properly working safety equipment Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 217

NOTE 13 Most cryogenic cargo tanks in service today are designated CGA 341, and they vent to keep the liquid cryogenic material cold. 7 – 218

Review Question 19 What are the three layers that comprise a cryogenic tank? 7 – 219

Tube Trailers (1 of 4) DOT does not classify tube trailers as cargo tanks; modified semi-trailer c omprised of individual steel tubes that may be stacked and banded together Tubes May carry individual quantities of product, or m ay be linked together in a cascade-style system High internal working pressure Typical pressures in the tubes range from 2,400 to 5,000 psi (16 547 kPa to 34 474 kPa) Each cylinder typically has an overpressure device 7 – 220

Tube Trailers (2 of 4) Only one product can be carried in each tube at a time, but a trailer may be carrying more than one product When the individual cylinder is opened the gauge in the loading/unloading compartment will indicate the remaining pressure in the cylinder Carry gas under pressure and occasionally liquefied gases such as anhydrous hydrochloric acid 7 – 221

Tube Trailers (3 of 4) Argon Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen Oxygen Refrigerant gases Silicon tetrafluoride Carbon monoxide Other gases 7 – 222

Tube Trailers (4 of 4) Compressed-gas/tube trailers may Experience disintegration; runaway cracking; damage to attachments; punctures, splits or tears Release product via violent rupture, rapid relief, or leaks Catastrophically fail when exposed to heat or flames Flammable gases may explode/ignite when they come into contact with an ignition source Accidental releases from these trailers Can be violent Liquefied compressed gas will expand rapidly upon release 7 – 223

Compressed-Gas/Tube Trailer (1 of 2) Pressure at 3,000 to 5,000 psi (20 684 kPa to 34 474 kPa) (gas only) Individual steel cylinders stacked and banded together Typically has over-pressure device for each cylinder; valves at rear (protected) 7 – 224

Compressed-Gas/Tube Trailer (2 of 2) Manifold enclosed at the rear Permanent markings for the material or ownership that is locally identifiable Carries: Helium, hydrogen, methane, oxygen, and other gases 7 – 225

Review Question 20 Explain what is unique about tube trailers. 7 – 226

Dry Bulk Carriers (1 of 3) Not regulated ; d o not conform to DOT specifications Off-loaded through bottom ports Distinguished by their large sloping W- or V-shaped compartments, known as hoppers Common products transported may include Cement Coal Corrosive solids Fertilizers Feed products Oxidizers Plastic pellets 7 – 227

Dry Bulk Carriers (2 of 3) While contents are not usually under pressure, low pressures between 15 to 20 psi (103 to 138 kPa) may be used to discharge or transfer the product from the container These cargo trailers are constructed to transport heavy loads, but damage to attachments, punctures, splits, or tears may occur if they are involved in an accident 7 – 228

Dry Bulk Carriers (3 of 3) Dry Bulk Cargo Trailer Pressure usually between 15 psi (100 kPa) to 25 psi (170 kPa); typically not under pressure Bottom valves Shapes vary, but has V-shaped bottom-unloading compartments Top access point assemblies Carries: Oxidizers, corrosive solids, cement, plastic pellets, and fertilizers 7 – 229

CAUTION 7 When product is being moved through dry bulk containers there is an extreme risk of static shock. 7 – 230

Review Question 21 How can you visually distinguish dry bulk trailers? 7 – 231

Section VII: Assessing Intermodal Containers Learning Objective 7 — Detail factors to consider when assessing intermodal containers. 7– 232

Assessing Intermodal Containers (1 of 3) Can be both pressurized and non-pressurized Materials transported include Liquid and solid hazardous materials Non-refrigerated liquefied compressed gases Refrigerated liquefied gases Appeal to shipping companies, can be transferred between modes of transportation without being off-loaded Courtesy of Tyler Bones 7 – 233

Assessing Intermodal Containers (2 of 3) Box containers may transport a variety of hazardous materials Intermodal tank containers Also called portable tanks Are a tank or cylinder within a frame-like structure Because handled more frequently than bulk cargo tanks, there may be a greater risk of damage or leakage May be manufactured in and shipped from virtually anywhere in the world 7 – 234

