Citation in research writing.pptx Citation in research writing.pptx

Citation

1. Citation in research writing

2. What is citation? A citation identifies for the reader the original source for an idea, information, or image that is referred to in a work. In the body of a paper , the in-text citation acknowledges the source of information used. At the end of a paper , the citations are compiled on a References or Works Cited list . A basic citation includes the author , title , and publication information of the source

3. Why Cite? A voiding plagiarism To give credit to those who had the idea Shows that you have read and understand. Helps people find the sources. Provides evidence for your arguments Is professional and standard practice leave a trail "Good citations should reveal your sources, not conceal them. They should honestly reflect the research you conducted." (Lipson 4)

4. When should I use a citation? A citation should be used when content that  did not originate with you  is used to support your writing. Content includes: 1. words (quotations, phrases, sayings, etc.) 2. thoughts or ideas (summarizations and paraphrases)audio or visual material (photos, videos, screen captures, power point slides, social media content, audio recordings, etc.)

5. What you don’t need to cite? No need to cite what is known as  common knowledge. Common knowledge includes information that someone can easily trace and find the answer to. In an academic context, common knowledge will depend on the audience, but here are some examples to get you started: 1. There are 24 hours in a day. 2. The president of Indonesia can serve up to two terms in office, each term lasting four years. 3. The phone number for emergency services in the United States is 9-1-1 (110 a cop, 113 a firefighter)

6. What does a citation look like? MLA style (print journal article): Whisenant , Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX."  Sex Roles  Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182. APA style (print journal article): Whisenant , W. A. (2003) How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX.  Sex Roles , 49 (3), 179-182. Chicago style (print journal article): Whisenant , Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX."  Sex Roles  49, no. 3 (2003): 179-182.

7. No matter which style you use, all citations require the same basic information: Author or Creator Title Container (e.g., Journal or magazine, website, edited book) Date of creation or publication Publisher 

8. Style formats : Apa style

9. APA Citation Rules: The Basics

10. Order and structure of in-text citation content When using APA format, follow the “author-date” method of in-text citation. Write the author’s last name and publication year for the source in parentheses and separate these pieces of information with a comma. It may be a good idea to include the page number as well if the paraphrased information is located on a specific page of the original text . APA guidelines encourage this inclusion but do not require it.

11. Common Signal Phrases for Introducing External Works There are several signal phrases that you can use for introducing external works, namely : According to Johnson (publication year)… As Johnson (publication year) has noted… Johnson and Smith (publication year) contend that… As Johnson’s (2011) study revealed…

12. Verb tense used in referring to other works APA style requires authors to use past tense or present perfect tense (NOT present tense) when using signal phrases to refer to or discuss previous research. Example Past Tense : Klinge and Rogers (2010) found that mirroring is instrumental in developments of performative gender roles. When giving information that reflects the results or implications of previous work, place the citation (author and publication date) at the end of the sentence. Mirroring has been found to be instrumental in the developmental of performative gender roles ( Klinge and Rogers, 2010)

13. Capitalization Always capitalize author names and initials in in-text citations.

14. In-text citation rules for long Quotations Steps to citate long quotations : Long direct quotations are those with at least 40 words of quoted text in a row. Long quotes should be placed in a separate block of lines without quotation marks, similar to creating a new paragraph . Begin the quotation on a new line and indent 0.5in/1.27cm from the left margin Type the entire quotation within these new margins using double-spacing. Include the parenthetical citation after the final punctuation mark

15. Example :

16. Citing Works by Multiple Authors/Editors Number of Authors First Time Referenced Subsequent References First Time Quoted Subsequent Quotations 2 (Beardsley & Swann, 2003) (Beardsley & Swann, 2003) (Beardsley et al., 2003) (Beardsley & Swann, 2003, p. 90) 3-5 (Beardsley, Daniels, Choi, & Swann, 2003) (Beardsley et al., 2003) (Beardsley, Daniels, Choi, & Swann, 2003, p. 90) Beardsley et al., 2003, p. 90) 6 or more (Beardsley et al., 2003) (Beardsley et al., 2003) (Beardsley et al., 2003, p. 90) (Beardsley et al., 2003, p. 90)

17. Citing Multiple Works in One In-text Citation

18. Citing Multiple Works in One In-text Citation When citing two or more sources with the same author and year of publication, assign lowercase letters directly after the year of publication (a, b, c) according to the alphabetical order of titles.

