Class-07(NCERT) History Unit-01 Tracing the changes through a thousand years

Tracing the Changes through a thousand years

1. History

2. UNIT-01 TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS

3. Map 1 and Map 2

4. Map 1 ( Al- idrisi) He was Arab geographer . This map was made in 1154C.E. In his map, South India is where we would expect to find North India and Sri Lanka is island at the top. Places – names are marked in Arabic, and there are some well-known names like Kanauj in Uttar Pradesh .

5. Map-2 french cartographer This map was made nearly 600 years after the Al-idrisi map. During which time information about the subcontinent had changed considerably. This map seems more familiar to us and the coastal areas in particular are surprisingly detailed. This map was used by Europeans sailors and merchants on their voyages.

6. New and old terminologies: Historical records exist in variety of languages which have changed considerably over the years. Medieval Persian, for example, is different is not just with regard to Grammar and Vocabulary; the meanings of words also changed . The term “ Hindustan ”, Today we understand India. In 13 th century, this term was meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna but not South India by Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who wrote in Persian.

7. By contrast, in the early 16 th century Babur used Hindustan to describe the Fauna and the culture of inhabitants of the subcontinent . It was similar to the way the 14 th century poet Amir khusrau. For example, a simple term “ Foreigner ” In Medieval period, this term was meant any stranger who appeared say in a given village , someone who was not a part of that cultural and society. In Hindi the term Pardesi might be used to describe such a person and in Persian, Ajnabi.

8. Historians and their sources : 1.COINS The study of coins is called Numismatics .

9. 2.Inscriptions: Study of inscription is called Epigraphy .

10. 3.Architecture: MUGHAL’S ARCHITECTURE RAJPUT’S ARCHITECTURE DRAVIDAN’S ARCHITECTURE

11. 4. TEXTUAL RECORDS: Textual records was none other than Literacy record.  The  literary source  includes literature of Vedic, Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and other literature  along with other foreign accounts. Through this period paper gradually became cheaper and more widely available. People used to write Holy texts, Chronicles of rulers, Letters and Teaching of saints, Petitions and Judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

12. Manuscripts: The original script written by the author in his/her own handwriting Manuscripts were collected by Wealthy people, Rulers, Monasteries and Temples. They were placed in libraries and Archives. ARCHIVES- A place where documents and manuscripts are stored. Two types of writings Nashtaliq ( cursive and easy) Shikaste ( dense and difficult)

13. Innovation: Persian wheel in Irrigation Spinning wheel in Weaving Firearms in Combat New crops Potatoes Corn Chillies Tea Coffee

14. SOCIAL GROUPS: Rajputs – “ Rajputras”- kshatriyas- valour and Loyalist. Marathas Sikhs Jats Ahoms Kayasthas(Caste of scribes and Secretaries)

15. SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION: Based on Jati/ sub-caste, occupation and background. Jati- own rules. Jati Panchayats- villages governed by chieftain.

16. Region and empire:

17. Old and new religions: Hinduism Brahmans Idea of bhakti Islam Shia ( follower of prophet Muhammad's son- in-law, Ali ) Sunni (followers of Khalifas )

18. Thinking about time and historical periods: British historians divided the history of India into Three periods: Hindu Muslim British