Chennai urban form

A presentation regarding Urban forms of Chennai

1. Chennai urban form By Edwin Jacob Y

2. Introduction Chennai is the fourth largest metropolitan area in India, with a population of 7 million in 2001 . Located in State of Tamil Nadu, Chennai is the major city of southern India. In its formative years, Chennai served as the capital of the Madras Presidency and was its main administrative and commercial center . The city has a diversified economic base, with well-developed industrial and tertiary sectors. Chennai is the main automobile production and assembly center in India, and it is gaining momentum as a back-office and IT center. The economy of Chennai grew by 13% per year on an annual compound average basis between 1990-1 and 2002-3 . Population growth in Chennai and other large Indian cities has also increased rapidly. Between 1981 and 2006, the population of Chennai grew by 2.3% per annum. While this figure is robust, it is less than the overall growth rates for Indian cities (2.99%).

3. Elements of Urban Form

4. Density

5. Cont. Moreover, as demonstrated in Figure 1, the overall density of the city has increased because the city is expanding; however, in terms of density, the increase has not been large in the in the areas further than 10 kilometers from the city center . Many zones have seen slight increases from very low densities of less than 13 persons per hectare to between 13 and 120 persons per hectare . However, the density of the Chennai City Corporation has increased dramatically, especially in the area from 6 to 10 kilometers from the center of the city, where it has almost doubled to very high levels of population density. Some areas of Chennai have more than 1,000 people per hectare, which is density as high as in centers of much larger Indian cities like Mumbai or Kolkata.

6. Housing/Building Type The gap between households and housing units in 2001 was of the order of 36000 units in the Chennai Metropolitan Area. The slum population as identified at the time of preparation of the Second Master Plan (2001) was 818,872 or 19 percent of the city population. Of this about 75,498 families have been identified as being based in vulnerable locations such as river margins, water logged areas, seashores and road margins, and are categorized as objectionable slums . The incremental housing demand in Chennai was 413,012 in 2011 and will go up to 1,237,482 in 2026 . Similarly EWS (Economically Weaker Section) demand, which is 30 percent of the total mentioned above , is estimated to increase from 1,23,904 in 2011 to 3,71,245 in 2026.

7. Constraints Constraints including lack of purchasing power, security of tenure of land, unclear titles of house property in rural areas, unavailability of flexible housing finance system, lack of awareness about building technologies and paucity of public fund are resulting in inadequate housing and habitat conditions especially for the poor and economically weaker Sections . As a result, the gap between housing demand and supply has increased considerably. Nearly 35 percent of the available housing stocks are temporary and semi-temporary structures. The housing shortage is estimated to be 9.11 lakh of which 50 percent is in urban areas. Source : Working Group Report on Housing –Tamil Nadu

8. Per 2011 census, there are 1.1 million households in the city and the residential housing stock available is 1.15 million – a surplus of about 50,000 houses . About 43,700 of them are kept vacant . In the suburbs of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kanchipuram districts, the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000, respectively. Of the existing housing stock in the city, about 200,000 houses are not in good condition, necessitating either to rebuild or build new units . About 26,000 households live in houses without any room and another 427,000 families (with an average size of five members) live in small dwelling units with only one room . An earlier estimate shows that there is a need to generate about 420,000 units for low-income groups by 2016

9. Eleventh Five-Year Plan Performance Tamil Nadu Housing Board Since its inception, Tamil Nadu Housing Board (TNHB) has constructed about 4.01 lakh dwelling units, out of which 2.91 lakh units have been constructed for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG) and Middle Income Group (MIG) Sections. Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board The Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board has constructed 1.29 lakh houses / tenements since its inception. The slum development works with land tenure have been provided in 504 slums under MUDP (Metropolitan Urban Development Programme) and TNUDP ( Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project) thereby benefiting 1.30 lakh slum families. Tamil Nadu Cooperative Housing Federation Since its inception, the Federation has provided financial assistance to the tune of `4752.88 crore for construction of as many as 11. 64 lakh houses in the State. At present there are 837 Urban Cooperative Housing Societies and 197 Taluk Cooperative Housing Societies affiliated to the Federation. Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation Limited TN Police Housing Corporation Limited has constructed 1985 houses under this scheme at a cost of `20.39 crore. These data are valid for the period 2007-2012

