Circulatory System | परिसंचरण तंत्र | Detailed Notes @irfanullah_mehar.pdf

Circulatory System | परिसंचरण तंत्र | Detailed Notes @irfanullah_mehar.pdf

1. Zoology
<br>
Notebook
<br>
IrfanullahMehar
<br>
[email protected]
<br>
Oirfanullah_mehar
<br>
OWorldofWisdom
<br>

2. Ce
<br>
Norld
o
Wisdoy
<br>
O5|oc|2025
<br>
Blood
andCirculatoy
Srate)
<br>
TETY)
<br>

3. (Badyfuids)
<br>
(Afany)
<br>
XArthttgode,mallugcs
<br>
5
0T(Haemat)
<br>
Human(Chorcdate)+
<br>
Annolfclo
<br>
RedBlozd
<br>

4. NOTE
<br>
H(sothemal)aT
<br>
jft)
<br>
(
aSavun
Blooded)
<br>
<
Gndothermic/Homeothemal
<br>
Bloo
<br>
BlcodCirculatoysustems
<br>
cireulato
<br>
(i)Open
(g0)
<br>
()
closed
(e)
<br>

5. Crculato
<br>
ChosedGirculatoysystem
<br>
Venua(iao)
<br>
hewnt
<br>
TussueColla
<br>
co,
<br>
roulafry
<br>
(q)
DaSaro)
<br>
Puingingogun
<br>
sinus
<br>
colla)
<br>
ey-Athbpaes
<br>
Molsce
<br>

6. xClosedCralatoggystern
<br>
closedcireulatay
ton
<br>
Blocdfassesthaughthea
<br>
heoonynceduuingene
<br>
completechreuit
<br>
chrcutt
o
the
<br>
body
<br>
ex_
<br>
Plsces)'
<br>
A
<br>
Heast
<br>
Doukleclosod
cireulatogy
<br>
auseng
<br>
Bloocdpasses
<br>
thugh
heheaat
<br>
tufceclung
<br>
Onecmsate
<br>
creuit'dhe
bady
<br>
Pumonart
<br>
circwt
<br>
R
<br>
circit
<br>
EX
Hum
<br>

7. Heat
<br>
(E)
<br>
Golloleg
<br>
XHeant
<br>
(E)
<br>
Origín-
<br>
BloodVescels
<br>
Cslous
<br>
Angioefg)b Hoemet"
<br>
Blood
<br>
(4)
<br>
Pinkiah
<br>
-Ales6easodmosodemal
<br>
Womenà
<br>
(se)
<br>
Haemeto
Lt
<br>
(o)
<br>
men
00gm
<br>
o250
<br>

8. tatsozép(mediastinum)
<br>
Pradliástinrm
<br>
Base
<br>
V
<br>
/
<br>
J
<br>
L
<br>
Cavity
<br>
Thomciccavit
<br>
Cahdiachotch
<br>
(n
Lettbung)
<br>
bdosninadcavity
<br>
Venral
<br>
(EY
)b
<br>
Cael'ac
Noteh
<br>
-
<br>
lungs.
<br>

9. NOTE
<br>
2ChambesedHeat
<br>
(anfer)
<br>
Abum
<br>
Chambe
<br>
Voatide
<br>
(Gey)
<br>
1
Atrium
<br>
Pfsces
<br>
tit
<br>
Heast
<br>
8-chameehea
<br>
A
<br>
1Verdicle
<br>
4-Chambee
a
<br>
y
2at'g
<br>
2
vendele
<br>
Ex-Ampkibia4Reghili
<br>
Atium
S (Plural-atro)
<br>
Mammals
<br>

10. Frst
HaumanHcavt
hansplavetoutfon
<br>
Louis
<br>
3Deoem
be
<br>
to
<br>
(T.
<br>
past-sug
<br>
South
<br>
Hoat
<br>
immue
<br>
1964
<br>
ChstaanBanan
<br>
(Patfot)
<br>
Uved
<br>
Suppreassin,
<br>
bud iedol
Qhaumnadue
<br>
gut
190u
<br>
1994
<br>
19)06)25
<br>
Twscay
<br>
Vegpal
<br>
L
AIM,
Neu)olplht.
<br>

11. E.CG-Slacthrocndlfogam
<br>
LitelineDeadUne
<br>
L
<br>
Slcstrocabdiegru
<br>
Eleathocavsioraphlsh
<br>
QRS
Complex
<br>

12. WalsohHoat
<br>
Poridl
Pescasdfun)
<br>
(Outer)
<br>
Wsceal
Pericaduy
<br>
(Snne)
<br>
folcohdíalauity
<br>
fbys
<br>
Peúcandiun
<br>
foiekal
ericaou
<br>
Vsceal
Peri
cusoliu
<br>
Pei
casdium(Oute)
<br>
Cnd
ocardiun
<br>
(Dnne)
<br>
Myocasalfum
<br>
(dlele)
<br>
PercardialAuicl
<br>
myoadiurm
<br>
Endlometium
<br>

13. 2
<br>
O
Endocandium
<br>
simpleSquamou
<br>
H'sswe/RO
<br>
Sanesmost
<br>
nyocasdunm
<br>
Middle
<br>
Epithelim
<br>
3,5)
<br>

14. Peicad'um
<br>
9
<br>
(i)PerfetalPeicandium(Dnnen)
<br>
li)(Oute)
ViscoalPeicadium
<br>
NOTE
PeicondialLyekrs
SinleSquamoue
<br>
erlthelunm
<br>
ob)
<br>
Poicadfal
<br>
Spaceay,
<br>
4faswe
<br>

15. JompulaeCemcuetin
in
Hvanti
<br>
brain
<br>
A04h
Cruúal
Nexe
<br>
agu)
<br>
Righi
<br>
A
<br>
A
<br>
SANoe
<br>
&ranh
<br>
AV
Node
<br>
Puxkinje
bes
<br>
AVBunolle
<br>
LebtBranoh
<br>
()
<br>
Ordeu
mpulseonductfon
-
<br>
Brasn
>
SANode AV
Node-
AVBundle
<br>
LB
<br>
Canaliacuscle<
Ptkinjefihre
<br>

16. Neo
a
<br>
s.A.
Nodeh ti
<br>
sinoatrialnode(ta.
Sifarg)
<br>
Dnpulse
<br>
¥SA Node
D
<br>
Hsse
<br>
A.V.
Noe
<br>
0-75Snpulae
fn
<br>
( faDS)f
<br>
Jompulsre
<br>
Pacemake
d
Heart
<br>
atrium
<br>
Atioventieular
node
<br>
(
<br>
3arz
-fAmnyt)
<br>

17. AV.Node
<br>
/Resesne
<br>
Position
-
<br>
eBundde
ohHis
<br>
b)-Recs
<br>
ohor(Ahal-venticular
sephun
<br>
40
-
45mmin
<br>
rter
vent
fela
septum)
<br>

18. Pandkinjefbes
<br>
LSinpulie
<br>
Tg)
<br>
aqufzu|
<br>
Smplube
/min.
<br>
NOTEt>TShagArtifcial
<br>
(1ithium)
<br>
Pacemke)
<br>

19. Sepum
<br>
A
<br>
(yeol'c
Phare)
<br>
ime
<br>
O3
<br>
Hoat-haszol9
<br>
SoC.
<br>
Dodor
atàl
áepturn
<br>
(Phasee
<br>
Atial-ventículas,
Segtuf
<br>
Dteventeula
<br>
cuptun
<br>
Heat
)
<br>
(ystolíc
Plhare)
<br>
fe-
5
Sec.
<br>

20. Pulmonany
Atey
<br>
CO,
Rfch
<br>
Blobd
<br>
TrcupsidValse
<br>
Vong
cavg
<br>
(rE1f&NT
)
<br>
Co
Rich
<br>
Blood
<br>
palbnonay
talve
<br>
Right
<br>
Leht
<br>
-A
<br>
Heast)
<br>
Pulmona
<br>
(gf
<br>
Tssue.
<br>
veín
<br>
)
<br>
O,ich
blopd
<br>
Bi
cupsíd
Valwe
<br>
(
mtral
Valve)
<br>
Aosta
<br>
AorteVale
<br>
(TeTEBG
<br>

