Chemical Method Sterilization Disinfection Powerpoint Presentation PPT.pdf

This ppt contributes to literature by investigating effective methods of sterilization and disinfection using chemical agents, focusing on alcohols, aldehydes, and halogens. Through detailed explanations of the mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each chemical, it provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers in the field of infection prevention and control. Additionally, by referencing authoritative sources, the paper ensures credibility and relevance in the discussion of chemical disinfectants.

Chemical sterilization methods
Disinfection techniques
Sterilization solutions
Chemical disinfectants
Sterilization processes

Chemical agents for sterilization

Disinfection technology
Sterilization best practices
Chemical decontamination
Sterilization efficacy
Disinfection standards
Chemical sanitation methods
Sterilization PowerPoint presentation
Disinfection training materials
Chemical sterilization guidelines
Disinfection protocols PPT
Sterilization procedures
seminar

1. Chemical
Methods
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
Group 7 & 8

2. CHEMICAL METHODS
melt and distort germs.
glue and stop germs.​
Sterilization and Disinfection
Burn (oxidize) and tear germs.​
01
02 03
Aldehydes Halogens
Alcohols

3. Alcohols
01
Hydroxyl (-OH) germicides:
Ethyl alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol

4. Ethyl Alcohol
Naturally produced by yeasts when they
ferment sugars -> beverage
Effective at killing a large range of viruses,
but doesn’t include hepatitis A or poliovirus.
C2H5OH

5. Rubbing Alcohol
Less effective against a type of virus
known as nonenveloped viruses,
although it is effective against enclosed
viruses
Isopropyl Alcohol
C3H7OH

6. Mechanism of Action
“Like dissolves like”
Alcohol breaks the lipid of bacteria and denatures
protein by using its amphipathic property (has polar and
nonpolar)
When alcohol breaks the lipid membrane, it exposes the
proteins inside the bacteria to the solvent.
Alcohol molecules can interfere with the folding of
proteins by forming new hydrogen bonds with the polar
side chains or dissolving the nonpolar side chains.
This causes the protein to lose its shape and function,
which is called denaturation

12. Advantages
Rapid action and evaporation, making them suitable for a wide
range of surfaces.
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
No Toxic residues
Non-Staining

13. Disadvantages
Volatility limits long-lasting effects.
Ineffectiveness against bacterial spores
-> Not recommended for sterilizing medical and
surgical materials
and they cannot penetrate protein-rich
materials.

14. Aldehydes
02
Carbonyl (C=O) germicides:
Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde

15. Mechanism of Action
They work by forming covalent bonds with
functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids.
In proteins, they create cross-links between
adjacent amino acid residues.
In nucleic acids, they form covalent bonds with
nitrogenous bases, interfering with DNA and RNA
processes. This damage leads to the inactivation
or death of microorganisms.

16. Gaseous Form as a Sterilant. It can
penetrate materials and effectively kill a wide
range of microorganisms
Use as Disinfectant. Formaldehyde-alcohol a
high-level disinfectant solution effective against
vegetative bacteria, fungi, spores and viruses.
Formaldehyde
CH2O

17. Use in Preserving Biological Specimens. It
prevents the decomposition of tissues, helping
to maintain the morphology of specimens for
histological examination.
Inhibition Growth of Bacteria. Embalming is
a process of chemically preserving tissues with
chemical fixatives such as formalin inhibiting
the growth of bacteria.
Formaldehyde
CH2O

18. Highly effective disinfectant and sterilant.
Preservation of biological specimen
Relatively low cost
Doesn't leave toxic residues after proper
aeration
Advantages - Formaldehyde

19. Disadvantages - Formaldehyde
Has a strong, pungent odor and can
cause respiratory irritation and other
health concerns.
Classified as a carcinogen
Requires proper ventilation and
careful monitoring due to its toxic
nature.
Ingestion of can cause burns and
ulcers in the stomach or intestines.