Assessing Intermodal Containers (3 of 3) Two major types of frame construction used for intermodal tank containers Box type — Encase the tank within the framework of a box Beam type — Only have framework at the ends of the tank Intermodal containers may be refrigerated, heated, or lined Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 235 Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

Review Question 22 Why do intermodal containers appeal to shipping companies? 7 – 236

Intermodal Tank Markings 7 – 237

Reporting Marks and Numbers Generally found on the right-hand side of the tank or container as you face it from either the sides or the ends Use this information in conjunction with shipping papers to identify and verify the contents of the tank or container Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 238

Intermodal Specification Markings Indicate tank’s design and construction standard (also called T-codes); d etailed in 49 CFR regulations as tank instruction codes Included in each tank’s identification records Correspond to certain design specifications and instructions N ot required to appear on tank specification plates, but they are often included on the tank somewhere Legacy containers must meet current construction standards A lso include inspection and testing requirements C ontainers carrying hazardous materials must have proper shipping names stenciled on two sides along with the owner of the tank 7 – 239

Kemler Code Hazard Marking (1 of 2) Intermodal containers are more likely to be marked with Kemler Code markings than regular DOT placards and markings Kemler Code markings will include two orange panels, one on top of the other Top orange panel includes up to four characters, potentially three numbers and a letter Bottom panel is the UN number ERG includes a key to the Kemler Code in the front pages 7 – 240

Kemler Code Hazard Marking (2 of 2) Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 241

AAR-600 Marking Tanks with an AAR-600 marking are designed to meet the requirements of the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Marking will appear in two-inch letters somewhere on each side of the tank These tanks are often used to ship regulated hazardous materials 7 – 242

Country, Size, and Type Markings The bottom line of tank markings include information about the tank’s country of origin, size, and type Country code is indicated by two or three letters Courtesy of Tyler Bones 7 – 243

Review Question 23 Where can you find a key to Kemler Codes? 7 – 244

Intermodal Tanks for Liquids and Solid Hazardous Materials Most common intermodal tanks used in transportation May also carry nonhazardous liquids or solids T1-T5 (IM 102) and T6-T14 (IM 101) containers fall into this category T6 to T14 tanks — Formerly known as IM 101 or IMO Type 1 tank container, built to withstand higher MAWP of 25.4 to 100 psi (175 kPa to 689 kPa) T1 to T5 tanks — Formerly known as the IM 102 portable tank or IMO Type 2 tank container, designed to handle MAWP of 14.5 to 25.4 psi (100 kPa to 175 kPa); gradually being removed from service 7 – 245

Intermodal Tanks for Non-Refrigerated Liquefied Compressed Gases (1 of 2) Courtesy of Rich Mahaney Designated T-50, formerly known as Spec 51 or IMO Type 5 Typically designed for working pressures of 100 to 500 psi (700 kPa to 3 500 kPa) with a total capacity up to 5,500 gallons (21 000 L) Pressure-type intermodal containers usually transport liquefied gases under pressure such as LPG , c hlorine , a nhydrous ammonia 7 – 246

NOTE 14 Chlorine tank inlets and discharge outlets must meet standards established by the Chlorine Institute. 7 – 247

Intermodal Tanks for Non-Refrigerated Liquefied Compressed Gases (2 of 2) When equipped with thermal insulation, a device must be provided to prevent any dangerous pressure from developing in the insulating shell in the event of a leak Data plates must be attached to the frame rail May have fittings located on the top and bottom ends Safety equipment includes Safety relief devices Excess flow valves Fusible links and nuts Emergency remote shutoffs 7 – 248

Intermodal Tanks for Refrigerated Liquefied Gases (1 of 2) Used to transport cryogenic liquids Designated T-75 , f ormerly known as IMO Type 7 containers Must be of seamless or welded steel construction and usually are manufactured in 10 ft to 40 ft (3 m to 12 m) configurations Capacities will typically range around 4,400 gallons (1 6 600 liters) Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 249

Intermodal Tanks for Refrigerated Liquefied Gases (2 of 2) Will accommodate pressure around 250 psig (1 700 kPa) Carry liquefied gases such as Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Have a thermal insulation system that must include a complete covering of the shell with effective insulating materials Each filling and discharge opening in intermodal containers must be fitted with at least three mutually independent shutoff devices in series 7 – 250