21. abse)
<br>
Supeior
Vona
cav
(alno
<br>
sinus
<br>
Cosenasy
<br>
Vena
cuV
<
<br>
Tiruk
<br>
Veng
cavo
<br>
Lurgs
<br>
L:A.
<br>
R-A.
<br>
veina
<br>
Palmoray
<br>
Bicuspid
Yalie
<br>
Valre
<br>
Aorta
(76SHH)
<br>
Choscae
tendinee
<br>
Tfcuspfol
vale
<br>
Eusochian
lalve
<br>
Aortic
<br>
1.V.
<br>
RV.
<br>
opilay
mus
cles
<br>
Valve
<br>
fulinana
<br>
Lt
pulmonany
ntoy
<br>
Rikt
Pubmrany
<br>
Thin
<br>
teny
<br>
Thiclk
<br>
Aoshc
unk.
<br>
Ventiele
<br>
Vercrfele
<br>

22. Vclve
<br>
Maingtwotyperobanesase
<br>
heasdt
<br>
Heat
<br>
CupsidValve
<br>
eiupsidTHeupád
<br>
(famfara)(fsarfar)
<br>
( R
0
<br>
icheArnadVales
<br>
Pulmen
<br>
AortieVal
<br>

23. (
<br>
O
Bicupsidalve'ol
<br>
Trtaupsdale
<br>
@unomanst
<br>
Riat
<br>
Vae
<br>
shape
<br>
feufa-
Rulmonan
atey
<br>
Riakt
Vevthiele
|
<br>
AotfeValie
<br>
Semfunas
O:l3R)
<br>
Shape-
<br>
fateny
<br>

24. NOTE
<br>
\/engcav
<br>
benor
Vena
<br>
aToY
<br>
Capid(Baps)
<br>
Ticaupsiel
<br>
Vale
<br>
Fisteohan
Valve
<br>
Vales HOT
<br>
Endocasoliun
<br>
Placlasap
<br>
Double
foldo
Endecnden
<br>
Bndecerdium
<br>

25. T
<br>
SoundolHeart
<br>
LUBB
<br>
(ISond)
<br>
QupsidVales
<br>
LooPitch
<br>
(JrgrosorúcSound)
<br>
DUBB
<br>
(D-Saund)
<br>
Soriluna,
Valnee
<br>
HighPiteh
<br>
(35195R)
<br>

26. Pitch
<br>
(aR)
<br>
Sownd
<br>
I
<br>
|LUBB
<br>
NOTECuspidValnea
<br>
Pitch(arrg)
gt
<br>
Loudnzss
wa|)
12T
<br>
Cslinganigar
<br>
>
<br>
Qualiy(yoT)
<br>
I
<br>
(Dwtahen)
<br>
Ig)Sounl
<br>
03Sec
<br>
)fao
ga
<br>
Cuspicl
<br>
Oo5Sec
<br>
Rlamete
<br>
Chorolaelendoeae
<br>
Vale
<br>
PapillagDuseles
<br>

27. Vale Fap
<br>
Pally
<br>
(Gb91)
<br>
Flap
<br>
/Chodae
<br>
uscleg
<br>
tendinae)
211
<br>
Veutiees
<br>
Paplang
<br>
Thícktr
<br>
musele
<br>
er|)
<br>
Gapicd
Value
<br>
Cosclae
tendinae
<br>
faptlany
<br>
muecle
<br>

28. (2)
<br>
Blod
Vessels
<br>
OAorta(HETEH)
<br>
Relateatoet)
<br>
Hea:t
LefVaxtrlele A
<br>
VenaCaweHefgT)
<br>
Supniar
<br>
ae
<br>
iet
<br>
cav
aHaSR)
<br>
VenaCavg- (q2RTHESNI)
<br>

29. Corona
<br>
einus
<br>
Coronatyantey
<br>
Ulalle
<br>
(oygenaed)
<br>
(deoygunae
<br>
OHgchatedl
<br>
Deomgnaded
<br>

30. BloclPsesswhe
(
<br>
B.P.
<br>
Tenslon
<br>
|20mm
<br>
8achial
natexy(Dfrsu
<br>
eacity
<br>
ypo
-
f
<br>
Sph9gmoma
na
metes
<br>
(1ee)
<br>
Lies
<br>
closetothe
<br>
qccessibleinhe
anm
<br>
bone
<br>
velabe(frzazay)
<br>
central
BA.
<br>
Peswe
<br>
(jar)
<br>

31. SpHg
mamanometes
<br>
eLow
<br>
BP
>
<br>
(sfaorga)
<br>
Presswe
<br>
S0mm
<br>
ypotenafon
<br>
BP Hp6fenim
<br>

32. ZYRlsePresse
<br>
PP
<br>
Prosswe
<br>
Radiadarteny
<br>
SP-DP
<br>
PP
<br>
by-Sphgonanomdl
<br>
PSystolc
ess
<br>

33. Heat
<br>
Stze
o
<br>
Lape?
<br>
Smalast
<br>
Smalla
<br>
In
<br>
n
Human
<br>
Boty
<br>
Mammal
<br>
mammal
<br>
Mammal
<br>
Bue
<br>
10-15WR
<br>
thale
<br>
Shreo(NE)
<br>
Inntant(eA
<br>
140-160aTR
<br>
In0-120
R
<br>
72
&JR
<br>
f
<br>

34. NOTE
<br>
NOTE
<br>
(The,heantbeat
becomegfaates)
<br>
Tachycardllaaf)
<br>
/Theheetbealbecomerslow)
<br>
6
Hommonal
<br>
Brudycondiyo(fiy)
<br>
Tachy
<br>
Brady
<br>
fust
<br>
Slow
<br>
Grelk
<br>
(
<br>

35. i)
<br>
ti)
<br>
Heast
<br>
Adenalmedla
<br>
Tiyeld
<br>
gtland
<br>
Adhenalihe
<br>
(Epinepkainey
<br>
Non-
adnaline
<br>
(Nan-Epinephuáne)
<br>
(AtriadNatiwete
>
<br>
Factor
<br>
Heast
<br>
Heat
<br>
Beat
<br>
Hiht
<br>
LUHR)
<br>
ertendo
<br>
Bleo
<br>
essels
<br>
HBa43
<br>
Trorine(9)-Hs
<br>

36. O.NeoalEtect
<br>
PNS ANS
<br>
ympathatic
<br>
Roasgmpadhatie
<br>
(ug)
Nexea
<br>
NOT
EJACh(Reetycholine)
<br>
SpinalNees
<br>
Seerio
<br>
Adenal
<br>
Ach
<br>
gand
<br>
EpinephzineEpingh
<br>
HeantBeat
<br>
Non
<br>
Stimudate
<br>
HRlau0
<br>
(Acetychline)
<br>
Neotaycmites
14
<br>
A
Chnhibitor,ACh
<br>

37. Catalíac
<br>
Cazdíac
<br>
Qwatiem
<br>
(EY
<br>
undelaxatien
ohoatiaand
Mohicles.
<br>
(EH9)
<br>
Phae
<br>
ycleisthe
<br>
Syetole
<br>
Atium Vonrfele
<br>
O.8Sec.
<br>
Total
<br>
DwhattonohCompleteContracton
Relaxatior
<br>
>(o.8 Sec
<br>
Atium
<br>
Complete
contaction
<br>
O.1Sec.
<br>
hoastbeot
<br>
entrfcle
<br>
b.3SeC,
<br>
Dyetole
6
<br>
ho.5
Sec.
<br>
0.8Seco
<br>

38. NOTE
<br>
y
stethoscope
<br>
y
Sownd
<br>
nund
<br>
RedColru
<br>
BlaeColcu,(Vercticle)
<br>
Oomplete Canaliasactivilies
<br>
Vendíeleytole
<br>
(ea)
<br>
Cemductiendevíce
<br>
0.1
<br>
(ReneLaennec)
<br>
03
<br>
1316
<br>
(Atiun)nbtaLigkt (3es)
–
ystole
<br>
lFrance)
<br>
Systole
<br>
+AhlalSystele
<br>
VecbicleDystole
<br>
AtrialDyetole
<br>
VestoleQystole
<br>

