Chemistry_Introduction Mengombinasikan pengetahuan teori dan praktik yang telah diperoleh selama perkuliahan .pptx

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1. Introduction to Chemistry (Topics 1.1 – 1.7) Material & Presentation Based on OpenStax Chemistry 2e & University Chemistry

2. 1.1 Chemistry & Engineering: Aluminum • Initially expensive, rare metal. • Breakthrough: Hall–Héroult process (1886). • Allowed mass production. • Now: inexpensive structural material (transport, packaging, construction).

3. 1.2 Perspectives in Chemistry • Macroscopic – observable (color, density, boiling point). • Microscopic – atoms, molecules, ions. • Symbolic – formulas, equations, symbols. These three perspectives complement each other.

4. 1.3 Properties and Changes in Matter • Physical properties: mass, volume, density, melting point. • Chemical properties: flammability, reactivity. • Physical changes: ice melting. • Chemical changes: iron rusting.

5. 1.4 Extensive vs Intensive Properties • Extensive: depend on amount (mass, volume, energy). • Intensive: independent of amount (density, color, melting point).

6. 1.5 States of Matter (Molecular Scale) • Solid: particles tightly packed, ordered. • Liquid: particles close but can move/slide. • Gas: particles far apart, move freely. Illustrations: solid vs liquid vs gas at particle level.

7. 1.6 Unit Conversions • Use conversion factors. • Example: 2.5 m × (100 cm / 1 m) = 250 cm. • Dimensional analysis ensures correct units.

8. 1.7 Significant Figures • Rules: - Nonzero digits are significant. - Zeros between digits are significant. - Leading zeros not significant. • Calculations: result must match least number of significant figures. • Example: 2.34 × 1.2 = 2.8 (2 sig figs).

9. Summary We have covered: 1. Transformation of Aluminum 2. Perspectives in Chemistry 3. Physical & Chemical Properties 4. Extensive & Intensive Properties 5. States of Matter 6. Unit Conversions 7. Significant Figures