Multiple Element Gas Containers (MEGCs) (1 of 3) Formerly known as tube modules Transport gases in high-pressure cylinders with MAWPs of 2400 to 5,000 psi (16 547 kPa to 34 474 kPa) Defined as assemblies of UN cylinders, tubes, or bundles of cylinders interconnected by a manifold and assembled within a framework Courtesy of Barry Lindley 7 – 251

Multiple Element Gas Containers (MEGCs) (2 of 3) Built in two standard lengths of 20 ft (6 m) and 40 ft (12 m) Number of individual tubes typically ranges from five to twelve and are designed to carry a single product Designed to carry both nonrefrigerated liquefied and non-liquefied compressed gases MEGC loading valves are on one end and unloading valves are on the opposite end Each cylinder must have its own pressure relief, and valve systems can be manifolded together 7 – 252

Multiple Element Gas Containers (MEGCs) (3 of 3) Must be equipped with a corrosion resistant metal plate permanently attached Typically designed to carry one product Valves may be CGA specification valves for the particular gas service Leaks occur around the valves such as packing glands or thread leaks 7 – 253

Review Question 24 What do MEGCs carry? 7 – 254

Section VIII: Assessing Air Freight Cargo Learning Objective 8 — Detail factors to consider when assessing air freight cargo. 7– 255

Assessing Air Freight Cargo (1 of 2) DOT restricts the shipment of many hazardous materials aboard aircraft If a hazardous material is allowed to be shipped in the air, the hazard may be limited by the nature of the chemical and/or limited quantity allowed on board Aircraft will not display outer markings or placards indicating the type of cargo that may be carried Courtesy of John Demyan 7 – 256

Assessing Air Freight Cargo (2 of 2) There will be little opportunity to evaluate any hazards from a safe distance DOT requires shipping papers be carried within the aircraft to identify any hazardous materials on board — Shipping papers, known as an air bill, should be located in the cockpit DOT labeling requirements that apply to products shipped by other modes of transportation are also required for air freight 7 – 257

Review Question 25 How can you tell what hazardous cargo is carried on an aircraft? 7 – 258

Section IX: Assessing Pipelines Learning Objective 9 — Detail factors to consider when assessing pipelines. 7– 259

Assessing Pipelines Pipelines primarily carry Liquid petroleum products Natural and manufactured gases DOT requires that most pipelines be buried 30 to 36 inches (750 mm to 900 mm) below ground level While requirement is helpful in protecting the pipeline, can be counterproductive when identifying the location of the pipeline 7 – 260

Principles of Pipeline Operation Courtesy of Rich Mahaney Allow shipping of a product under pressure from one point to another without the need for off-loading Product is introduced into the pipeline at an injection station located at the beginning of the pipeline system Storage facilities equipped with pumps and compressors to aid in product movement can also be located at the injection station 7 – 261

Basic Pipeline Identification (1 of 3) Many types of materials, particularly petroleum products, are transported across both the U.S. and Canada in an extensive network of pipelines Most are buried in the ground U.S. DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulates pipelines that carry hazardous materials across state borders, navigable waterways, and federal lands in the U.S. In Canada, the Canadian National Energy Board regulates oil and natural gas pipelines 7 – 262

Basic Pipeline Identification (2 of 3) Where pipelines cross under (or over) other pipelines, roads, railroads, and waterways, pipeline companies must provide markers From the marker closest to the crossing point, the next marker, in both directions, should be visible, so that the approximate location of the pipeline should be discernible M ust also provide markers at sufficient intervals along the rest of the pipeline to identify the pipe’s location M arkers do not always mark the exact location of the pipeline Do not assume that the pipeline runs in a straight line between markers 7 – 263

Basic Pipeline Identification (3 of 3) Pipeline markers in the U.S. and Canada include the signal words Caution Warning, or Danger (representing an increasing level of hazard) Contain information describing the transported commodity and the name and emergency telephone number of the carrier 7 – 264