39. ActfonPotetiai
genetaba)
<br>
Joint
<br>
SANole
<br>
Attheehcl
o
Joint
<br>
end
<br>
(0%)
<br>
ystolePants
<br>
filing
<br>
stuietbAt
theend
o
atral
gys
<br>
venticle
<br>
Blop
<br>
Passine
<br>
Snacliuefaling
<br>
O.uSec,
<br>
ffafer
<br>
O.)Sec
<br>
0.
3Sec.
<br>
efavg
<br>
(DUBe)
<br>
One-hived30%) theveutie
<br>
te
uoithdcocdloy
<br>
active
flung.
<br>
JstHeabt
<br>
1)30%)
<br>
Sound
gowateaf
<br>
(LUBB)
<br>
(aet)ndHcatSoundgenehate
<br>
(aycloángcusgid
vales)
<br>
SereilumasUelnc)
<br>
Joint
Dyetole9-R
<br>
Cheumbes
<br>
OY.
(%9))
Passive
(i'ng
<br>

40. Blood
<br>
Vehicle
Ra
<br>
Sound "LUBB"
SIef
<br>
CuspidValves
9
1stHeast
<br>
Veticle
<br>
fresswe
<br>
Pamp
<br>
eaT
<br>
Venticle
<br>
O.1Sec,
<br>
Arteues
<br>
GNU7))nd
<br>
Vetnele
<br>
Blopab
<br>
lo0%
<br>
Sta
Veicleystole
<br>
Somi
unas
Vae
è
<br>
gas O.3Sec.
<br>
Bloodu)fi
<br>
HeaSoundoUBB
<br>
odFIS Vexdhícke
<br>
eTSAT,
)-fo )
<br>

41. EDV EndDystole
Vo
lume
<br>
Human EDV
<br>
(20
mQ
<br>
ESV-
Enal
y
stocohume
-
<br>
ESV
<br>
Human
ESV
<br>
bohESV
=EDY–
Sy
<br>
ESV120-70
<br>
50n
<br>
Dysto'eVenticle
<br>

42. Strols
e
<br>
Volume
<br>
TforSyctole
<br>
Bloodab)yolume,
<br>
HumanSVsb70m
<br>
9
CarcliacOutput
<br>
SV
XRate
<br>
=70mX2
<br>
GRT
<br>
5040ml
<br>
(fg)
<br>
Heandbiat
/min
<br>
PãR
<br>

43. Bloo
Vessels
<br>
Blcodessels
<br>
Vessel
<br>
Shuey
Blooe)
Vesscla-Arglsleg
<br>
Vn
<br>
(es)
<br>
(iü)
<br>
(fa)
<br>
3
lyo
<br>
Capilaies(àSrae)-!
Layen
<br>

44. Broac
<br>
Lwmey
<br>
Tunicg
<br>
Externg
<br>
(Fbrous
<br>
laupe)
<br>
fnica
mola-
<br>
Lumen
Cauity
<br>
Valne
<br>
Tunico
Datena
<br>
Navres
<br>
Lumen
<br>
(elastic
A
bres
psescud)
<br>
Bndotheliem
<br>
Von
<br>
4Rssue
(Sinple
SquamU
<br>
EpitheBun
h'ssue)
3.
<br>

45. otoence
hortoy Ve'n
<br>
9.No Arterieg
<br>
Moveetaubaym
<br>
theheott
<br>
tothe
bodlygan
<br>
Funchionistosupplyblead)fancinnvolnes
<br>
Possesse
<br>
nelativey
<br>
elastc/muacletlssue.
<br>
Thíck
Lug
CLlat,hon
<br>
collapclbeauterlaye.
<br>
Arteueshovegmalles
<br>
umen.
<br>
(harseo)
<br>
moe
<br>
Blendtouospecdia
<br>
Pik
in
<br>
colow
<br>
Vefne
<br>
Meottousavole
<br>
thehat
<br>
colleetiomblood
<br>
frem bodgan.
<br>
()
<br>
Pocsessvelatiely
<br>
elastíc
mus
cletisswe.
<br>
Thin
,
colapsiblecute
<br>
@)Velnahauelasge
<br>
large.
<br>
uofole)me.
<br>
Dak
e
fn
colous
<br>
Bpl0mm
<br>

46. ((6)
<br>
A.
<br>
Becomesempyatesdoath
<br>
Leasdetenaibilbty
<br>
Valucsae
abcentin
<br>
Tunicaoxtena
(ess
<br>
(pas
<br>
devdlgpodundot
<br>
shong
<br>
uatr
inveinstorerent
<br>
backtnd.
<br>
Locateddeeptothe
<br>
V.
<br>
Cmtašneblepd
afto
<br>
death.
<br>
TransportsBoodinpuls
<br>
Movadistenibity
<br>
Valiresaepesent
<br>
Trangpertoygevataild
Franaposldle-orgenatedl
<br>
Tuncaextengik
<br>
dlevelepeland
<br>
blosol.
<br>
Locatedna,tothe
<br>
Seen
<br>
boySuface
acanbe
<br>
suboaancoualy.
<br>
Trasportlood
<br>

47. NOT
E
yaH)
<br>
NOTE
<br>
NOT
E
<br>
NOTE)
<br>
Pulnoma
<br>
vein
<br>
|Crronaryasty
<br>
UR
CAD
<br>
Crono'yein
<br>

48. NoTE
<br>
Drug,DripSnjechionanfefo
<br>
fay)
<br>
Bluoc
<br>
Gapillarier
<br>
Udlayened
<br>
Blozd Vefni
<br>
krdothelany
<br>
8l3)ATCells
<br>
(Trosu)
<br>
A
<br>

49. Loin
<br>
ph
<br>
BlooT)
<br>
Anownt
<br>
tem
<br>
StudyoBlopd4.it'sd'sease-
<br>
isa
ud
<br>
Huld
<br>
huemat
<br>
Hhrnam
<br>
|Haematolo
<br>
connaoive+fssue,
<br>
395
)
<br>
n
veins
2
<br>
femae
<br>
Teiigelia
<br>
(,1
<br>
(8/.Badyudgs
<br>
4.5-55
%
<br>

50. 1
<br>
Blood
<br>
Plasm
=
<br>
Seum
=
<br>
stndy
<br>
Lymph
<br>
Plasma+
<br>
Blod
<br>
(Blood
<br>
Blcod
<br>
Blooc
<br>
totalamut
<br>
Blcodespuscleg
<br>
BlorodCospusclee
<br>
clottfngfactors
<br>
Blooel-(RBC+Platelets
+
Macopoti
<br>
ExtsaeelliloFu
<br>
ECF
=
150tes
<br>
Colletolalsslutien).
<br>

51. Butte
ystem Bleod
<br>
Bledng
rom
the
Bocd
<br>
BleedingwithVemitng
<br>
Frum
<br>
wúne
<br>
Hacmoglosiy
<br>
)
<br>
+
<br>
oNatcO2
<br>
(ey
<br>
phoephate
<br>
H,PO,/HPOt
<br>
Epistaxis
<br>
Fronstoo)(70
Haematochezía)
<br>
Haematemesis
<br>
meleng
<br>
Hematoia
(eH)
<br>

52. Fromcougn
<br>
)
<br>
mentual/
Vegina
<br>
lSspleen)
<br>
Haemoptysiseete
<br>
men
orhza/
Menohagia
<br>
Bone
Epiphycis
<br>
RedBone
<br>
Mao
<br>
Haemotopofeafs
<br>
EythopoleusLaukopoiess
Thrrmbope
<br>
-sfs
<br>

53. (gos)
<br>
Colls)
<br>
(RBc)
<br>
ReolBone
<br>
Componad
<br>
Plasma(tonfoaj)
<br>
Homne
<br>
Eiqud&éncers5
<br>
Mati'xpart
Blosel
<br>
DagoudesuksareeOrgande
<br>
Mao
<br>
la8ubstance
<br>
Volum
<br>
Cells(Jutagomea
<br>
(eytho
peicth)
<br>
ates
<br>
(Ethnep
oj
eafs)
<br>
PBC(lood)
<br>
(90-9)
<br>
Subffncee
<br>
fmeolssue
<br>
Bleadopurcle
<br>
RBC
<br>
Platelets
<br>

