CHILLIES (GENETICS) FLORAL BIOLOGY,BREEDING PROCEDURE,OBJECTIVES

floral biology,importance,classification,varieties,breeding objectives,breeding procedure,future stratagies of chilli production

1. CHILLIES Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0

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3. Scientific Classification Kingdom : Plantae Class : Angiosperm Order : Solanales Family : Solanaceae Genus : Capsicum Species : annum Scientific name : Capsicum annum L. var. annum var. paprika Chromosome no : 2n=24 & 2n=26 3

4. Importance An important part of daily diet. Key Element in many regional cuisines, pickles, soups, sauce, Salads, curries etc. due to its unique flavor, aroma and colour. Increase the taste and palatability. Fresh green capsicum contains more vitamin C than citrus fruits and fresh red chilli has more vitamin A than carrot (Than et al. 2008). Chillies are low in sodium and cholesterol free. 4

5. Importance Medicinal Properties are found Stimulate blood circulation improves the digestion process rich source of antioxidants source of natural bactericidal agents Apart from medicinal uses, chilli also used in cosmetic, liquor industries and as a weapon for self -defense (chilli spray). 5

6. Cultivars 6

7. Capsicum annum Capsicum annuum, bell, sweet, or chilli pepper—with cultivated varieties including bell, sweet, chilli, and paprika peppers—is a perennial herbaceous plants in the Solanaceae (nightshade family), which originated in Central and South America and the Caribbean and was domesticated over 5,000 years ago. Peppers from C. annuum have been developed into numerous varieties that are now cultivated around the world for sweet and hot varieties of green and red bell peppers and chilli peppers, that are one of the world’s most widely used Spices, with dried forms including paprika, chili powder, and cayenne. 7

8. Capsicum chinense 8 Capsicum chinense is a species of chilli pepper native to the America. C. chinense varieties are well known for their exceptional heat and unique flavors. Some taxonomists consider them to be part of the species C. annuum, and they are a member of the C. annuum complex. C. annuum and C. chinense can generally be identified by the number of flowers or fruit per node, however one for C. annuum and two to five for C. chinense, though this method is not always correct. The two species can also hybridize and generate inter-specific hybrids. It is believed that C. fruitescens is the ancestor to the C. chinense species

9. Capsicum frutescens 9 Capsicum frutescens is a species of chilli pepper that is sometimes considered to be part of the species C. annuum . Pepper cultivars of C. frutescens can be annual or short-lived perennial plants. Flowers are white with a greenish white or greenish yellow corolla, and are either insect- or self-pollinated. The plants' berries typically grow erect; ellipsoid-conical to lanceoloid shaped. Fruit typically grows a pale yellow and matures to a bright red, but can also be other colours . C. frutescens has a smaller variety of shapes compared to other Capsicum species, likely because of the lack of human selection. More recently, however, C. frutescens has been bred to produce ornamental strains, Because of its large quantities of erect peppers growing in colorful ripening patterns.

10. 10 Floral Biology

11. FLOWER 11

12. Floral Biology 12

13. Floral Biology 13 Flower is actinomorphic , complete and bisexual Calyx has five sepals which are gamosepalous showing valvate aestivation corolla has five petals which are polypetalous showing valvate aestivation androecium has five free stamens but epipetalous gynoecium is bi carpellary , syncarpous , bilocular with superior ovary having axile placentation .

14. Floral Biology 14

15. Breeding objectives 15

16. Breeding objectives in Capsicum spp. Major 1. Higher yield 2. More pungency (capsaicin) and oleoresin in hot chilli 3. Zero pungency (capsaicin) and more antioxidant in sweet Pepper 4. Resistance to anthracnose, virus complex, fruit rot and bacterial wilt etc. 5. More dry powder from green fruit 16

17. Breeding objectives in Capsicum spp. Minor 1. More number of fruits per plant 2. Higher fruit weight and larger size 3. Uniform fruit shape, size and color in sweet pepper 4. Earliness 5. Wider adaptability 6. Improved nutritional quality 7. Longer shelf lifeMajor 17

18. Main goals of chilli peppers breeding programs 18

19. Breeding objectives for major quality traits in various market types of chilli 19

20. 20 Breeding behaviour of capsicum species

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23. Breeding methods 23

24. Breeding strategy/methods Conventional methods 1) Introduction 2) Pure line selection 3) Pedigree method 4) Backcross method 5) Heterosis breeding 6) Distance hybridization 24 Non-conventional methods 1) Marker assisted breeding 2) Tissue culture 3) Mutation breeding

25. Main classical techniques used in Capsicum breeding programs 25

26. Mass Selection 26 This is the simplest breeding technique to improve populations for multiple traits without concerns about pedigree. It must be used in an environment where the traits of interest are easily expressed. The efficiency of this technique is enhanced by rouging off type plants prior to flower opening. Initially, it was used to improve landraces or open-pollinated cultivars of peppers. In this approach, characters with high heritabilities are easily fixed and a reasonable level of variability is also maintained. It is still used in Mexico to select seed for Poblano , guajillo and other traditional pepper landraces.

27. Pure line Selection This method is applicable to landraces/local cultivars being grown by farmers. In this method, initial seed stock is space planted and superior plants are selected and harvested separately. Next year, individual plant progenies are grown and progeny showing superior performance and devoid of genetic variability, is bulk harvested and evaluated further with check cultivar(s) in replicated trials. Several chilli varieties in India have been developed by this method. These varieties are: G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, NP 46A, K 1, Co 1, Musalwadi, Sindhur, Patna Red, Pant CI. 27

28. Pedigree Method 28 This method involves selection of superior plants in the segregating generations following hybridization between superior cultivars along with maintenance of pedigree record. Selection of superior parental cultivars is crucial step in this method. Such chilli cultivars are Andhra Jyoti, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar, X 235, K2, Punjab Lal and Jawahar 218.