Pipeline Construction Features (1 of 4) Can vary based on what products are intended to be transported within the pipeline H ave a large range in sizes depending on their function Transmission lines range from 6 to 48 inches (150 mm to 1 200 mm) in diameter Distribution lines may be as small as a half-inch (13 mm) Odorant is typically added at a city gate Marks the end of transmission lines and the beginning of the distribution lines May be the source of odor calls if any error occurs while odorant is being added 7 – 265

Pipeline Construction Features (2 of 4) 7 – 266

Pipeline Construction Features (3 of 4) Pipeline construction is a multistep process that may include preconstruction surveys to clearing and grading of the pipeline right-of-way Valves are placed at regular intervals along the pipeline and act as a gateway Compressor stations — Used to aid the movement of product Metering stations and valves can also be found along the pipeline’s right-of-way Control station will monitor and manage all products within its pipeline 7 – 267

Pipeline Construction Features (4 of 4) Using a sophisticated system like SCADA, control station operators can view the entire pipeline and act quickly should a leak or pressure loss occur Remote closing of valves along the right-of-way can greatly reduce the impact of environmental damage Most common damages to pipelines occur from careless digging during third-party construction activities Pipelines are well monitored Valves may leak National Pipeline Mapping System is a useful resource for locating pipelines 7 – 268

Review Question 26 What is the most common cause of damage to pipelines? 7 – 269

Section X: Assessing Fixed Facility Containers Learning Objective 10 — Detail factors to consider when assessing fixed facility containers. 7– 270

Assessing Fixed Facility Containers (1 of 2) Bulk storage containers at fixed facilities can include Aboveground storage tanks Buildings Open piles or bins Pipelines Reactors Underground storage tanks Vats Other fixed, on-site containers Courtesy of Rich Mahaney 7 – 271

Assessing Fixed Facility Containers (2 of 2) Identifying the type of hazardous material present at a fixed facility can be much more difficult than simply recognizing the presence of a hazardous material Most storage tanks are designed to meet the specific needs of both the facility and the commodity Fixed facility tanks with rounded ends and pressure relief valves are designed to withstand higher pressures Tanks with flatter ends may store liquids with low vapor pressures Fixed facilities with bulk liquids or gases may have features that will assist in product and fire control if there is an incident 7 – 272

Review Question 27 How can you distinguish between low-pressure and high-pressure fixed facility tanks? 7 – 273

Atmospheric/Non-pressure Tanks Designed to hold contents that are not pressurized Despite their name, these tanks may have pressures up to 0.5 psi (3.5 kPa) Common types of atmospheric/non-pressure pressure tanks include Horizontal tanks Floating roof tanks Lifter roof tanks Ordinary cone roof tanks Vapordome roof tanks Underground atmospheric storage tanks 7 – 274

Atmospheric/Non-pressure Tanks — Horizontal Tank Cylindrical tanks sitting on legs, blocks, cement pads, or something similar; typically constructed of steel with flat ends Commonly used for bulk storage in conjunction with fuel-dispensing operations Old tanks (pre-1950s) have bolted seams, whereas new tanks are generally welded Tank supported by unprotected steel supports or stilts may fail quickly during fire conditions Contents: Flammable and combustible liquids, corrosives, poisons, etc. 7 – 275

Cone Roof Tanks Have cone-shaped, pointed roofs with weak roof-to-shell seams that break when or if the container becomes over-pressurized When it is partially full, the remaining portion of the tank contains a potentially dangerous vapor space Contents: Flammable, combustible, and corrosive liquids 7 – 276

Open Top Floating Roof Tank Large-capacity, aboveground holding tanks; usually much wider than tall Roof floats on the surface of the liquid and moves up and down depending on the liquid’s level; eliminates the potentially dangerous vapor space found in cone roof tanks Fabric or rubber seal around the circumference of the roof provides a weather-tight seal Contents: Flammable and combustible liquids 7 – 277

Covered Top Floating Roof Tank Have fixed cone roofs with either a pan or deck-type float inside that rides directly on the product surface This tank is a combination of the open top floating roof tank and the ordinary cone roof tank Contents: Flammable and combustible liquids 7 – 278

Covered Top Floating Roof Tank with Geodesic Dome Floating roof tanks covered by geodesic domes are used to store flammable liquids 7 – 279