54. BloodPlasm
<br>
Inoxg
anic
Bubtance
<br>
Subetance
<br>
Blood
<br>
55,i
<br>
Poteins
<br>
L, Broteins
<br>
e
<br>
()Albunin(eog)otein
<br>
lood
<br>
Satts
<br>
Nac(ma)
<br>
kc)
<br>
NaHCOg
<br>
(6-8)
<br>
precentmainly(a9:)
<br>
44%
<br>
x
Themsst
abundat(sggs))
protin
<br>

55. Oamevqulatypretein
<br>
BCOP)
<br>
8cop)-B)d
<br>
Albwmin
<br>
Line
<br>
H
<br>
eguate
<br>
ColoOsmfo
Presse
<br>

56. (ii)Globulins
Pyotein
<br>
(0)-
glehulin
<br>
(b)B-losulin
<br>
A'body
ormatlon
<br>
ehndinganroniposatin
<br>
4mineals
tamine
<br>
8eukr-
B-lymphceyte+PlaamCellsGi
<br>
ba-ymphocytes(uec)
<br>
B-ymplegte
<br>
Shimlation
<br>
Lung:
<br>
Plaamg
<br>
Cell
<br>
Cau
<br>
Helpcfn
<br>
Avdibecly
<br>
formatiom
<br>
in
<br>

57. (i)
Prcthombiy(nfrar)at
<br>
(Blcod
<br>
Prutein
<br>
cleting
Aotein)
<br>
(iv)Fbinagen
(w1isjs|)
<br>
Blond
lotihg
Psotein
<br>

58. NOT
E
<br>
NOTE
<br>
Blood
<br>
dl=
ecilitye
<br>
4d 100
m
<br>
Blood
<br>
(z0)))
<br>
BloadSuga 5)
<br>
Glucose(DertYoce)
<br>
Prediabetic0
-160"glas
<br>
Stage
<br>
Dlabec
<br>
("ypogyoemia
<br>

59. Blood Urea
<br>
Amnonia
<br>
(Monetoxfc)
<br>
N
<br>
NH
<br>
Líves
<br>
Lives
<br>
Armmo
<br>
Ornitthine
yole
<br>
(yf)
<br>
Urea
<br>
(
wess
toxic)
<br>
(Detoxi
feation)
<br>

60. Blood Ureg HST
=
<br>
BloodCholesteol
<br>
(Lipopsetein)|
<br>
Lipid
<br>
)LOL(
LouwdonsityLipoprotein)
<br>
Bad
<br>
Sousce
<br>
25-40gAS
<br>
Liveh,
<br>
holeterol
<br>

61. LDL
<br>
o)
2
<br>
L
<br>
oll)
<br>
uns
<br>
Satuateats
<br>
Llceconutoil,Gihee,palholl
<br>
i)
HDL
(Hgh
DenatyLipopretin)
<br>
Goo
<br>
holestehod
<br>
Live,Rshes,(ruts).
<br>

62. Lives
<br>
HDL
<br>
LL
anA
(salmori,una)ifg
<br>
Choestect
<br>
Excersize
<br>
LDL=GOmgla
<br>
HDL 100
<br>

63. Naum=
<br>
RBC
<br>
EythacagtesLekocytes
<br>
Numbens
=
55-60M19/36-10ER3
<br>
WBC
<br>
RBC
:WBC
<br>
G6,00000
<br>
(coo
a)
<br>
45
<br>
Order
o
NumbeRBC )Platelets
BC
<br>
(max)
<br>
Pladelrts
<br>
Thremboytet
<br>
).4
-
5n
<br>
|m1mm
<br>

64. RBC
<br>
Name
<br>
*Shape
<br>
RealBleodCspusclee
<br>
(0167fe
ar
<br>
Eythrocytes(zRgT)
<br>
55-60
Lacmn)
<br>
sfde
veuo
<br>
Rewn
<br>
6519-60
m
<br>
Biconcane
<br>
Topvieuo
<br>
Nuclousalse
<br>
ae
<br>
Inhuman
<br>
mtochondhiga
send
<br>
absert
<br>
GrabscycleErgyes
<br>

65. NOTE)Ncleated
<br>
NOTE
<br>
RBCs
<br>
R8Cs
<br>
Amphibian,
<br>
Chat
GpC
According
<br>
Roptiles
<br>
Bire
<br>
Pigcps
<br>
uithot
<br>
Matwe
<br>
Grcepiem
<br>
ound
<br>
(Oval
<br>
(Ovaltsigty
bi
<br>
Eaoly(inmafuse)
mam
malfayR8C
<br>
(oval¢
biconvex)
<br>
Nueles
<br>
RBCs
<br>
Coval't
bicomvoxRBc)
<br>
eiconvex
<br>
Bieonvae
RB
<br>
alocenta)
<br>
bicon
exRBC
<br>
Camal
<br>
oval
<br>
RoundBicncave
<br>
t
llama(eT)
<br>
matwe
^RBC
uclete
)
<br>
Mammali
<br>

66. NOTE
<br>
NOTE
<br>
Ai
liebin|Yelloo,toxfc)a))Bivcdfn
<br>
(Giroen¢mildy(EoHJ)4oxfe)
<br>
fton(Jandíee)
<br>
(Stool)
<br>
Soace
<br>
NOTE
RBCdsi)
<br>
eb)
<br>
RBC)
TssaroaSJR(Biconcaue)
T
<br>
OUve
<br>
Pgmats
<br>
Anoma
<br>
gihaoytopenia
<br>

67. NOTER8C
<br>
NOTE
Una
<br>
RBC
)
g
<br>
D
<br>
Pelyythemia
<br>
/RBe+oher
<br>
cerpusclec
<br>
HIH:'sese
<br>

68. NOT
E
<br>
RBO
<br>
formaton
RBC
<br>
L
<br>
Lenee/Spleevy
3
<br>
Fe2+
<br>
Vitumih
<br>
380eelk
<br>
Gilobwlin
<br>
(Hatmeglobin)
a fawto
<br>
64hweek
<br>
Rauomateia!
<br>
()
<br>
K
GlobulinProtein
<br>
Folleacid(VitaBg)
<br>
ProteinfmmG
H
<br>
Respivedenyigmond
<br>
nugatesl(3ig)
Aote
<br>
Proteín
<br>

69. NOTEViHaminBn
<br>
formaraton
<br>
Haemoqtebin
<br>
Heme5.
<br>
4
Par
phyinRings
<br>
Folc
<br>
|HemaglebinHacomaglebin
<br>
absepootm
<br>
Pxotein.
<br>
4
fetTons
<br>
(JorunJn)
<br>
2glotin
<br>
A
<br>
Pote'n
<br>
Rec,
<br>
wsponuitle
<br>
conjuguded(sigat)
<br>
Globin
952
<br>
(Aotein)
<br>
gobh
<br>
Proten
<br>

70. NOTE
<br>
Hb
<br>
înMale
-
<br>
Dfemale
-12rl4gm/d
<br>
Hbob
<br>
Colou
<br>
14-)6
<br>
200
<br>
afa)
<br>

71. (Hb+
Oz)
<br>
(Oghemgtabis)
<br>
Hbtco
<br>
Brgnosuy(Revensikle)srur
<br>
(Hb+
Co
Canbminohemaglobin
<br>
(a5yafteof)
<br>
(Dank
Red)
<br>
ReveasfkleComprund
<br>
Caboxyhemoglebin
<br>
(aaia4bsfo)
<br>

72. NOTE
<br>
Q
<br>
Avs
<br>
Faclsi
<br>
Vo
RBC
<br>
1Hb
<br>
100m
<br>
Hb 1.
34y
m o,5J
<br>
(o5/:)
<br>
Hb
<br>
930illiont
Hb
<br>
':
16
m
Hb
<br>
gmHb
<br>
402.
<br>
(a5)
<br>
HIT|4-16gm
<br>
(Approxl6gm)
<br>
16X
I-34
<br>
(21.y)
Os
<br>

