Chemistry investigatory project on Antacids

Investigatory project on Nutrelization of antacids.

1. Vinay Kumar Class Xii A Kendriya Vidyalaya IFFCO Phulpur Chemistry Investigatory Project VINAY KUMAR XII A

2. 1.CERTIFICATE 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. AIM 4. INTRODUCTION 5. THEORY 6. APPARATUS REQUIRED 7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 8. OBSERVATION 9. RESULT 10. PRECAUTION 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX VINAY KUMAR XII A

3. VINAY KUMAR XII A

4. In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.   Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal Mr. Raveendra Ram and Chemistry teacher Mrs.Suman Sharma whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.   Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.   Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VINAY KUMAR XII A

5. To analyze the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they can neutralize. Aim 5 VINAY KUMAR XII A

6. INTRODUCTION Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic environment of the stomach makes it possible for inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be converted into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin), and acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that may enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive acid production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn and may contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach lining . Antacids are weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate symptoms of heartburn. The general neutralization reaction is: Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) —> salts + H20 + C02 VINAY KUMAR XII A

7. Stomach acid is very dangerous . Stomach acid is highly acidic and has a pH of 1.6 . Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach . If there is too much stomach acid it can cause heartburn . One of the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or abdomen . THEORY An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an acid . All antacids are bases . The pH of a base is 7.1-14 . All antacids have chemical in them called a buffer . When an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how stomach acid gets neutralized . 2.)ANTACID 1.) STOMACH ACID VINAY KUMAR XII A

8. 4 .) DRUG NAMES 1. Aluminium hydroxide 2. Magnesium hydroxide 3. Calcium carbonate 4. Sodium bicarbonate 5. Bismuth subsalicylate 6. Ranitidine 3 .) SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS Alka-Seltzer Gaviscon Maalox (liquid ) Milk of Magnesia Digene Eno Gelusil Gas-0-Fast VINAY KUMAR XII A

9. Antacids perform neutralization reaction , i.e. they buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize stomach acid. The action of antacids is based on the fact that a base reacts with acid to form salt and water. 5 .)ACTION MECHANISM 9 VINAY KUMAR XII A

10. Chemistry of antacids Ideal antacid VINAY KUMAR XII A

11. 5.)SIDE EFFECTS - Most people who take an antacid do not have any side-effects. However, side-effects occur in a small number of users. The most common are diarrhoea , constipation and belching. Aluminium hydroxide: may lead tothe formation of insoluble aluminium phosphate complexes, hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Aluminium containing drugs may cause constipation. Magnesium hydroxide has a laxative property. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypo magnesemia with cardiovascular and neurological complications . Calcium compounds containing calcium may increase calcium output in the urine, which might be associated to renal stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation. Carbonate : regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. VINAY KUMAR XII A

12. APPARATUS REQUIRED Various samples of antacids Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Carbonate Hydrochloric Acid Phenolphthalein Chemicals REQUIRED Burette Pipette Titration Flask Measuring Flask Beakers Weight Box Fractional Weights VINAY KUMAR XII A

13. PROCEDURE 1.Standardization of NaOH- First we will take 20 ml of 0.1m HCl and titrate it with unknown concentration solution of NaOH to find it’s concentration . 2.Determine the mass of antacid for analysis- Since maximum of our antacids are tablet, so we will pulverize and/or grind the antacid tablet with a mortar and pestle . Measure not more than 0.2g of the pulverized commercial antacid tablet in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask having a known mass . 3.Prepare the antacid for analysis- Pipette 40.0ml of standardize 0.1M HCl (stomach acid equivalent) into the flask and swirl . 4. Prepare the burette for titration- Prepare a clean burette . Rinse the clean burette with two 3 to 5 ml portions of a standard NaOH solution . Record the actual molar concentration of the NaOH . 13 VINAY KUMAR XII A

14. Fill the burette with the NaOH solution; be sure no air bubbles are in the burette tip. Wait for 30 seconds and then read its initial volume . 5.Titrate the sample- Once the antacid solution has cooled, titrate the sample with the NaOH solution to a blue end point. Watch closely, the endpoint may only take a few milliliters, depending on the concentration of the antacid in the sample. When a single drop of NaOH solution changes the sample solution from yellow to blue, stop. Wait for 30 seconds and then read the final volume of NaOH solution in the burette. a.)Repeat the titration of the same sample- Refill the burette and repeat the experiment. b.)Analyze another antacid- Perform the experiment, in duplicate, for another antacid. Record all data on the report sheet . 14 VINAY KUMAR XII A

15. OBSERVATIONS S.NO Pipette Solution (ml) Burette Solution (ml) Titrate Volume (ml) Concordant Value Initial Final 1. 20 11.2 11.2 11.2 2. 20 11.2 22.5 11.3 3. 20 22.5 33.7 11.2 S.NO Pipette Solution (ml) Burette Solution (ml) Titrate Volume (ml) Concordant Value Initial final 1. 40 8.1 8.1 8.1 2. 40 8.1 16.3 8.2 3. 40 16.3 24.4 8.1 Table 1: Standardization of NaOH Soln. Using 0.1 M HCl Table 2: Titration of GELUCIL using 0.1 M HCl VINAY KUMAR XII A

16. S.NO Pipette Solution (ml) Burette Solution (ml) Titrate Value (ml) Concordant Value Initial Final 1. 40 15.4 15.4 15.4 2. 40 15.4 30.9 15.5 3. 40 30.9 46.3 15.4 S.NO Pipette Solution (ml) Burette Solution (ml) Titrate Value (ml) Concordant Volume Initial Final 1. 40 13.3 13.3 13.3 2. 40 13.3 26.7 13.4 3. 40 26.7 40 13.3 Table 3: Titration of DIGENE using 0.1 M HCl Table 4: Titration of ENO using 0.1 M HCl VINAY KUMAR XII A

17. S.NO Pipette Solution (ml) Burette Solution (ml) Titrate Value Concordant Value Initial Final 1. 40 14.6 14.6 14.6 2. 40 14.6 29.3 14.7 3. 40 29.3 43.9 14.6 S.NO Pipette Solution (ml) Burette Solution (ml) Titrate Value (ml) Concordant Value Initial Final 1. 40 15.7 15.7 15.7 2. 40 15.7 31.5 15.8 3. 40 31.5 47.2 15.7 Table 5: Titration of OCID 20 using 0.1M HCl Table 6: Titration of GAS-O-FAST using 0.1 M HCl 17 VINAY KUMAR XII A

18. RESULT Clearly from the graph Gelucil required least amount of NaOH for reaching end point thus it is more effective than other antacid products used. Arranging in descending order our antacids are in order :- Gelucil > ENO > Ocid 20 > Digene > Gas-O-Fast 18

19. PRECAUTIONS All apparatus should be clean and washed properly. Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the respective solution to be put in them. Air bubbles must be removed from the burette and jet. Last drop from the pipette should not be removed by blowing. The flask should not be rinsed with any of the solution, which are being titrated. 19 VINAY KUMAR XII A

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia www.icbse.com www.wikipedia.org www.google.com Comprehensive Practical Manual in chemistry for class XII Pradeep’s New Course Chemistry Chemistry NCERT Class XII Part II Thank you VINAY KUMAR XII A