class 11th Ch 8 fundamentals of anatomy, physiology, kinesiology in sports by bhawani pratap singh shekhawat

based on the latest syllabus

1. CBSE 11TH CLASS BY: BHAWANI PRATAP SINGH SHEKHAWAT By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] // SESSION 2020-21

2. CHAPTER – 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & KINESIOLOGY IN SPORTS By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

3. CONTENTS By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

4. 8.1 DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & KINESIOLOGY By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

5. MEANING OF ANATOMY Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationships with other parts By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

6. HUMAN ANATOMY Human Anatomy Is The Study Of The Structure, Shape, Size, Weight & Location Of All The Organs Of Human Body. A Detailed Knowledge Of The Structures Of Various Systems Of Human Body Is Provided In Human Anatomy. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

7. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Is The Study Of All The Systems Of Human Body & Their Mutual Relationships. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

8. MEANING OF KINESIOLOGY Kinesiology Is The Study Of The Mechanics Of Body Movements To Provide Information About The State Of Health Of All Body Organs And Systems. It Is The Science Dealing With The Interrelationship Of Physiological Processes And Anatomy Of The Human Body With Respect To Movement By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

9. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & KINESIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

10. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & KINESIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION(CONT.) By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

11. 8.2 FUNCTION OF SKELETON SYSTEM, CLASSIFICATION OF BONES & TYPES OF JOINTS By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

12. SKELETAL SYSTEM The Human Skeleton Is The Internal Framework Of The Body. It Is Composed Of 270 Bones At Birth Which Decreases To 206 Bones By Adulthood After Some Bones Have Fused Together. The Human Skeleton Serves Major Functions Like Support, Movement, Protection, Etc. The Human Skeleton System Can Be Divided Into Two Parts : Axial Skeleton Formed By The Vertebral Column, The Rib Cage And The Skull. Appendicular Skeleton Is Attached To The Axial Skeleton, Is Formed By The Pectoral Girdle, The Pelvic Girdle And The Bones Of The Upper And Lower Limbs. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

13. SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONT.) AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1. Skull 28 Upper Limbs 64 2. Sternum 1 Lower Limbs 62 3. Ribs 24 4. Hyoid Bone 1 5. Vertebral Column Adult-26 Children-33 By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

14. FUNCTIONS OF BONES Provide Support Provide Protection Bony System Serves For The Attachment Of Muscles Bony System Gives Shape To The Body Act As Levers Passive Instruments Of Locomotion By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

15. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Long Bone Elongated Bone To Which Powerful Muscles, Such As Those Of The Leg And Arm, Are Attached. Short Bone Bones Shaped Somewhat Like Cubes That Facilitate Flexibility Of The Joints; Examples Include The Bones Of The Wrist And Ankle. Flat Bone Thin Bones That Protect Certain Organs, Including Most Of The Bones Of The Skull As Well As The Scapula. Irregular Bone Bones Of Varying Shapes And Sizes, Such As The Vertebrae And Certain Bones Of The Skull Or Pelvis. Sesamoid Bone Resemble Seed Of Sesame. Found In Knee, Hand & Foot By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

16. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS Joint is the place at which 2 or more bones meet in skeleton of the body. Joint may be fixed or moveable. Study of joint is Arthrology. According to capability of movement , the joints can be classified into 3 categories: Immovable or Synarthroses Joints Slightly Moveable or Amphiarthroses Joints Freely Moveable or Diarthroses Joints By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

17. 1. Immovable or Synarthrosis Joints An Immovable Joint Is An Articulation Between Bones In Which No Movement Occurs. It Is Also Referred To As Synarthrosis (Meaning Immovable) By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