29. Single Seed Descent 29 In this method, single pod seed is harvested from each plant in a segregating generation without much selection. In peppers, it is often carried out in greenhouse or winter nursery, to advance more generations in a year. This technique offers scope of selection for seed viability, seedling vigour , virus resistance or other single gene resistances amenable to controlled inoculation. In pepper, SSD has been employed to fix recessive pot virus genes into the inbred lines prior to evaluating them in field for other economically important traits. This technique is widely employed how to generate large number of inbred lines to be used in test crosses for development of hybrids.

30. Backcross Method This is normally used to transfer single gene/few genes from primitive cultivars/wild forms on leading cultivars. In some cases even BC2 families may be routed through pedigree method of breeding (modified backcross) instead of following a routine backcrossing programme which needs 5-6 backcrosses with the recurrent parent. After selection of gene of interest in F2 population, backcrossing begins. If the key gene is dominant, direct backcrossing may be done with selection at each generation. If the gene is recessive, selfing should be done followed by selection, prior to each backcross, 6-8 generations are normally required. The typical examples are dominant L genes for TMV, recessive pvr, TEV resistance genes and various BLS resistance genes. Cultivars include Yolo Wonder R, Tabasco Green Leaf and Mississippi Nemaheart. 30

31. Heterosis Breeding 31 F1 hybrids of bell pepper are popular in the USA and Europe and are gaining popularity in India after the initiation of research and seed production work in vegetables by a large number of private sector seed companies. The first hybrid variety in this crop in India was Bharat developed by Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, Bangalore (1973) followed by marketing of large number of hybrid cultivars by several other seed companies.

32. Mutation Breeding 32 Mutation breeding has been found to be effective and efficient breeding tool in pepper, Daskalov (1986) has written an exhaustive review on this subject. (i) For CMV resistance (ii) For resistance to Phytophthora capsici Leonian (fruit rot) (iii) For resistance to Verticillium dahliae, Kleb (iv) For male sterility

33. 33 Future Strategies

34. Future Strategies 34 Genesis of varieties with less pungency and consumer preference. Exploitation of male sterility and chemical hybridizing agents in developing new hybrids. Introduction of heat and drought tolerance germplasm as a strategy for climate change. Development of location specific varieties. To develop a varieties which can maintain as such capsaicin content even after a longer storage period? Developments of varieties with higher antioxidant and oleoresin content. Breeding for ornamental plant type.

35. Varieties of Chilli in India 35

36. Varieties of Chilli in India 36 Bhut Jolokia : Bhut Jolokia is also known as 'ghost pepper' and in 2007 the Guinness book rated it as the world's hotest chilly.Bhut Jolokia  is an interspecific (Capsicum Chinese and Capsicum franutescens ) hybrid chilli pepper. Guntur Chilli : Guntur is the largest manufacturer and exporter in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Middle East, South Korea, the United Kingdom, USA and Latin America with the most varieties of Chilli and Chilli powders in India. Guntur Sannamis also grown in Madhya Pradesh, one of the styles of Guntur chilly. All of the spicy dishes which are famous across the globe of this particular region actually belongs to the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.

37. Varieties of Chilli in India 37 Kashmiri chillies : This chilli  is the most desired after red chilli in India because of its colour , as its name implies. An Indian cooking without Kashmiri mirch powder is incomplete, which brings the colour to every household cook's mouth-watering dishes. In contrast to the other variants found in India, it is less hot or pungent. Byadagi chilli : It is a well known chilli species, mostly cultivated in Karnataka. It was named for the city of Byadagi in Karnataka district of Haveri . Byadagi chilli is famous for its flavour and pungency.

38. Varieties of Chilli in India 38 Dhani : Dhani is widely developed in Mizoram and in some parts of Manipur, which is known as Bird's Eye Chilli because of its form. Though it's the smallest, it's really spicy, pungent and bright red chilli that's popular in the Calcutta markets. Gundu : It is the round fat chilli that is grown in Tamil Nadu in the fertile Ramnad regions. Fat and round means Gundu in Tamil. That's why the name. Chutneys, sambars and tadcas in the south of India favoured this chilly to add spicy and mouth watering flavour.

39. Varieties of Chilli in India 39 Jwala : The chili is predominantly cultivated in Kheda , Mehsana and southern Gujarat. It is also called finger hot pepper (FHP). While it is green at the outset, it becomes red as it matures. They can also be cultivated at home. This chili has a rather pungent taste and is conveniently on the shelf during the year. Warangal Chappata : Short and deep red colour , less slick and moderate taste, Chili Tomato or ChapPata Warangal is very coloured and low heat, which is commonly used in colour extraction.

40. Varieties of Chilli in India 40 Bhavnagri mirchi : Bhavnagri long chilli plants grow 13cm long and 2cm big hot peppers during good yield. These peppers are very hot and as they mature, transform from green to red. There are green stems, green leaves and white flowers in plant. Indo-5 chilli : This is one of the most renowned red chillies in India, popularly known as Indem-5, US-5 and Endo-5 Chilli and is shipped in great amounts around the world. The largest producers of Indo 5 red chilli in India are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The size is longer, the skin is heavier and the heat is comparatively poor.

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44. THANK YOU Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0