73. KRBC
<br>
RBC
<br>
RBc
<br>
fe
<br>
Potythennio
<br>
0+a-
Spleen(ostey)
<br>
Anemg
<br>

74. BloodBank
<br>
WBC
<br>
Shape
<br>
Human
<br>
(S
<br>
hiteBloocCospuacles
<br>
Loukogtea
<br>
6-10&R
<br>
aody
<br>
atation
<br>
(ufkugsa)
<br>
)
<br>
Re
Bee
Mastao
<br>
Spleen
<br>
Tnsi
<br>
ymph
<br>
Splecn
<br>
(tte)
<br>
Doreulas(arfwfrr)bo
<br>
(Fmceboíd)
<br>

75. 7WBC
<br>
Ex-
<br>
-
<br>
NOTE
BC
)
<br>
Ieulkoçytosis
<br>
Leukoatepenig
<br>
BlcodCancer(99
)
<br>
Luekemia
(ogafa)
<br>
Amoeboolalmcvemet
<br>
Diapedles?s
E
<br>

76. WBC
<br>
(aaag)
<br>
Netrophils
<br>
(garfno)
<br>
i)
Eoaínop
hils
<br>
(39TAoH)
<br>
(m)
Basophile
<br>
62%iauchadd
<br>
2.37.
<br>
Yeass
<br>
(sioj059)
<br>
Monocytes
<br>
(îtaIEE)
<br>
5.32
<br>
g ymphocytea
<br>
(foGISEE)
<br>
-30
<br>

77. (A
<br>
Granulo
ytes
<br>
(Ö)
Neubrephik
<br>
BC
<br>
mostabundlantWBC
<br>
(aflrag)
<br>
Neudroplitl
<br>
Tqet
<br>
62%
<br>
(Phagoyte)
<br>
Un
the
Blpd
<br>
10-12lm
<br>
Fine
grnles
wt,
<br>
eosin¢
mettytee
<br>
bluestein
<br>
Nucleuo
<br>
Bacteig
Pahasiteg
<br>
'ero
-
psl'cemaun
<br>

78. e]yo)7/mieroposce
man
<br>
Neutrophit:
ytoplasm
o
<br>
neutralclyes(
-
<br>
Uptake(STg=)yoT)a
<br>
Neudrophiltgrnulee
<br>
Neutral
<br>
lobesfa )
<br>
Eosin
<br>
Acid'c
<br>
framules
<br>
cosîn-
hemadovylin)
<br>
Red
/Ose
<br>
+ ethylenlue
<br>
BindtoBasic
<br>
Cmponevts
<br>
Cogteglausm)
<br>
Basic
<br>
Bue
<br>
Bhalto
acddle
<br>
cmpome.ds
<br>
(Naclevs/an)
<br>

79. NETosis
<br>
death
<br>
micvophage
<br>
SucideColls
<br>
sudcdeufra)
<br>
NEToSis
RJ
<br>
Cell
<br>
Baoteia)oba
<br>

80. Eossnophils
<br>
(2:32)
<br>
Bilobed(faufoa)
Nacleug
<br>
Eosinophi!
<br>
Size
-
<br>
13-15
<br>
Callaacicic
<br>
Cose
(Rrnvgh)grodes
oith
<br>
eesinstaln(Oage
<br>
BilobedNuobeu
<br>
lagelLge
farasite.(
Mattieallukas)
<br>
A)leg
<br>
Respomce
<br>
red)
<br>

81. a)66
bo25
<br>
(0)Aasephils
<br>
NOTE
<br>
Granes
<br>
metlylene
<br>
A
<br>
blue)
<br>
Basophils
<br>
|2-13ee
<br>
Coauegruleswith
<br>
methylenekueGain(blue)
<br>
Bior
tilobedNucleus
<br>
Tcs-chaped)
<br>
(s
<br>

82. 1
<br>
Ex
<br>
NIOTE)
<br>
Baxophila
<br>
Hepein
<br>
Histanine
<br>
KAndithrombin
Roteín
<br>
(Natwal
Antfccaqulat)
<br>
Histamjhecb
<br>
ne
<br>
Vasodflator
<br>
BloodVessola
abI
<br>
Blod
Vessel
<br>
BP
<br>

83. Pollen
<br>
DloooVescols
<br>
Histam'necot
<br>
(Vasocmehíctiom)
<br>
boot
<br>
Vasodilator
<br>
Skeletal
<br>
musels
<br>

84. XLekotnenes
<br>
(bromchocUnaticom)
<br>
(asthma)
<br>
NOTE Giranuloytes
<br>

85. (i)monocye-T
<br>
5.9,
<br>
WBC
<br>
(95-36a0)
Maorophase
<br>
12510,(Phogoogte)
<br>
MacYo
-
polce
man
<br>
Shapeol
Ta
<br>
Monsctten
Blaoe).
<br>
(macrophage)s)
<br>
(a
frun
<br>
)
<br>
ben
<br>
Monseyte
<br>

86. Meno
cytein
<br>
(15-200)
<br>
Becomes
<br>
merogtia
<br>
Rupthe
Colls
<br>
pacvvphage
<br>
ostesolats
<br>
elopd
<br>
Histíoytea
<br>
Jgoeg
totisswe
<br>
AlveolaMaoropluge
-
<br>
Dug Colls
<br>
macrophage
<br>
sA16RMacroçhage
<br>
(Smmate)
<br>
(20-36e0)
<br>
X
Langhans
Cels
<br>
(
<br>
Lives
<br>
Arain
<br>
n
Bo
<br>
Conectve
tissues
<br>
Skin
<br>
Respisaoy
toact
<br>

87. 1
<br>
Ceavenges
<br>
Mactophageo
<br>
Cells(Memo
ytes)
<br>
Colle
-
<br>

88. (i)Lymphocgesiymgl
<br>
*hape
-
<br>
KNucles
<br>
ymphogyte
<br>
KFunction
-
Formatinotibeclles
uhodiilN
<br>
ymphoytes)
<br>
Langeturnd
aphenal
shase.
<br>
PlasmaCell
<br>
Adaptivemunity
<br>
hcst-'vad
<br>
T-
Lym
phote
<br>
307.
<br>
memor
<br>
S
<br>
NKCele
<br>
Coll
<br>
E
Atig
enaiuEa10)
<br>

89. T
halpoo
<br>
(T-HE)
<br>
Awdibody
<br>
T-ymphoeytes0
<br>
AdaptiveJonmuse
System
<br>
T-kill
<br>
MemoTy
<br>
(T-HRS) (T-
aH,)(Tya
<br>
))
<br>
y)
<br>

90. A
<br>
Natwal
<br>
KlletCebls
<br>
K(NK
Colls)
<br>
Hpe mntit
<br>
Vìug
<br>
Anctigeneceplos
<br>
Snnat
eTmmuurity
<br>
a
(Taget)
<br>
(notadaptive)
<br>
Potorin
Eg
<br>
Grans
<br>
SITHE)
Apoptos
<br>

91. NOTE/
<br>
lApoptosisogramimed
GellOeath
<br>
Apeptosis
<br>
Jacton
<br>
Apoptoac
<br>
Tntaction
<br>

92. NOTE 8-ymphotes
<br>
NOTE
<br>
-BveBursg Fabic'
<br>
B
ymphsrterffoy
Mathatio
<br>
Boe
PMa
<br>
3
<br>
T-mphotytes
"
<br>
Tlf
<br>
T-ymghoytes
<br>
Roue
masen
<br>
Tymus
<br>

93. XName
<br>
NwmbehS
<br>
aPlatelets(Taralg/ueag)
<br>
Spon
<br>
Colls
<br>
1
<br>
Thronbocytes(sira)rsT)
<br>
Platelets
<br>
1.4-5
3
<br>
Alood
<br>
-Se Platolets2esR
<br>
cistigtat
<br>
B-10
<br>
c
<br>
olease
<br>
S)
<br>

94. Formation
<br>
NOTE
<br>
ciotting
<br>
Bonemaen
<br>
Platelets
<br>
Colla
<br>
tes(lucleus
<br>
Magakgótes
<br>
Platelets(Nucleat)
<br>
Oradshaped9e
<br>
Calle
<br>
(Spinoleshapcd')
Thsenboge
<br>