Lifter Roof Tank Have roofs that float within a series of vertical guides that allow only a few feet (meters) of travel The roof is designed so that when the vapor pressure exceeds a designated limit, the roof lifts slightly and relieves the excess pressure Contents: Flammable and combustible liquids 7 – 280

Vapordome Roof Tank Vertical storage tanks that have lightweight aluminum geodesic domes on their tops Attached to the underside of the dome is a flexible diaphragm that moves in conjunction with changes in vapor pressure Contents: Combustible liquids of medium volatility and other nonhazardous materials 7 – 281

Atmospheric Underground Storage Tank (1 of 2) Constructed of steel, fiberglass, or steel with a fiberglass coating Underground tanks will have more than 10 percent of their surface areas underground Can be buried under a building or driveway or adjacent to the occupancy Has fill and vent connections located near the tank Vents, fill points, and occupancy type provide visual clues 7 – 282

Atmospheric Underground Storage Tank (2 of 2) Many commercial and private tanks have been abandoned, some with product still in them Are presenting major problems to many communities Contents: Petroleum products NOTE: First responders should be aware that some natural and manmade caverns are used to store natural gas. The locations of such caverns should be noted in local emergency response plans. 7 – 283

CAUTION 8 Atmospheric/non-pressure tanks will often have pressures up to 0.5 psi (3.5 kPa). When released, this pressure can cause contents to spray or splatter. 7 – 284

Discussion Question 4 What types of atmospheric/non-pressure storage tanks do you have in your jurisdiction? 7 – 285

Pressure Tanks Designed to hold contents under pressure Low-pressure storage tanks Have operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psi (3.45 kPa to 103 kPa) Pressure vessels Have pressures of 15 psi (103 kPa) or greater May be found in different configurations Horizontal pressure tanks will be easy to distinguish because of the rounded ends Other pressure tanks may be spherical May also be stored below ground 7 – 286

Dome Roof Tank Generally classified as low-pressure tanks with operating pressures as high as 15 psi (103 kPa) They have domes on their tops Contents: Flammable liquids, combustible liquids, fertilizers, solvents, etc. 7 – 287

Spheroid Tank Low-pressure storage tanks They can store 3,000,000 gallons (11 356 200 L) or more of liquid Contents: Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), methane, and some flammable liquids such as gasoline and crude oil 7 – 288

Noded Spheroid Tank Low-pressure storage tanks They are similar in use to spheroid tanks, but they can be substantially larger and flatter in shape These tanks are held together by a series of internal ties and supports that reduce stresses on the external shells Contents: LPG, methane, and some flammable liquids such as gasoline and crude oil 7 – 289

Horizontal Pressure Vessel Have high pressures and capacities from 500 to over 40,000 gallons (1 893 L to over 151 416 L) They have rounded ends and are not usually insulated They usually are painted white or some other highly reflective color Contents: LPG, anhydrous ammonia, vinyl chloride, butane, ethane, compressed natural gas (CNG), chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and other similar products 7 – 290

Spherical Pressure Vessel Have high pressures and capacities up to 600,000 gallons (2 271 240 L) They are often supported off the ground by a series of concrete or steel legs They usually are painted white or some other highly reflective color Contents: Liquefied petroleum gases and vinyl chloride 7 – 291

Review Question 28 How can you identify the contents of a below ground tank? 7 – 292

Characteristics of Cryogenic Tanks May come in many different shapes Will have round roofs Heavily insulated Rest on legs instead of being placed directly on the ground Some have features such as an expansion section with a radiator-like fin adjacent to the tank 7 – 293

Cryogenic Liquid Storage Tank Insulated, vacuum-jacketed tanks with safety-relief valves and rupture disks Capacities can range from 300 to 400,000 gallons (1 136 L to 1 514 160 L) Pressures vary according to the materials stored and their uses Contents: Cryogenic carbon dioxide, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, etc. 7 – 294

Review Question 29 What is a visual clue that a fixed facility storage tank holds cryogenic material? 7 – 295

Section XI: Other Storage Facility Considerations Learning Objective 11 — Discuss other storage facility considerations. 7– 296