10. Schemes implemented by TNSCB

11. Layout & land use

12. From 1991 to 2016 the growth of urban , i.e., built-up, areas were more than three-fold, i.e., an increase of about 37,919.81 ha This transformation influenced several classes, especially the agriculture and vegetation land, which decreased by about 3802.70 ha (4.61%) and 9923.32 ha (12.03%), respectively. The bare land exhibited the highest amount of decrease, i.e., 30.3% The water bodies increased by 1451.79 ha between 1991 and 2003, but decreased slightly between 2003 and 2016 (about 651.65 ha). The Chennai coastline has also experienced a remarkable urban growth between 1991 and 2016 .Almost all the coastline of the study region was covered by urban settlements by2016 by an alarming rate of conversion of the mangrove forest area

13. Transport infrastructure

14. Cont. Road transport is considered to be the most cost effective and preferred mode of transport both for freight and passengers keeping in view its level of penetration into populated areas. Thus, it is vital to economic development and social integration of urban areas . The total length of roads in all urban local bodies in the State was 46,992.37 kilometers as of 2013-14 . Of which, 61 percent were in Corporations and Municipalities. The remaining 39 percent was in Town Panchayats. The share of roads in urban local bodies to total length of roads in the State during 2013-14 was 17.3 percent. Urbanization leads to overcrowding of public transport services particularly during peak hours. As a result, there is a massive shift towards personalized transport especially cars and two wheelers and also proliferation of various types of intermediate public transport modes such as auto-rickshaws and taxies.

15. conclusion For a city of its size, it has a very dense center that continues to add population. Meanwhile, changes in land use indicate that the region is simultaneously growing in a sprawling pattern. The population growth in the periphery of the city is evident along transit corridors to the north, south and west. The combination of development approval and infrastructure provision again shows to have a highly significant positive effect on land prices, especially for industrial uses.

16. Sources Dense and Expanding: Urban Development and Land Markets in Chennai , India by David E. Dowell and Paavo Monkkonen December 2007 ( UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA) An Analysis of Growth Dynamics in Chennai Metropolitan Area by Prof. Dr. S.P. Sekar and S. Kanchanamala ( Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 4, October - December 2011, 31 – 57) https :// www.populationu.com/cities/chennai-population URBANISATION report by Tamilnadu govt. Modelling Urban Sprawl Using Remotely Sensed Data : A Case Study of Chennai City, Tamilnadu Rajchandar Padmanaban 1,*, Avit K. Bhowmik 2, Pedro Cabral 1,*, Alexander Zamyatin 3, Oraib Almegdadi 4 and Wang Shuangao 1

17. Singara Chennai 2.0 A new urban employment scheme covering all corporations, 7 municipalities & 37 town panchayats would be implemented at a cost of Rs 100 crore this year . Rs 300 is allotted this year for restoration of water bodies, parks and to improve sports facilities and school in all urban local bodies . Rs 200 crore will be allocated to restore 25 water bodies in Chennai, while Rs 120 crore will be allocated for the construction if new storm water drains in 144 roads in Chennai . Rs 500 crore will be allocated for infrastructure upgrade in 42 local bodies, which will be added to Chennai corporation under Singara Chennai 2.0 scheme .   Rs 300 crore will be allocated to renovate footpaths in Chennai. Rs 460 crore to dest and restore 600 lakes in urban local bodies.

18. Proposals under Singara Chennai 2.0 Project Blue- A project set to transform the city’s coastline. The city will get beachfronts with a facelift, water sports facilities and an aquarium. The aim is to showcase the city’s vast coastline and improve tourism Beautification of subways and flyovers across the city with urban gardens, play areas Redevelopment of Anna Nagar Tower Park with a proposal for a Ferris wheel Area improvement projects to be undertaken for Guindy & Egmore stations Science & Mathematics Parks for children to encourage scientific enquiry and temper Heritage landmarks of the such as the Victoria Hall to be renovated on priority Creation of an Art District in the city to encourage street art and other forms that showcase local life and culture Creation of a pet park, science center and a state-of-the-art multi-sports complex  Promotion of electric vehicle use

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