95. Nucleue
<br>
NOTE
<br>
e
<br>
Platelets
<br>
clettiy
taelors
<br>
(zen
<br>
NunbesolPlatetpts
novAS
E
<br>
ThromboCytosis
<br>
Thycmboplastin
<br>
Fbinego
<br>
Decyeased
Numbu Platelets
<br>
h
<br>
(Thyomba
eytopena
<br>

96. Lstem
Cells
<br>
Hb
<br>
oNacleu
<br>
Blzs
d
Corpuscle
<br>
ReolBone
<br>
Plaver
Poesot
<br>
LeukoblostCes
-
<br>
gakayoytes.
<br>
(geSA)
<br>
Lproeytroblat
Cella
<br>
Retfedoqte
<br>
(suf2vg
R8C)
<br>
DmtnataeRBC
<br>
Nacles
<br>
Nuche
<br>
MatureR8C
<br>

97. NOTE
<br>
NOTE
<br>
BloodCos
<br>
RadBore
<br>
d
CospusclesJ
<br>
Mochanísm
o
<br>
WBC
<br>
Pladells
<br>
Blosdospusclesn
Bluod.
<br>
in
<br>
Ryan 90sec,
<br>
elcHOJ
<br>
sinls
<br>
Pseudepodlio
ala
<br>
cheondcal
<br>
(Chemola
xs
)
<br>

98. NOT
<br>
ESpecd
Blopdn
Body
<br>
NOTE
<br>
Lungs
<br>
aillanies-
<br>
arfe
<br>
Blod
<br>
RBC
<br>
40-60Cm/
sec.
<br>
(15-2km/)
<br>
(gT
ertby)
<br>
5-10cm/sec.
<br>
yele)
<br>
Boaf
n
)
<br>
Bloosl(
<br>
5-2o
SeC,
<br>

99. NOTE
<br>
frio
-
<br>
Gom
ditfem
<br>
AutonomousNeveLsSyete
<br>
(Adrenline)63T
<br>
Blogd
ascelo
<br>
Vasoeonstretom)
<br>
Blcod
<br>
(Vhscdilaton)
<br>
Museles,Skín
<br>
Bral'nPusclee
<br>

100. Romandic
<br>
Arousat
<br>
BlcsclPoCASUE(o)
<br>
Bloodlosculsb
(Vasodilatio
<br>
NOT
E
<br>
Soxuo
<br>
erusal
<br>
Puils(yitaa)
<br>
aacdilation)
<br>

101. XAB0
<br>
yetem
<br>
Antigen
<br>
RBC
<br>
Canl
<br>
atoálR (n,8,o)
<br>
Landateineli0D)
<br>
Decagteleostli
(1961
<br>
ss
A,
B,A,
O
<br>
Antibody
<br>
BlooPlasmg
<br>
globul'
n
<br>

102. R8C
<br>
RBC
<br>
R8C
<br>
RBC
<br>
AG
<br>
BloodGiUup
<br>
B
<br>
A
<br>
B
<br>
AB
<br>
Antigen
<br>
A
<br>
AB
<br>
85
<br>
307.
<br>
Anhbaay
<br>
b
<br>
)
<br>
ab
<br>

103. NOTE
<br>
i)
<br>
Universal
<br>
Jonor
<br>
AtigenletsBtesdGnuus
<br>
(DfA
<br>
Andibadyless
Bleod
<br>
BlocdDonaton(G
EATEJT)
<br>
A
<br>
Grup
<br>
AB AB
<br>
(á3Ne)
<br>
Uieal
<br>
Rací
plot
<br>

104. BloodGnup
<br>
NOTE
<br>
(i)
<br>
AB
<br>
Rh
<br>
B
AB
<br>
AB
<br>
0,A,B,AB
<br>
AB
<br>
AB,A,8,0
<br>
BlooaJomatin-
-
<br>

105. Q.
1
<br>
Q.9
<br>
Ang
<br>
B
<br>
)
A aAe
<br>
AB
<br>
Ane.e
<br>
+
<br>
Ans-
-
81,8,AB'A
<br>

106. Q3
<br>
Qoy
o
<br>
)Ana
<br>
+elood
<br>
A
<br>
Bt
<br>
oth
<br>

107. Q.5
<br>
Ans
<br>
NOTE
<br>
A
<br>
(AB+
<br>
+
<br>
(6)
<br>
B
<br>
(
<br>
UnivensalRacipieut
<br>

108. AF
<br>
f
RhBlooclGup
<br>
Rngactor
<br>
Rh
<br>
Rhesws
<br>
fa
-
muccamulotttq
<br>
Rh
<br>
GalLal
stelne Wienes/affa)
<br>
LR
<br>
Sb)RG
<br>
Rhesu)
<br>
monkey
<br>
IRh]A,
B,
AE,0
<br>

109. NOTE
<br>
NOTETasg
<br>
n
<br>
e
<br>
Rh
<br>
Case
<br>
Rht
<br>
(ANH|2)c)
<br>
Rh
<br>
Rh
facts,
<br>
antiqen,ho
<br>
207.
<br>
nosmantibade
<br>
AvibodSesaetme
<br>
Qht
<br>
9ftibedy
<br>

110. Rh
<br>
(Ah-Anihen)
<br>
cutibadlies
<br>
ABO
<br>
Blssd
D-Ahdigon
<br>
Atiboli
<br>
Aribod
<br>
RH'Elo0d
<br>

111. Tue
<br>
1
<br>
Rht
<br>
Rh
<br>
Eythro
blastostsfedals
<br>
Rht
<br>
(13)d
<br>
T
<br>
Rh
<br>
Blod
<br>
Rht
<br>
Aloel
<br>
Grup
<br>
soge delveny ae
<br>
Rh
<br>
)
<br>
fetab's
<br>
(8guc)
<br>
Rh
<br>
Rhtfem
<br>
SST
<br>

112. NOTE
<br>
Rhfactor
<br>
Rh-Genoype
<br>
DD
<br>
|
Bothaedominat)
<br>
(One
domimandand
<br>
ddBoth
<br>
BloodGnup
<br>
Rh-Phenoype
<br>
Cross
<br>
<br>
neceRetve)o
<br>
Rht
<br>
1o0
<br>
Rh
<br>
Rh
<br>
21Hgrst
R
<br>
Rh
<br>
(RKPhenoype
<br>

113. T
-
<br>
fusion(faz)oG
<br>
Rht
<br>
R
<br>
del've
<br>
Blos
<br>
0)
x
<br>
PlaeetaBeLes
<br>
Blosd
<br>

114. NOTE
<br>
mix
<br>
tfbed
<br>
faaR
<br>
tereigh
<br>
Antiboolies
<br>
Rrognenty
<br>
Mothe
<br>
Placonla UR
<br>
R
Ha
<br>
aGaPlacenda
<br>

115. RBC
<br>
Anenue
<br>
faae
<br>
fafaf
(Bilinubin)
<br>
-fo
<br>
Spleen
<br>
Hartnu
<br>

116. RA
(Aloman)
<br>
RhT
(man))
<br>
Blad
<br>
Antigen
-
gled
<br>
mothess
klpo
<br>
Auti
body
<br>
Bermaten
<br>
(RS
Bload)
<br>
Placent
<br>
Enleg
o
<br>
RBC
o
th
<br>
Mamosy
ell
<br>
Rht
Enbyo
<br>
RA
-Aatihen
<br>
mother
klerbdl
<br>
Li
th
<br>
hncugh
flacot'
<br>
Rht
Enboyo
<br>
RBC
with
<br>
Rh-
<br>
Autigen
<br>

117. DEVELOPMENT
OF
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
FETALIS
(WITHOUT
RMOGAM)
<br>
size)
<br>
Plasma
<br>
Mother
<br>
Placenta
<br>
cells
<br>
Maternal
<br>
circulation
<br>
>
1stDmune
Response
<br>
Anti-Rh
<br>
lgM
<br>
RBCs
<br>
with
Rh
<br>
antigen
<br>
Memory
cell
<br>
Rh-specific
<br>
Delivery
<br>
1st
Pregnancy
<br>
Plaeenda
Crose
<br>
Plasma
<br>
9Gcs
<br>
Memory
cel
<br>
Si1:
1st
Begnag
<br>
IgG
anti-Rh
Ab
crosses
placenta
<br>
and
attacks
<br>
fetal
<br>
RBCs
causing
<br>
erythroblastosis
<br>
fetalis
<br>
2nd
Pregnancy
<br>
espmee
<br>

