Chromatography

CHROMATOGRAPHY is a piece of basic knowledge information and its types and usage.

1. cHROMATOGRAPHY Prepared by: Hamza Suharwardi(MM-03)

2. Introduction: The Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett coined the term chromatography in 1906. Chromatography is taken from two greek words chroma means colour and graphein means to write. Chromatography is laboratory technique for the seperation of substances in a mixture.

3. Chromatography is a separation process involving two phases, one stationary and the other mobile. the stationary phase is a porous solid that is packed into a glass or metal tube or that constitutes the walls of an open-tube capillary The mobile phase flows through the packed bed or column.

4. Application: chemical industry for the testing of water samples for purity. Pharmaceutical industry uses the presence of impurities and other unknown compounds can be detected in the drug sample. Food Industry uses  the presence of chemical additives in food can also be determined 

5. Classification of Chromatography Anion exchange chromatography Cation exchange chromatography Column chromatography Flash chromatography Gas chromatography Size exclusion chromatography Liquid chromatography Paper chromatography Reverse-phase chromatography Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)

6. Paper Chromatography: Paper is used for compounds seperation from sample. Three component in this technique ; paper, solvent solution and sample Solution can be hydrophilic and hydrophobic Depending on the principle of paper chromatography it is divided into partition and adsorption chromatography. Components after the process are identified on the basis of Rf value. Less polar compounds will travel more as compare to high polar compounds

7. Application of Paper Chromatography: For the seperation of ink dyes To differentiate colouring agent used in food To isolate plant pigments from root and leaves Seperation of mixture of drugs

8. Column Chromatography: a technique used to separate a single chemical compound from a mixture dissolved in a fluid. Stationary phase is solid Mobile phase is liquid Purification process is done at column Column preparation is done by two methods; Wet method and dry method Samples are collected in fraction Mobile phase leaving column is called eluate Sample leaving column is called eluite

9. Other forms of column chromatography: Adsorption chromatography = silica , alumina Ion Exchange chromatography= ion exchange resin Affinity chromatography = attached with ligand Gel Permeation Chromatography= Porous bead\ gel

10. Thin Layer Chromatography: In this technique, purified component is seperated from mixture of components Purification is done on the basis of polarity. thin layer of silica gel is used as stationary phase Solvent is used as mobile phase

11. Gas Chromatography:  used to separate and analyze samples that can be vaporized without thermal decomposition Also known as gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC)  The instrument that performs gas chromatography is called a  gas chromatograph . The resulting graph that shows the data is called a  gas chromatogram .

12. Uses of Gas Chromatography:  gas chromatography can be used to determine vapor pressure, heat of solution, and activity coefficients. GC may be used on either organic or inorganic analytes

13. Hamza Suharwardi Researcher Slow and steady win the race. Any questions? You can find me at: [email protected] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hamza-Suharwardi-2