18. 2. SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE OR AMPHIARTHROSES JOINTS Surfaces Of The Bones Are Separated By Some Intervening Substance Only Slight Movement Is Possible. Two Varieties: Symphysis: A Joint Where 2 Long Bony Surfaces Are Connected By A Broad, Flat Disc Of Fibrocartilage E.G. Inter-vertebral & Pubis Joint. Synchondrosis: A Temporary Form Of Joint. Cartilage Is Changed To Bone Before Adulthood. Found Between Diaphysis & Epiphyses Of Bones. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

19. 3. FREELY MOVEABLE OR DIARTHROSES JOINTS These Joints Are Also Called Synovial Joints Include Most Of The Types Of Joints Of The Body. Bones Are Covered With The Hyaline Cartilage & Are Surrounded By A Fibrous Articular Capsule Which Is Strengthened By Ligaments. Six Categories: Gliding Joints Hinge Joints Condyloid Joints Saddle Joints Ball & Socket Joints Pivot Joints By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

20. JOINTS MEANING IMAGE Gliding Joints Between Bones That Meet At Flat Or Nearly Flat Articular Surfaces. Hinge Joints One Rounded Surface Fits Into Another In Such A Way That Movement Is Only Possible In One Plane, As In Elbow Joint Condyloid Joints (Ellipsoid) Allow An Angular Movement In 2 Direction-flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction.As In The Wrist Joint But Not Rotation Saddle Joints This Joint Permits Great Freedom Of Movement, Enabling The Thumb To Be Opposed To The Fingers Ball & Socket Joint One Rounded Extremity Fits Into A Cavity Of Another Bone, Permitting Movement In All Directions E.G., The Hip Joint And The Shoulder Joint. Pivot Joints Joints With Rotary Movement In One Axis, Ring Rotates Around A Pivot E.G. Atlas & Axis Bones At The Top Of Neck, Forearm By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

21. 8.3 PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

22. PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES Muscle Cells, Also Known As Muscle Fibers Or Myocytes, Are The Fundamental Units Of Our Muscles. Following 4 Properties Distinguish Them From Other Cells Excitability Capable Of Stimulation By Nerves Thru Chemical Signals Cells Generate Pulling Force Contractility Capable Of Contracting When Stimulated By Neural Input Nervous Impulses Travel Through Muscle Plasma Membrane To Stimulate Contraction Extensibility Possess Extensibility, Or The Capacity To Stretch After Contraction Muscle Can Be Stretched Back To Original Length By Opposing Muscle Action Elasticity Capable Of Returning To Its Original Resting Length After Being Stretched After Being Stretched, Muscle Passively Recoils To Resume Its Resting Length By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

23. FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

24. 8.4 FUNCTION & STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

25. STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory System Is The System In Human Body That Enables To Breathe In Oxygen & Release Co². The Act Of Breathing Includes: Inhaling And Exhaling Air In The Body Absorption Of Oxygen From The Air In Order To Produce Energy Discharge Of Carbon Dioxide, Which Is The By Product Of The Process By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

26. STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(CONT.) The Nostrils Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

27. STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(CONT.) Nose & Nasal Cavity: The Function Of This Part Of The System Is To Warm, Filter And Moisten The Incoming Air Pharynx: Here The Throat Divides Into The Trachea (Wind Pipe) And Oesophagus (Food Pipe). There Is Also A Small Flap Of Cartilage Called The Epiglottis Which Prevents Food From Entering The Trachea Larynx: This Is Also Known As The Voice Box As It Is Where Sound Is Generated. Trachea: Also Known As The Windpipe This Is The Tube Which Carries Air From The Throat Into The Lungs. It Ranges From 20-25mm In Diameter And 10-16cm In Length. The Inner Membrane Of The Trachea Is Covered In Tiny Hairs Called Cilia, Which Catch Particles Of Dust Which We Can Then Remove Through Coughing. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

28. STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(CONT.) Bronchi: The Trachea Divides Into Two Tubes Called Bronchi, One Entering The Left And One Entering The Right Lung. The Left Bronchi Is Narrower, Longer And More Horizontal Than The Right. Once Inside The Lung The Bronchi Split Several Ways. Bronchioles: Bronchi Continue To Divide And Become Bronchioles, Very Narrow Tubes, Less Than 1 Millimetre In Diameter. There Is No Cartilage Within The Bronchioles And They Lead To Alveolar Sacs. Alveoli: Individual Hollow Cavities. Alveoli Have Very Thin Walls Which Permit The Exchange Of Gases Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide. They Are Surrounded By A Network Of Capillaries, Into Which The Inspired Gases Pass. There Are Approximately 3 Million Alveoli Within An Average Adult Lung. Diaphragm: The Diaphragm Is A Broad Band Of Muscle Which Sits Underneath The Lungs By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

29. TYPES OF RESPIRATION External Respiration Exchange Of Gases Between The Alveoli And The Blood Refers To A Process Of Inhaling Oxygen From The Air Into The Lungs And Expelling Carbon Dioxide From The Lungs To The Air. Exchange Of Gases Both In And Out Of The Blood Occurs Simultaneously. Internal Respiration Exchange Of Gases Between The Blood And Tissue Cells Also Known As Tissue Respiration/Cellular Respiration Refers To A Metabolic Process In Which Oxygen Is Released To Tissues Or Living Cells And Carbon Dioxide Is Absorbed By The Blood. Once Inside The Cell The Oxygen Is Used For Producing Energy In The Form Of ATP Or Adenosine Triphosphate. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

30. FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory System: Oxygen Delivery System. The Primary Function Of The Respiratory System Is To Supply The Blood With Oxygen In Order For The Blood To Deliver Oxygen To All Parts Of The Body. The Respiratory System Does This Through Breathing. When We Breathe, We Inhale Oxygen And Exhale Carbon Dioxide. If This Supply Of Oxygen Is Suspended For More Than 4 Minutes , It Can Be Fatal . In Addition To Air Distribution And Gas Exchange, The Respiratory System Filters, Warms, And Humidifies The Air You Breathe. Organs In The Respiratory System Also Play A Role In Speech And The Sense Of Smell. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

31. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION The act of Breathing: Inhalation and exhalation INHALATION EXHALATION The Intake Of Air Into The Lungs Through Expansion Of Chest Volume. The Expulsion Of Air From The Lungs Through Contraction Of Chest Volume. Inhalation And Exhalation Involves Muscles: Diaphragm And Rib Muscles Are Constantly Contracting And Relaxing (Approximately 16 Times Per Minute), Thus Causing The Chest Cavity To Increase And Decrease. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

32. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: INSPIRATION (INHALATION) During Inhalation – The Muscles Contract: Contraction Of The Diaphragm Muscle – Causes The Diaphragm To Flatten, Thus Enlarging The Chest Cavity. Contraction Of The Rib Muscles – Causes The Ribs To Rise, Thus Increasing The Chest Volume. The Chest Cavity Expands, Thus Reducing Air Pressure And Causing Air To Be Passively Drawn Into The Lungs. Air Passes From The High Pressure Outside The Lungs To The Low Pressure Inside The Lungs. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

33. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: EXPIRATION (EXHALATION) During Exhalation – The Muscles Relax The Muscles Are No Longer Contracting, They Are Relaxed. The Diaphragm Curves And Rises, The Ribs Descend – And Chest Volume Decreases. The Chest Cavity Contracts Thus Increasing Air Pressure And Causing The Air In The Lungs To Be Expelled Through The Upper Respiratory Tract. Air Passes From The High Pressure In The Lungs To The Low Pressure In The Upper Respiratory Tract. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