118. NOTE
<br>
(R')
<br>
(Dd)à3I
<br>
Baby
<br>
Rh
<br>
Rh
<br>
Blod
<br>
Maun(R)
<br>
(Dd)
<br>
Dd
<br>
fäengort
<br>
(RN)
<br>
Nugatie
<br>
dd
<br>
oma
<br>
(dd)
<br>
RhtBlood
<br>
dd
<br>
50/
<br>
po
<br>
(R5)
<br>
Rht
<br>

119. NoTE
<br>
NOTE
<br>
female
(DD)
<br>
Man(dd)
<br>
man)(Rh)
<br>
dd
<br>
(ah)
<br>
Rht
<br>
(R5)
<br>
Amale
(bol)
<br>
Man(e)
<br>
8ld
<br>
Mandd
<br>
dd
<br>
Dd
<br>
(AS)
<br>
D
<br>
Rh
<br>
Wemeun
(an
<br>
(DD)
<br>
D
<br>
(RH)N
<br>
Heten
<br>
female
(te)
<br>
Do
<br>

120. NOTE
<br>
50,
<br>
50,
<br>
Negate
Blrsd)Poeiheolothe
<br>

121. NOTE
<br>
NOTE
<br>
(Rhî3
Rh
Sonmunolobulfn)Djethion
<br>
=
<br>
Blood
<br>
Rht
<br>
Rho
G
<br>
fotals
<br>
2nd
<br>
Jin
muneAesponsr
Ta
G
<br>

122. (BlcodClotting)
<br>
-
seaR
(Clottingootere)
<br>
cleti
fuelor
<br>
(0)rothrmbinI
<br>
(vi)
<br>
Clotlingfretors
<br>
07)TrssueThromboplastin
<br>
tvi)
<br>
(iv)Calefum
-
V
<br>
(v)Labjlefacto-I
<br>
8tabletcolor
<br>
CoacooleSyaten
<br>
yatem'"
<br>

123. NOTE
<br>
(ix)
<br>
Custmae
<br>
(X)Sluat
<br>
(Xm)
<br>
fucto
<br>
(xi)PlasmahoomboplastinT
<br>
Paoefactor
<br>
(i)Hagmayfaet
-
X
<br>
Cloitingfaclos
<br>
Fbrin-sileingfaetor-IT
<br>
Hemephilig-A
<br>
/Henopkilio
-8
<br>

124. Thcmboglashinvhn
<br>
Ruptoreissueolnvikye
<br>
tisstelnhsnnde
<br>
(0¢|o)Rd)
<br>
Livensia
<br>
)vitg
<br>
Prothrombin
<br>
(fafsga)
<br>
2506]2025
<br>
Platelots
<br>
Thrmbokinase
<br>
Thromboplaátin
<br>
ActhvationofThrombokinaseEnzymebyCsscadeSyeton
<br>
(congudad)
<br>
Thrombin
<br>
(Hf)
<br>
FbrinegenEli
<br>
)
<br>
(
<br>
CAot
(0r8)
<br>

125. tissuegand
<br>
Snjor)
<br>
eleas
eolthealotirg
<br>
Prothrombinactivatosacl
ciima
<br>
Pothaombinactivator
convets
he
<br>
blrodotein
<br>
rppg
<br>
Platelets
<br>
Thrombiaplelkfibiuagontoform
<br>
fbin
<br>
PothronbintoThambin
<br>
RACand
<br>
Clot
<br>
Bler'og
Gups
<br>
Plateleks
<br>
hooesand
becemegsmalleh
<br>

126. Step-Irhation
<br>
Step
<br>
XPlatelets
<br>
Thrombokinase
<br>
tjesue
-
Theumboratin
<br>
Prothrombin
<br>
Prothrombih
<br>
ebease
<br>
Plateletsactor-3
<br>
Formation
dThrmbih
<br>
Tvombolzinaae
Eregme+
<br>
Coscaake
Sehem
<br>
Thrombo<ihaue
<br>
Thrombin
<br>

127. NOTE
<br>
Pothonbin,Viamlh
K
aufaft
<br>
Leve
<br>
Step-
Fosmationfbrin
<br>
Fbsinogn
<br>
Thscmbin
n
<br>
Fbnagen
<br>
Thrombin
<br>
Potein
<br>
Fbin
<br>
Abin
<br>

128. BSc4thSemesterZoology
<br>
Comparativeheartanatomyof
<br>
vertebrates
<br>
SlanullahMehan
<br>

129. 66
<br>
Conpaatie
Heast
Ahatomy
<br>
PisceSHet
<br>
chambens,
<br>
-
Theheat
ohe
hank
has
ony
<br>
Venuehet
<br>
1
<br>
siusVenoee
<br>
anallah
<br>
bloodtmal
pats
%
the
<br>
ecel'ves
<br>
Onete
donacl
si
dtheuticle,
<br>
thee
â
q
Saclitkr(aine
)wh
eeevea
<br>
(siusvenesus)
<br>
rom
all
bedypats.
<br>
einuevenosusopen
<br>
iculas apetue.
<br>
Awícle
<br>
VesticleF
Ts
<br>
Vetebrates.
<br>
tuwo
<br>
iwtoawhicle
<br>
9
<br>
kody.
<br>
deoyaehated
Blead
<br>
gina
<br>

130. Sins
venosus
<br>
Aui
le
<br>
Veticle
<br>
Conusateioss
<br>
Yentralaoto
<br>
Ajonent
<br>
braunchial
<br>
ateies
<br>
GiLs
<br>
Etnet
<br>
brunchial
<br>
auterie
<br>
Dorsal
aor
t|
<br>
yein(AA)
<br>
Siwusenosu
<br>
(Bfcuspid)
<br>
Atrioventyt
enlas
<br>
ualre
<br>
(aursculovwhicnday
<br>
vale
<br>
Cone
<br>
Sorni
wnas
<br>
valveg
<br>
yen
<br>
Awucle
<br>
Vesbicle:
<br>
Sinus
verosy
<br>
ahteiosua
<br>
Psces-
<br>
sincashfal
<br>
Vadve
<br>
>semiwnasvalves
<br>
(6inoauaíula
<br>
valve
<br>
HeantAnatomy
<br>

131. valve).
<br>
awfculoventiculas
apetuwe(Atroventfeulas
<br>
theheast.
<br>
Auticle
<br>
Comus
<br>
Conu
<br>
XVenticle
continues
korusand
<br>
Frm
<br>
nmuncateswith
<br>
+hickLsalleo,musculas
pump
b
<br>
ateiiosus
<br>
Pulmo
<br>
Continuer
<br>
heaitaye
<br>
henne
<br>
beais
<br>
Ventralaortaoisi
butea
<br>
semélwnasalve.
<br>
ventrleorta.
<br>
vectricle
by
<br>
heast
<br>
,
enatedblepdSupplitdto
bady
<br>
*
Singecireulafion
oresent.
<br>
handles
deoxytonatedblsd
<br>
CelleolVenoue
<br>
ateiosus.
<br>
Present.
<br>
Hlreltolle.
<br>
veinabsent.
<br>
heat
<br>

132. e
Amphibicuns(Frog)?-Tianeshonalhoat
<br>
Heatis8-chambeed
<br>
Autcta
<br>
septun.
<br>
Quscle.
<br>
As
clegseparted
byintrausículas
<br>
pubmonay
ve'na.
<br>
pleedsins
venoeugopensintorfalt
<br>
Rgat
auvieleeeefvesdeorYgenteo
<br>
bluod.
<br>
L
<br>
open
<br>
yenticlavelve
<br>
*Let
auhscle
reeeesXYenatd
blued
rom
<br>
Verdiclesinge,
<br>
2ascles]St
<br>
1Vehfole
y
<br>
Cenusastes'cBus
<br>
muscula,
<br>
Klod.
<br>
ito
ventrfelebyaoulo
<br>
meeeivoníre
<br>
asu'sesrmvejele,
<br>
Cous
posseseg
aspiradvolvesorpartal
<br>
eepareutfenoblepdreom,
<br>