19. Citing a Work Quoted in another Source Work quoted or paraphrased in another text is called a “ secondary source ”. While in your reference list you must cite the primary source as well, in your in-text citation you will add the words “ as cited in ” followed by the secondary source.

20. Citing Web Pages (Entire Website) When citing an entire website (with no specific webpage or article given), simply provide the title and web address within the text of your paper. No citation is needed in the References.

21. Webpage with author(s) A webpage with an individual author or authors should be cited in the same way as other texts, with the name or names written first, followed by the publication year.

22. Webpage with a group author Treat group authors as individual authors in in-text citations, but instead of the author’s last name, include the name of the group.

23. How to write the citation in Reference? A book citation in APA Style always includes the author’s name , the publication year , the book title , and the publisher . Book: Author’s Last and First Name. Year of Publication. Title. Country of Publisher: Publisher.

24. Basic book citation format The in-text, citation for a book includes the author’s last name, the year, and (if relevant) a page number. In the reference list, start with the author’s last name and initials , followed by the year . The book title is written in sentence case (only capitalize the first word and any proper nouns). Include any other contributors (e.g. editors and translators ) and the edition if specified (e.g. “2nd ed.”)

25. Example

26. E-books and online books A citation of an e-book (i.e. a book accessed on an e-reader) or a book viewed online (e.g. on Google Books or in PDF form) includes the DOI where available. If there is no DOI, link to the page where you viewed the book, or where the e-book can be purchased or accessed. Since e-books sometimes do not include page numbers, APA recommends using other methods of identifying a specific passage in your in-text citations—for example, a chapter or section title, or a paragraph number

27. Citing a chapter from edited book author of the chapter mention the book’s editor(s) later in the reference Page range to identify the location in the book.

28. Multivolume books Citing a Single Volume When citing from one volume of a multivolume book, the format varies slightly depending on whether each volume has a title or just a number. If the volume has a specific title, this should be written as part of the title in your reference list entry. If the volume is only numbered, not titled, the volume number is not italicized and appears in parentheses after the title.

29. Citing a multivolume book as a whole Mention the volumes in parentheses after the title Individual volume titles are not included even if they do exist.

30. How to Cite Social Media in APA Style?

31. Tweet, individual Author In-text citation : (Gates, 2013) stated that Polio disease is 99% eradicated. The work on ow to exterminate the disease can be seen in the Video by the following link b-gat.es/X75Lvy.

32. Tweet, group of authors In the recent study about animal showed that sleeping brain behaves as if it’s remembering (Stanford Medicine, 2012).

33. Facebook status update, individual author

34. Where to find the information for an APA book citation

35. All the information you need to cite a book can usually be found on the title and copyright pages

36. Book Example: James, H. (2003). The Turn of the Screw . New York: Barns & Noble Books. E-Books: James, H. (2003). The Turn of the Screw . New York: Penguin Books Kindle Version. {link/URL/DOI} Journal Article: Yokit , A. N. (2021). Konsep Tuhan dan Agama Menurut Alfred North Whitehead. Media: Jurnal Filsafat Dan Teologi , 3(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.53396/media.v3i2.37 Magazine Article: Mogelson , L . (2021, January 25). “ The Issue with Mastery Learning .” The New Yorker. 15-23. Piller , C. (2021, Januari 22). Disgraced Covid-19 Studies are still Routinely Cited. Science, 37(8), 30-56. ( Likn /URL/DOI)

37. Chapter in Edited Book : Dillard , J.P. (2020). Currents in the Study of Persuasion. In M.B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. (4 th ed., 115-129). New York. Atlanta University Press Website : Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”. The Promise of Specialized Early Intervention in Psychosis Services. IEPA. (link)

38. DOI (digital object identifier) Brincker , R., & Ventura, C. (2015). Introduction to operational modal analysis. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118535141