34. ORGAN STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Nasal Cavity Lined With Capillaries Lined With Cilia Warms, Moistens And Filters Air Entering The Respiratory System Pharynx Body Cavity That Connects The Nasal And Oral Cavities With The Larynx And Oesophagus Path That Connects Nasal Cavity To The Trachea Epiglottis A Tiny Flap Of Connective Tissue Prevents Food From Entering The Trachea Prevents Air From Entering The Stomach When Breathing In Larynx Made Up Of Cartilage To Produce Sound For Communication Contains The Vocal Cords Trachea A Hollow Tube Surrounded By Tough, Flexible C- Shaped Cartilage Rings Lined With Cilia Lined With Mucus Secreting Cells Allows Air To Pass From The Pharynx Into The Lungs Cartilage Rings Prevent The Trachea From Collapsing By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

35. ORGAN STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Lung Composed Of The Bronchi, Bronchioles And Alveoli The Main Organs Of The Respiratory System Bronchi Branch Out Of The Trachea Hollow Tubes Surrounded By Cartilage Rings Lined With Cilia And Mucus Secreting Cells To Carry The Air Into The Lungs Bronchioles Branch Out Of The Bronchi – Large Bronchioles Secrete Mucous And Are Lined With Cilia To Carry Air To The Alveoli Alveoli Clusters Of Tiny Hollow Air Sacs; The Ends Of The Smallest Bronchioles Surrounded By An Extensive Network Of Capillaries Very Small Structures With Very High Surface Area Are The Sites Of Gas Exchange By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

36. STRUCTURE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION The Circulatory System Is A Network That Carries Blood Throughout The Body. All Animals Except The Simplest Kinds Have Some Type Of Circulatory System. The Human Circulatory System Supplies The Cells Of The Body With The Food And Oxygen Needed To Survive. At The Same Time, It Carries Carbon Dioxide And Other Wastes Away From The Cells. The Circulatory System Also Helps Regulate Body Temperature And Carries Substances That Protect The Body From Disease The System Transports Chemical Substances Called Hormones, Which Help Regulate The Activities Of Various Parts Of The Body. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

37. SYSTEM CAN BE STUDIED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADS By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

38. A. HEART By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

39. 1. LOCATION OF HEART Located In The Thorax Between The Lungs And Above The Central Depression Of Diaphragm 240 Gm To 320 Gm Situated Closer To The Front Of The Chest Than To The Back And Slightly To The Left Side By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

40. 2. STRUCTURE OF HEART The Human HEART Has 4 Chambers Blood Flows Down Through The: Right Atrium To The Right Ventricle Then To The Left Atrium To The Left Ventricle Blood Flow Controlled By Valves By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

41. 3. FUNCTION OF HEART Circulation Of Blood Throughout The Body Systemic Circulation : Carries Oxygenated Blood Away From The Heart To The Body, And Returns Deoxygenated Blood Back To The Heart Pulmonary Circulation: Carries Deoxygenated Blood Away From The Heart, To The Lungs, And Returns Oxygenated (Oxygen-rich) Blood Back To The Heart. Systemic Circulation Has Greater Force Than Pulmonary Circulation By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

42. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Blood Comes Out From Left Ventricle By Aorta Blood Passes Through Small Arteries Which Carry The Blood To Various Part Of The Body Arteries Are Divided And Sub-divided Until The Arterioles Are Reached Arterioles Have Narrow Passage & Perform Two Functions Maintenance Of Arterial Blood Pressure Regulation Of Flow Of Blood Into Capillaries Capillaries Have Thin Walls So That Exchange Can Take Place Between Plasma And Interstitial Fluid By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

43. PULMONARY CIRCULATION From Right Auricle The Blood Passes Into Right Ventricle Right Ventricle Contracts , Blood Goes Into Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Artery Is Divided To Carry The Blood To Left And Right Lung In Lungs, Artery Breaks Into Smaller Arteries To Arterioles To Pulmonary Capillaries. Blood Takes O2 And Leaves Co2 Pulmonary Capillaries Unite Until Veins Are Formed Blood Comes Back To Heart By Four Pulmonary Veins To Left Auricle By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