Other Storage Facility Considerations Technicians should work diligently to preplan incidents at facilities that may store large and/or varied quantities of hazardous materials within their jurisdiction In some cases, facilities may employ staff members who are well-trained in the use of the materials within the facility In other cases, materials and their containers may not be handled correctly 7 – 297

Laboratories While the hazardous chemicals may be numerous and varied, they will likely be stored in non-bulk quantities Can be found in just about any community Each lab will hold different products based on its primary objective A chemical inventory list, if readily available, may assist the responding agencies should an incident occur 7 – 298

Batch Plants Manufacturing and distribution facility that can produce materials such as concrete or asphalt Can have a variety of tanks and storage bins based on the material being produced It is not uncommon to find silos and non-pressure storage tanks where different materials and aggregates are stored Be familiar with these types of facilities in your area and understand the hazards of each facility Facility personnel can help identify dangers in the facility 7 – 299

Non-Regulated and Illicit Container Use Manufactured to hold specific products and predetermined measurements including volumes, weights, and pressures Not used correctly, may be dangerous In a situation involving non-regulated and/or illicit use of containers, technicians should attempt to mitigate the incident by preserving as much of the container’s structural integrity as possible 7 – 300

Review Question 30 What is a batch plant? 7 – 301

Discussion Question 5 Have you encountered improper usage of containers that led to a hazmat incident? 7 – 302

Section XII: Assessing Radioactive Materials Packaging Learning Objective 11 — Detail factors to consider when assessing radioactive materials containers. 7– 303

Assessing Radioactive Materials Packaging All shipments of radioactive materials must be packaged and transported according to strict regulations R egulations protect the public, transportation workers, and the environment Type of packaging depends primarily on the level of radioactivity in the materials As the level of radioactivity increases, level of risk increases, so the package must be stronger 7 – 304

Excepted Packaging Used to transport materials that have limited radioactivity Authorized for limited quantities of radioactive material that would pose a very low hazard if released in an accident Empty packaging is excepted Not marked or labeled as such Because of its low risk, excluded from specific packaging, labeling, and shipping paper requirements Required to have the letters “UN” and the appropriate four-digit UN identification number marked on the outside of the package 7 – 305

Industrial Packaging Used in certain shipments of low activity material and contaminated objects, which are usually categorized as radioactive waste Most low-level radioactive waste is shipped in these packages DOT regulations require that these packages allow no identifiable release of the material to the environment during normal transportation and handling Three categories of industrial packages: IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3 Category of package will be marked on the exterior of the package 7 – 306

Type A Packaging Used to transport small quantities of radioactive material with higher concentrations of radioactivity than those shipped in industrial packages Must meet standard testing requirements designed to ensure that the package retains its containment integrity and shielding under normal transport conditions Package and shipping papers will have the words “Type A” on them Examples of materials shipped in Type A packaging Radiopharmaceuticals Industrial products 7 – 307

Type B Packaging Must withstand severe accident conditions without releasing contents Identified on the package itself Size of these packages range from small hand-held containers to large shipping casks; large, heavy packages provide shielding against radiation Radioactive materials that exceed limits of Type A packages must be shipped in Type B packages Courtesy of the National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office 7 – 308

Type C Packaging Rare packages used for high-activity materials transported by aircraft Designed to withstand severe accident conditions associated with air transport without loss of containment or significant increase in external radiation levels Performance requirements are significantly more stringent than those for Type B packages Courtesy of the National Nuclear Security Administration 7 – 309

Descriptions and Types of Radioactive Labels (1 of 2) Packages of radioactive materials must be labeled on opposite sides with the distinctive warning label Each of the three label categories — RADIOACTIVE WHITE-I, RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-II, or RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-III — bear the unique trefoil symbol for radiation Class 7 Radioactive I, II, and III must contain the isotope name and radioactive activity 7 – 310

Descriptions and Types of Radioactive Labels (2 of 2) Radioactive II and III labels also provide the Transport Index (TI) which can be used to determine package integrity When a package containing radioactive materials has been involved in an accident, detection results can be compared to the Transport Index to determine if the readings differ 7 – 311

Review Question 31 List the five basic types of container for radioactive materials in order of increasing level of radioactivity hazard. 7 – 312

Takeaway Points What are your takeaway points from this chapter? 7 – 313

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