20. Use in Healthcare Settings. It effectively kills a
broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacterial
spores, viruses, and mycobacteria.
Can penetrate and disinfect complex medical
instruments, including those with lumens and
channels.
Glutaraldehyde
C5H8O2

21. Rapid disinfection
Cost-effective through limited reuse
Effective even at lower temperatures.
Strong antimicrobial activity, including
sporicidal action.
Compatibility with a variety of materials
Advantages - Glutaraldehyde

22. Has a strong, pungent odor and can cause
respiratory irritation
Prolonged exposure or improper handling
can lead to health risks
May not be as stable as other disinfectants
Potential toxicity and irritability to humans.
Longer exposure times needed for spore
eradication.
Disadvantages - Glutaraldehyde

23. Halogens
03
Group 17, salt-forming,
oxidizing germicides

24. Mechanism of Action
They work primarily by destroying proteins in
cells. Halogens disrupt the cell survival of
microorganisms by oxidizing proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and enzymes.
Halogens interfere with oxidative phosphorylation,
which is the most important process in cell
survival. Basically, the mechanism of action of
halogen as a disinfectant is oxidizing.

25. HOW OXIDATION KILLS:

26. Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorination -> used in disinfecting water.
Sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient in
chlorine bleach, is routinely used in the laboratory.
Chloramines kills disease-causing germs such as
Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus.
Chlorine Dioxide. A  very effective bacterial
disinfectant is even more effective than chlorine
for disinfection of water containing viruses.

27. Inexpensive yet effective
Fairly easy to implement when compared to
other water treatment
Effective household disinfectant when used in a
product like chlorinated bleach
Effective even at lower temperatures
It can be easily stored for a long time without
any risks of it getting deteriorated.
Advantages - Chlorine

28. It cannot inactivate all microbes. Some
protozoan cysts are resistant to chlorine
Some take up to 15 minutes to kill viruses.
Lower effectiveness in turbid water
Potential taste and odor objections.
Chlorine forms a very explosive mixture
when mixed with carbon monoxide gas
Disadvantages - Chlorine

29. Iodine
often as antiseptic agent in surgical procedures.
It is a disinfectant for skin infections of wounds,
minor burns, and scratches.
Active component Povidone-iodine (PVP-I).
Iodine is a water‐soluble compound, which is a
combination of molecular iodine and
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
It is effective against gram-positive and gram-
negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. 

30. Wound healing applications due to their
favorable efficacy and tolerability. 
Povidone iodine's broad spectrum of activity
Ability to penetrate biofilms
Lack of associated resistance
Anti-inflammatory properties
Low cytotoxicity and good tolerability 
No negative effect on wound healing has been
observed in clinical practice
Advantages - Iodine

31. Limitations - Iodine
Potential irritation, staining, and allergenic
reactions.
Variable activity based on pH and organic based
on pH and
When taken by mouth: Unsafe when taken in
doses more than 1100 mcg daily and can
increase the risk of side effects such as thyroid
problems. 
*When applied to the skin: Safe for most people
when appropriately diluted products are used. 

32. References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, September 18). Chemical disinfectants. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html?
fbclid=IwAR0d7S0MrxRB-qBey3RSg5BJKFGd-
MvFa4HEHegLygrzpWIxHKmW01N7ACE_aem_AYsSokdWKeni9SZs_4fmgNU7SZ-1Vi-
SBNWkZ04LTiVdmGCxqNKBsW4gY7QA50ztI-0
McDonnell, G., & Russell, A. D. (2001). Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance.
Clinical microbiology reviews, 14(1), 227.
National Library of Medicine . (2014). Use of disinfectants: Alcohol and bleach - infection prevention
and ... National library of medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214356/
Reynard Health Supplies. (2018, April 10). Using alcohol to disinfect healthcare surfaces.
https://reynardhealth.com/using-alcohol-to-disinfect-healthcare-surfaces/
Rutala, W. A., & Weber, D. J. (2019). Disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis: an overview. American
journal of infection control, 47, A3-A9.
Yetman, D. (2021, August 26). Ethyl alcohol vs. Isopropyl Alcohol: Uses and effectiveness.
Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/ethyl-alcohol-vs-isopropyl-alcohol

33. Thanks for listening!
Leuella Leanne A. Concel
Vohn Archie Edjan
Carla Marie Javelona
Flore May Landeza
Aubrey Mejorada
Richard John Rivas
Group 7 and 8
BSMT 3 - A