44. B. ARTERIES The  Arteries  Are The Blood Vessels That Deliver Oxygen-rich Blood From The Heart To The Tissues Of The Body.  Arteries May Be Divided Into Three Classes Elastic Arteries Maintain Continuous Flow Of Blood Away From The Heart. Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries (Location) Very Large And May Be Up To 3 Cm In Diameter Muscular Arteries Assist In Maintaining Blood Pressure. Most Of The "Named" Arteries Of The Body.(Location) Medium Size And Distribute The Blood To The Various Organs Arterioles Control Blood Flow To Capillary Networks Maintain Blood Pressure Of The Body Much Small In Size By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

45. C. VEINS Veins  Are Blood Vessels That Carry Blood Towards The Heart. Most Veins Carry Deoxygenated Blood From The Tissues Back To The Heart, Exceptions Are The Pulmonary And Umbilical Veins, Both Of Which Carry Oxygenated Blood To The Heart. Veins Are Less Muscular Than Arteries And Are Often Closer To The Skin. There Are Valves In Most Veins To Prevent Backflow. Veins Are Present Throughout The Body As Tubes That Carry Blood Back To The Heart. The Largest Veins In The Human Body Are The Vena Cava. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

46. D. CAPILLARIES A  Capillary  Is A Small Blood Vessel From 5 To 10 Micrometers In Diameter. They Are The Smallest Blood Vessels In The Body, They Convey Blood Between The Arterioles And Venules. There Are Three Types Of Capillaries Continuous Capillaries Found In All Types Of Muscles In Connective Tissue And In Central Nervous System(CNS) Fenestrated Capillaries Found In Renal Organ, Endocrine Glands And In Intestines Sinusoidal Capillaries Enlarge Capillaries Found In The Liver, Spleen And Bone Marrow By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

47. FUNCTIONS OF CAPILLARIES Exchange Of Material Takes Place About 7000 Sq. Meters Of Blood Capillaries In An Adult’s Body Glandular Organs- Supply The Substances Required For Secretion Alimentary Canal- Take Up Some Of The Digested Food Lungs- Get Oxygen And Give Up Carbon Dioxide Kidneys- Discharge The Waste Products Collected From Other Parts By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

48. FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

49. 8.5 EQUILIBRIUM – DYNAMIC & STATIC AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN SPORTS Equilibrium Equilibrium Is Defined As A State Of Balance Or A Stable Situation, Where Opposite Forces Cancel Each Other Out And Where No Changes Are Occurring. Types Of Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium :  Dynamic Stability Is A Balance Of Body During Movement Static Equilibrium   Static Equilibrium Is The Balance Of The Body During Its Rest Or Stationary Position. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

50. PRINCIPLES OF STABILITY By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

51. PRINCIPLES OF STABILITY(CONT.) General Factors Applicable To Enhancing Equilibrium, Maximizing Stability, & Ultimately Achieving Balance: A Person Has Balance When The Centre Of Gravity Falls Within The Base Of Support A Person Has Balance In The Direct Proportion To The Size Of The Base. The Larger The Base Of Support, The More Balance A Person Has Balance Depending On The Weight (Mass).The Greater The Weight, The More Balance A Person Has Balance, Depending On The Height Of The Centre Of Gravity The Lower The Centre Of Gravity, The More Balance A Person Has Balance, Depending On Where The Centre Of Gravity Is In Relation To The Base Of Support Balance Is Less If The Centre Of Gravity Is Near The Edge Of The Base By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

52. CENTRE OF GRAVITY Centre Of Gravity Is That Point In A Body Or System Around Which Its Mass Or Weight Is Evenly Distributed Or Balanced And Through Which The Force Of Gravity Acts. The Centre Of Gravity Is Continuously Changing During Movements. It Can Be Either Within Or Outside The Body Depending On The Shape Of The Body. It Always Shift In The Direction Of Movement. By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //

53. For Any QUERY feel Free to contact me!!! For Any QUERY feel Free to contact me!!! By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // [email protected] / [phone] //