133. XBlod
<br>
deoygenafed.
<br>
Double
<br>
Pumpedl
<br>
Book>Do Q)
<br>
dorsal
<br>
enosue
<br>
Comu
astei
osus
<br>
potyteated,paty
<br>
cleonly
<br>
Céreulatienbudn
complete.
<br>
Pulmna
<br>
v'aikle,Rnctional,
<br>
sinbaussculaapetweight
<br>
HET)HAt-anjacstfc
<br>
einoausady
<br>
ausculoveticula
apertuseGRJ )
<br>
Lettawf
clei
<br>

134. Blsod
bn
<br>
Body
<br>
Sus
veneswS
<br>
Bloodtowngs
<br>
sluatial
<br>
petie
<br>
RigtHhiunm:
<br>
Cus
cteiosus
<br>
Aghtauhiculo
<br>
veutriulahcpeatr
<br>
Thck
usall
<br>
Veutrle
<br>
Ventcle
<br>
BlcodtoBody
<br>
Letttrum
<br>
Lungs
<br>
Lnter-
awiculas
<br>
septwn
<br>
Ystemic
ach
<br>
Bu
<br>
punotane
<br>
Opeaing
<br>
Pulmona
<br>
vein
<br>
awíole
<br>
Lettaulo
<br>
Veticas
<br>
apentue
<br>
Cenus
teos
LS
<br>

135. Repiles:
<br>
Heot
<br>
Rigid
<br>
Separaled
<br>
veicepatly
oivicled.
<br>
Binusvenosus
<br>
Ventole
<br>
3-chambeved
<br>
ight
auniele.
<br>
into
<br>
ToanstionalHesct
<br>
wicle
<br>
deogenateol
<br>
two
<br>
eavstiea
<br>
vedneed,megedeith
<br>
divided
byfncompletesoptuy
<br>
Venticleecevesboth
<br>
,
but
<br>
cempletaly
<br>
Cam enoSw
<br>
Cavumpulmmale
<br>
Cauvnucteriosum
<br>
*
Pulmonaycircuatien
bebtes
<br>
Canpib'auns
<br>
both
oonafeo
<br>
butpostàlsepataio
<br>
cireulatiembebterdevelopea)
<br>
Frmventice|
<br>
Systemiccorte.
<br>
than
<br>
aisepulnonyoeyt
<br>

136. Spixalvalve
<br>
lood
<br>
land
<br>
mising
<br>
ineemplete.
<br>
Comus
<br>
rosses
<br>
Heast
<br>
tbsentikeunphibian.
<br>
Less
<br>
Venotuealmet
<br>
than
omphíbkns.
<br>
efbicet,
adaphh'nbor
<br>
A
Dosleeulafien
moechtfeeulbut
<br>
SBok
-
Qingleoculot'em.
<br>
Left
aorta
<br>
cuteocus
<br>
Heremsanch
<br>
estaio
<br>
jal.
<br>
pulnnay
<br>
abeent.
<br>
OUch
<br>
toanitona!tpes,
<br>
2
<br>

137. Sinue
venos
<br>
Rgicle
<br>
Qhch
<br>
Cawmdersale
<br>
Lottu'ele
<br>
Pukmmat
<br>
ahch
<br>
(Heant
<br>
<+Lugs-funon
<br>
Leftawicle
<br>
Ventile
<br>
ncmplete
<br>
setwm
<br>
singenoSus
<br>
ventclr
<br>
(
Cevu
pulmonale
<br>
J
<br>
aeh
<br>

138. Avicun
Heast
<br>
XHeast
<br>
Custacfen
<br>
Velve
tnt
<br>
4
chombeed
<br>
Ymplete
sepahatian
oygnatedand
<br>
deoygenatd
<br>
bood
<br>
cbcet
<br>
ateso
cusabsent
<br>
arterio
<br>
L
<br>
(33HeSN)veins.
<br>
venticles
<br>
Rigt
aunselenece'vesdeogenafed
Qeo!
<br>
viaPreoaval(3IHefa)¢
Postcaval
<br>
Leftauioleeoeivesxenfed
Bood
<br>
trompulmnay
veina.
<br>
(ygSÈ)
<br>
Ausele
openeindoRigtVertfele
<br>
(Semiluns
<br>
ntapute)
<br>

139. YLeftAi
ale
opene
ito
<br>
bybicuspidralve/faoy
auy)
<br>
(irculas,apethe)
<br>
*
Ondy
ht
aortfc
<br>
ahchpeicts|luftlo)
<br>
Logeheastbelatfveto
<br>
yetemfe
<br>
bodyloergle
<br>
Completelekleciculaton
<br>
Pulmomay
<br>
aheh
<br>
Seninaselve
<br>

140. Rigitpoecawl
<br>
vein
<br>
Rigt
auslele
<br>
Cpening
ot
<br>
iphtprecaa
<br>
vein
<br>
potcoval
<br>
ven
<br>
Fieuapicvle
<br>
Mnsuspid
<br>
Sani
unavele
<br>
venle
<br>
Pgcon
<br>
Smominate
ate
<br>
(rE1AN)
<br>
aart
<br>
LeftPrecard
<br>
vain
<br>
Lettauicle
<br>
Pulnora
ven
<br>
Bfcuspid
ale
<br>
Corclar
<br>
Jenolínear
<br>
Legtventríele
<br>
:&uctueheat
<br>

141. Mammals(Oyctolaga)i
<br>
XHeat
is
<br>
Lutt
<br>
venosus
abset
(RecueedtoSAhode)
<br>
4-
<br>
pulmmay
<br>
chambehed
9
aiclzg
<br>
vaticles
<br>
awsclerecefresdeoyenatedblod
<br>
Venae
cange
<br>
aurcle
<br>
velne.
<br>
veing
<br>
auicle
opens
<br>
ecefnesograted
blasdby
<br>
aufeleope
<br>
etralvalve.
<br>
X
Vengecavae
<br>
X(oromyteues
supply
<br>
vehqCav.
<br>
fntoRVby
<br>
lang,
<br>
Pasemaker
<br>
Sustacuan
welvetatcn
<br>
RVbyFcuspfe
<br>
anehpesfet
s(gut
(oc)
<br>
Cpensto
<br>
aicuaptd/
<br>
heant
<br>

142. eireulaticon+
temie
cireulation
<br>
cmpleteiy
cepanafed.
<br>
flostetelent
dekle
circulahon
am
ong
<br>
venterates.
<br>
fi
tfate
<br>
SA
node):-Rigit
<br>
hostbeat
<br>
(SA)
<br>
auwsole
<br>
síuaunulas,ode
)
<br>
sinus
<br>
rtrnenticulas
geptumyRAuiculoveuthcal
<br>
node(9Vnoce)tirzftsT
<br>
/Pacemake)
<br>
AVnede Bundle
Hfs
Pkige
<br>
fibes veuneulancantractin
<br>
NOTE)Reptilest
UE)Pacemaeero)
<br>

143. NOTEBirdspMammal bothhaweSA¢
<br>
Pukinjesystem
<br>
AVnodes+^btbírdssy6temis
<br>
fates
and
<br>
Rght
precavl,
<br>
vengcavA)
<br>
SA-Node
<br>
Pulmonfc
velie
<br>
G&tachn
valve
<br>
AU
noele
<br>
Tncupd
valiw
<br>
foier
<br>
Hs
bwnclle
<br>
Veng
<br>
CeLve
<br>
efgecientthan
mammals
<br>
mammale
<br>
Systmíc
aorbe
<br>
bett
precaral
en
<br>
trem
ungs
<br>
Pulinon
vane
<br>
oOpaning
ot
palnenay
<br>
Aortfe
valve
<br>
Let
auscle
<br>
veinsU
<br>
Bicuapidvalve
<br>
Left
vontrice
<br>
Choerodagtenclinae
<br>
Rapullarymuscle
<br>
Poleinje
fbee
<br>
dorsalaerig
<br>

144. IrfanullahMehar12GhBio1O0%(2023)
<br>
KuchamanCity
<br>
BIOUGH
<br>

145. IRFANULLAH
<br>
MEHAR
<br>
98824773119
<br>

146. WorldofWisdom
<br>
YOURWISDOM
<br>

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