Chemistry and the Human Body. ppt.

Life substances are substances, which contain the life or food, which vivifies and sustains. But those who fail to receive these life-giving substances will, sooner or later, realize their necessity - Carlos Kozel

1. By Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

4. Life substances are substances, which
contain the life or food, which vivifies
and sustains. But those who fail to
receive these life-giving substances will,
sooner or later, realize their necessity
Carlos Kozel
 

11. mnemonics

12. Hydrogen
(H) - a
component of
organic
molecules and
influences the
pH of the body
fluids.

13. Carbon
Carbon (C) - the
primary elemental
component of all
organic compounds,
including
carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and
acids.

14. Nitrogen Oxygen

(N) - a
component of
proteins and
nucleic acids
(genetic
materials).
(O) - a major
component of both
organic and inorganic
molecules as a gas,
essential to the
oxidation of glucose
and other food fuels
during which cellular
energy (ATP) is
produced.

15. Sodium Magnesium
(Na) as an ion is the
major extracellular
cation. It is
important for water
balance, conduction
of nerve impulse
and muscle
contraction.
(Mg) - present in
bones and
important cofactor
for enzyme
activity in a
number of
metabolic
reactions.

16. Phosphorus Sulfur
(P) - present as salt in
combination with
calcium in bones and
teeth. Present in nucleic
acids and many
proteins. Forms part of
the high-energy
compound adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
(S) is a
component of
contractile
proteins of
muscles.

17. Chlorine Potassium
(Cl) is a major
extracellular
anion. if in
ionic form.
(K) if in its ionic
form the major
intracellular cation
is necessary for
the conduction of
nerve impulses
and for muscle
contraction.

18. Calcium
Iron
(Ca) is a mineral found in bones,
teeth and other body tissues.
It is indispensable and critical for
normal cell function, blood
clotting, dental and skeletal
health, muscle contraction, nerve
signal transmission and proper
heart function.
. The dietary sources of calcium
are milk, and milk products, like
cheese, yogurt, dark green leafy
vegetables, broccoli, breakfast
wheat and bran cereals, beans,
nuts, grains, canned salmon and
sardines.
Iron (Fe) - its main
role in the body is
in the red blood
cells where it
combines with a
protein to form a
substance called
hemoglobin.

20. Carbohydrates means hydrated carbons; examples are glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
) and ribose (C
5
H
10
O
5
).
They provide an easy and ready to use source of food.
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides are commonly referred to as simple sugars. 
Examples are:
Glucose – blood sugar which is the universal cellular fuel
Fructose - converted to glucose for used by body cells.
Galactose
Ribose - form part of the structure of nucleic acids.
Deoxyribose
Disaccharides are referred to as double sugars. Some of the important disaccharides in the diet
include: 
Sucrose (glucose-fructose), which is cane sugar.
Lactose (glucose-galactose) found in milk.
Maltose (glucose-glucose) malt sugar.
Polysaccharide, which literally means much sugar, is a polymer of linked monosaccharides.
Examples are starch and glycogen. Starch is the storage polysaccharide formed by plants as starchy
foods like grains and root vegetables (potatoes and carrots). Glycogen is found in animal tissues
like in the muscles and the liver.

21. Proteins are complex nitrogenous substances that are
accounted for over 50% of the organic matter in the
body. Amino Acids are small molecules that are the
building blocks of proteins. 20 common types of
amino acids are found in the body. The amino acids
released through protein digestion are absorbed and
used to build the body’s proteins. Of the common
amino acids, eight are essential amino acids. Our body
cannot build these molecules; they should be obtained
from the diet.

22. Lipids are organic compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are a
large and diverse group of organic compounds
composed of fatty acids and glycerol. They
may be solid or liquid. Most of them are
insoluble in water but readily dissolve in other
lipids, and in organic solvents like alcohol,
ether and acetone.

23. Make up the genes, which provide the
basic development of life. They are
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Thus
making them the largest biological
molecules in the body. The two major
kinds of nucleic acids are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA).

26. Deoxyribonucleic
acid
(DNA) is the genetic
material found within the
cell nucleus, which
replicates itself exactly
before cell division to
ensure that the genetic
information in every
body cell is identical and
provides the instructions
for building every
protein in the body.

28. Ribonucleic acid
RNA (ribonucleic acid) carries
on the message issued by DNA
concerning protein synthesis.
Nucleotides are the building
blocks of nucleic acids, which are
composed of three basic parts: 
 A nitrogen- containing base.
 A pentose sugar.
 A phosphate group
The bases come in five forms:
Adenine (A),Guanine (G),
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T),
Uracil (U).

31. Some elements are required by the body in very
minute amounts and most of them are parts of
enzymes required for enzyme activation. These
are:
Chromium Cr Selenium Se
Cobalt Co Silicon Si
Copper Cu Tin Sn
Fluorine F Vanadium V
Manganese Mn Zinc Zn
Molybdenum Mo

38. Chemistry fits into our lives. It offers new chemical frontiers
and tells us what benefits may flow from them. 
Chemistry contributes to our existence, our culture, and our
quality of life. 
Chemistry is concerned with the changes we see around us
like the rusting of iron, growing of grass, burning of wood
and many more. 
All living processes are chemical reactions. Everything we
use, wear, live in, ride in, and play with is produced through
controlled chemical reactions. 
Chemistry answers the needs of our society through a deep
understanding of the factors that govern and furnish control
of chemical reactions.

39. Chemistry answers the needs of our society through a deep
understanding of the factors that govern and furnish control of
chemical reactions.
It plays a critical role in man’s attempt to feed the world
population, to top new sources of energy, to clothe and house
humankind, to provide renewable substitutes for dwindling or
scarce materials, to improve health and conquer disease, and
to monitor and protect our environment. Because of this
responsiveness to human needs, chemistry has become a
crucial factor in the nation’s economic well being. Aside from
that, our culture believes that learning about our place in the
universe is not enough reason for encouraging scientific
inquiry. Nothing concerns humans more than questions about
the nature of life and how to preserve it. Since all life
processes are brought about by chemical changes,
understanding chemical reactivity is a vital foundation for our
ultimate understanding of life. Thus chemistry, along with
biology, contributes to human knowledge in areas of
universal philosophical significance.