Civil Engineering.pptx

Civil engineering

1. Civil Engineering

2. Civil Engineering Definition:- “ Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man ”.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil Engineers London. “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering concerned with planning, design and construction for environmental Control, development of natural resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other structures required for health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of mankind”. Fredrick .S. Merit Hand book for Civil Engineers.

3. Scope of Civil Engineering The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil engineering is planning , designing , estimating , supervising construction , managing construction , execution , and maintenance of structures like building, roads, bridges, dams, etc.

4. CIVIL ENGINEER One who designs and maintains works of public utility is known as civil engineer . Civil engineer should have qualities like scientific attitude , imaginative and intuitive approach , He should have good analysis and decision power. He should be able to solve engineering problems, by using mathematical modeling , scientific principles and laboratory techniques using computer and information technology . He should be able to use operation research techniques for solution of management problems.

5. Branches of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes many types of structures such as residential buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal and canal structures, airports, harbours, and ports, water treatment plants, waste water treatment plant, water supply networks, and drainage networks. According to the type of structures and activities carried out, main branches of civil engineering are classified as follows:

6.  Civil engineering is a wide discipline which includes several specialized sub-disciplines, viz.. C i vil nment al Geo t ec hnical St r uct ural Su r v e ying T r ans p o rtation C o ns truc tion E n v i r o Water R e s ou r c e SUB DISCIPLINES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

7.  Surveying: determining the relative positions of points on, above or below the earth surface, by measuring horizontal distances and angles Levelling: measurement in vertical plane i.e. determination of elevations of points Objective : to prepare plan or map which is used in further planning of structures like building, roads, bridges etc.

8. Surveying & leveling Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in horizontal and vertical planes, while leveling is the measurement of heights in vertical plane. Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points on the basis of surface of earth . It also includes measurements of areas and volumes. Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale. Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway canal. It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structures. Modern surveying instruments like Electronic total station and Geographical Positioning System(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for survey works . Remote sensing and Geographical Information system(GIS) are adopted for surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects.

9. Types of buildings : Residential, commercial, Industrial, etc. Components of a building : from foundation to roof level Materials : properties and functions of various materials used for construction - viz., bricks, stone, cement, sand, aggregate, steel, glass, etc. Building planning and bye-laws : understanding and application Methods of construction

10. Structural Engineering This Branch of civil engineering deals with structural analysis and design of structures. Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components, on the basis of loads, acting on structures. Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc. are designed. Structural analysis requires much calculation, hence advanced computing software's are used to carry out structural analysis and design. It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC) and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering.

11.  Structural analysis: of all types of structures like buildings, bridges, water tanks, retaining walls, dams, offshore structures Loads: estimation of load will act on structure such as Dead, Live, Earthquake, Wind, etc. Stresses: calculation of stresses that may develop due to above loads in structure Structural Design: any component must be able to withstand cracking, failure or excessive deflection

12. Structural Engineering

13. Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering which deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations of structures. Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples. Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil parameters and safe bearing capacity. It also includes construction and design of simple foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer dams, construction of foundation of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams, earth related constructions. Sound knowledge of geology and geotechnical engineering is necessary for construction of earth related structures.

14.  Soil Mechanics: behavior of various types of soil, determination of bearing capacity and engineering properties of soil  Foundation of structures: design of foundation as per soil types

15. Geotechnical Engineering

16. Water Resource Engineering Water resource engineering means measurements, utilization and development of water resources for agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose. It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc. Water resource engineering deals with planning designing and developing water resources by constructing several hydraulic structures like dams, barrages, hydropower stations, canal and pipe networks etc. It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques, soil conservation and soil reclamation. Hydrology is also a part of water resource engineering. Hydrology includes study of sources of water, measurement of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff, flood control.

17.  Collection, management, utilization: of water from natural sources: viz. river, lakes, etc. Study of hydrology, irrigation, open channel hydraulics, water power etc. Hydraulic structures: design of hydraulic structures like dam, reservoir, canal, etc.

18. Water Resource Engineering

19. Transportation Engineering Transportation means movement of passengers and goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water and aircrafts in air. Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways, and airports. As for development of any nation good transportation network is of prime importance. Study of various construction materials used in construction of roads, traffic engineering are also considered under transportation Engineering.

20.  Objective: safe, rapid, comfortable, economical and convenient movement of people and goods from one place to another Land transportation: Roads and Railways transportation, highways, rail gauges etc, Water transportation: ports, harbours Air transportation: airports, runways

21. Transportation Engineering

22. Environmental Engineering Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and public health engineering. Different types of pollutions are water, air, noise and other pollution. Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid urbanization and several other human activities like construction, mining, transportation, environment gets polluted. Environmental engineering deals w ith tec h nologi e s & facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution. Environmental engineering includes design, construction and maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities. Public health engineering includes water treatment, water distribution network, & solid waste management.

23.  Water Supply engineering: treatment of drinking water, design of water distribution network Sanitary engineering: treatment of sewage and its safe disposal, solid waste management Pollution control: controlling air and water pollution

24. Environmental Engineering

25. Environmental Engineering

26. Role of Civil Engineers Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public utilities. Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers. Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing, estimation and execution of structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals, water and waste water treatment plants, water distribution network and sewerage system . To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of different engineering problems To solve different engineering problems with the help of field experience, laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using computer and information technology. To implement management techniques for better management of man, material, machines and money.

27. Role of Civil Engineers To carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as suggested by clients or user, the building may be residential building, public building, or industrial building. He has to plan the building as per the byelaws. To carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of structures. To carry out design of structures as per the principles of structural analysis and design. He should also ensure that the design is safe, durable, and economical. To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of completion of work. To invite tenders & to select contractors for the works. To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding its sale or purchase price or taxation. Civil engineers has to work for the general welfare of people.

28. CIVIL ENGINEERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY