Class 9 Science NCERT Solution Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life
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About This Presentation
This chapter focuses on cells, the basic structural and functional units of life. It introduces the concept of cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells, and emphasizes the significance of cells in biological processes.
Slide Content
NCERT
SolutionsSolutions Solutions
BIOLOGY
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25Artham
Resource Material
9
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Class
Chapter 5 : The Fundamental Unit of Life
SolutionsSolutions Solutions
BIOLOGY
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25Artham
Resource Material
9
Powered by
Class
Chapter 5 : The Fundamental Unit of Life
Chapter - 5
The Fundamental Unit of Life
Questions:
Q. 1 Who discovered cells and how?
Ans.:
• In 1665, Robert Hooke, a British scientist discovered cells.
• He took a thin slice of cork from an oak tree and observed it under
the microscope.
• He observed honeycomb-like compartments bounded by thick
walls; hence, named them “cells”.
Q. 2 Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of life?
Ans.:
• The cell is called the structural unit of life because all the organisms
are made up of cells.
• The cell is also known as the functional unit of life because all the
things that an organism does are controlled by cells.
• Cells organise and form tissues, which form organs which further
form organ systems that perform all the bodily functions.
• Hence a cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
Questions:
Q.1 How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell?
Ans.: Diffusion is the process by which particles move from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, until uniform
concentration is finally achieved. Carbon dioxide (CO2) moves in and out
of the cells by the process of diffusion.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. Osmosis is diffusion of water from
the region of its higher concentration (pure water or dilute solution) to the
The Fundamental Unit of Life
Questions:
Q. 1 Who discovered cells and how?
Ans.:
• In 1665, Robert Hooke, a British scientist discovered cells.
• He took a thin slice of cork from an oak tree and observed it under
the microscope.
• He observed honeycomb-like compartments bounded by thick
walls; hence, named them “cells”.
Q. 2 Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of life?
Ans.:
• The cell is called the structural unit of life because all the organisms
are made up of cells.
• The cell is also known as the functional unit of life because all the
things that an organism does are controlled by cells.
• Cells organise and form tissues, which form organs which further
form organ systems that perform all the bodily functions.
• Hence a cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
Questions:
Q.1 How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell?
Ans.: Diffusion is the process by which particles move from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, until uniform
concentration is finally achieved. Carbon dioxide (CO2) moves in and out
of the cells by the process of diffusion.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. Osmosis is diffusion of water from
the region of its higher concentration (pure water or dilute solution) to the
region of its lower concentration (strong solution) though a
semipermeable membrane. Water moves in and out of the cells by
osmosis.
Both diffusion and osmosis are physical or mechanical processes and do
not require spending of energy for their performance by the cells.They are
both gradient dependent process.
Q.2 Why is plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane?
Ans.:
• The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane.
• It is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents
inside of the cell from its outside environment.
• Plasma membrane only allows some materials, like some small
molecules and water molecules, to enter the cell or leave from the
cell.
• Not everything that comes in contact with the cell membrane can
enter the cell because of this.
• So, the plasma membrane is known as a selectively permeable
membrane. It selects or chooses what goes in and out of the cell.
Questions:
Q.1 Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
semipermeable membrane. Water moves in and out of the cells by
osmosis.
Both diffusion and osmosis are physical or mechanical processes and do
not require spending of energy for their performance by the cells.They are
both gradient dependent process.
Q.2 Why is plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane?
Ans.:
• The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane.
• It is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents
inside of the cell from its outside environment.
• Plasma membrane only allows some materials, like some small
molecules and water molecules, to enter the cell or leave from the
cell.
• Not everything that comes in contact with the cell membrane can
enter the cell because of this.
• So, the plasma membrane is known as a selectively permeable
membrane. It selects or chooses what goes in and out of the cell.
Questions:
Q.1 Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ans.:
prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell
1. Size : Generally small (1-
10????????????); 1???????????? = 10
−6
m
2. Nuclear region :
……………………
…………………..
And known as ………..
3. Chromosome :single
4. Membrane – bound
Organelles :absent
1. Size : Generally large (5-
100 ????????????)
2. Nuclear region : Well
defined and surrounded by a
nuclear membrane
3. Chromosome : more than
one
4. ……………….
……………….
Exercise
Questions:
Q. 1 Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their
own genetic material?
Ans.: Mitochondria and Plastids are two cell organelles that contain their
own genetic material. They are also known as Semi-Autonomous
organelles as they have their own DNA(Genetic Material) and
Ribosomes.
Q.2 If the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical and
chemical influence, what will happen?
Ans.: Cell is the smallest unit of a life which is able to perform all basic
prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell
1. Size : Generally small (1-
10????????????); 1???????????? = 10
−6
m
2. Nuclear region :
……………………
…………………..
And known as ………..
3. Chromosome :single
4. Membrane – bound
Organelles :absent
1. Size : Generally large (5-
100 ????????????)
2. Nuclear region : Well
defined and surrounded by a
nuclear membrane
3. Chromosome : more than
one
4. ……………….
……………….
Exercise
Questions:
Q. 1 Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their
own genetic material?
Ans.: Mitochondria and Plastids are two cell organelles that contain their
own genetic material. They are also known as Semi-Autonomous
organelles as they have their own DNA(Genetic Material) and
Ribosomes.
Q.2 If the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical and
chemical influence, what will happen?
Ans.: Cell is the smallest unit of a life which is able to perform all basic
functions of life. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some
physical and chemical influence, it will not able to perform all living
functions like respiration, nutrition, excretion, etc. and the cell will
ultimately die.
Q.3 Why are lysosomes are known as suicide bags?
Ans.:
• Lysosomes are the waste disposal system of the cell.
• They help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign materials
or worn out cell organelles.
• Lysosomes contain a powerful digestive enzyme capable of
digesting all organic materials.
• Lysosomes are also known as "Suicide Bags" because whenever
their is some disturbance in cell metabolism or when the cell gets
damaged, the lysosomes burst themselves resulting in the digestion
of their own cell by the digestive enzymes.
Q. 4 Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?
Ans.: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They are small and
dense particles which occur freely in the cytosol or remain attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum. They take part in the synthesis of proteins.
Q.1 Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are
different from animal cells.
Ans.: Difference between plant cell and animal cell:
physical and chemical influence, it will not able to perform all living
functions like respiration, nutrition, excretion, etc. and the cell will
ultimately die.
Q.3 Why are lysosomes are known as suicide bags?
Ans.:
• Lysosomes are the waste disposal system of the cell.
• They help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign materials
or worn out cell organelles.
• Lysosomes contain a powerful digestive enzyme capable of
digesting all organic materials.
• Lysosomes are also known as "Suicide Bags" because whenever
their is some disturbance in cell metabolism or when the cell gets
damaged, the lysosomes burst themselves resulting in the digestion
of their own cell by the digestive enzymes.
Q. 4 Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?
Ans.: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They are small and
dense particles which occur freely in the cytosol or remain attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum. They take part in the synthesis of proteins.
Q.1 Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are
different from animal cells.
Ans.: Difference between plant cell and animal cell:
Plant cell Animal cell
It is usually larger in size. It is smaller than plant cell.
Plasma membrane is surrounded
by rigid non-living cell wall made
up of cellulose.
Cell wall is absent.
The vacuoles are well developed.
In a mature plant cell, usually a
single large vacuole is present.
Vacuoles either are absent or if
present are small in size.
Centrosome and centrioles are
absent.
Centrosome and centrioles are
present.
They contain chloroplast They don't have chloroplast
Plastids are present. Plastids are absent.
It is usually larger in size. It is smaller than plant cell.
Plasma membrane is surrounded
by rigid non-living cell wall made
up of cellulose.
Cell wall is absent.
The vacuoles are well developed.
In a mature plant cell, usually a
single large vacuole is present.
Vacuoles either are absent or if
present are small in size.
Centrosome and centrioles are
absent.
Centrosome and centrioles are
present.
They contain chloroplast They don't have chloroplast
Plastids are present. Plastids are absent.
Q.2 How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
Ans.:
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Lack of organized nucleus, the
genetic material present in the form
of nucleoid.
Nucleus well organized.
Nuclear membrane absent. Nuclear membrane present.
Only a single chromosome is
present
More than one chromosome is
present
Membrane-bound organelles
absent.
Membrane-bound organelles
present.
Nucleolus is absent. Nucleolus is present.
Cell division takes place by fission
or budding.
Cell division takes place by mitosis
or meiosis.
Size of cell is small Size of cell is generally large
Example:-Bacterial, blue green
algae.
Example:-Plant, animal, fungi.
Ans.:
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Lack of organized nucleus, the
genetic material present in the form
of nucleoid.
Nucleus well organized.
Nuclear membrane absent. Nuclear membrane present.
Only a single chromosome is
present
More than one chromosome is
present
Membrane-bound organelles
absent.
Membrane-bound organelles
present.
Nucleolus is absent. Nucleolus is present.
Cell division takes place by fission
or budding.
Cell division takes place by mitosis
or meiosis.
Size of cell is small Size of cell is generally large
Example:-Bacterial, blue green
algae.
Example:-Plant, animal, fungi.
Q.3 What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or break down?
Ans.:
• Plasma membrane is the outer covering of the cell.
• It is semi permeable in nature. This means that it allows only certain
molecules to enter or leave the cell.
• If the plasma membrane is rutured, the cell content (the cytoplasm
and organelles) will get displaced and the cell will die.
• No kind of cell uptake would be possible, this means no osmosis or
diffusion.
Q.4 What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi
apparatus?
Ans.:
If there was no Golgi apparatus in the cell, the following cell activities
would be affected:
(i) Formation of lysosomes
(ii) Packaging and dispatching of material synthesized near endoplasmic
reticulum to various targets inside/outside cells
(iii) The formation of cell plate and cell membrane
(iv) Storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles
Q.5 Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?
Ans.:
• The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
(Singular: Mitochondrion; Plural: Mitochondria)
• Reason: ATP synthesis takes place in the mitochondria.
• ATP molecules (Adenosine Triphosphate) are the energy molecules.
• ATP molecules store and transport chemical energy within cells
which they use to carry out the different processed.
Ans.:
• Plasma membrane is the outer covering of the cell.
• It is semi permeable in nature. This means that it allows only certain
molecules to enter or leave the cell.
• If the plasma membrane is rutured, the cell content (the cytoplasm
and organelles) will get displaced and the cell will die.
• No kind of cell uptake would be possible, this means no osmosis or
diffusion.
Q.4 What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi
apparatus?
Ans.:
If there was no Golgi apparatus in the cell, the following cell activities
would be affected:
(i) Formation of lysosomes
(ii) Packaging and dispatching of material synthesized near endoplasmic
reticulum to various targets inside/outside cells
(iii) The formation of cell plate and cell membrane
(iv) Storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles
Q.5 Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?
Ans.:
• The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
(Singular: Mitochondrion; Plural: Mitochondria)
• Reason: ATP synthesis takes place in the mitochondria.
• ATP molecules (Adenosine Triphosphate) are the energy molecules.
• ATP molecules store and transport chemical energy within cells
which they use to carry out the different processed.
Q.6 Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get
synthesized?
Ans.: The Lipids and Proteins that constitute the cell membrane are
mainly synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.Their are two types of
Endoplasmic Reticulum:-
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:- Which is without the presence of
ribosomes and is specialized for synthesizing lipids used in cell
membrane.
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:- Which has Ribosomes attached on
the outer surface and are specialized to synthesize proteins used in cell
membrane
Q.7 How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
Ans.: Amoeba obtains its food through the process of endocytosis. The
plasma membrane of Amoeba is flexible, which help the amoeba to engulf
its food particles and other material from its external environment. The
flexible plasma membrane that an amoeba uses to capture its prey is
known as pseudopodia. (meaning false legs).
synthesized?
Ans.: The Lipids and Proteins that constitute the cell membrane are
mainly synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.Their are two types of
Endoplasmic Reticulum:-
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:- Which is without the presence of
ribosomes and is specialized for synthesizing lipids used in cell
membrane.
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:- Which has Ribosomes attached on
the outer surface and are specialized to synthesize proteins used in cell
membrane
Q.7 How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
Ans.: Amoeba obtains its food through the process of endocytosis. The
plasma membrane of Amoeba is flexible, which help the amoeba to engulf
its food particles and other material from its external environment. The
flexible plasma membrane that an amoeba uses to capture its prey is
known as pseudopodia. (meaning false legs).
Q.8 What is osmosis?
Ans.: Osmosis is a special case of diffusion of water molecules from a
region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through
a semi-permeable membrane. The below diagram shows osmosis:-
Q.9 Carry out the following osmosis experiment:
Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato
cups. One of these potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put
each potato cup into a trough containing water.
Now
(a) keep cup A empty;
(b) put one teaspoon sugar in cup B;
(c) put one teaspoon salt in cup C.
(d) put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D;
Keep these for 2 hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the
following
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A
and D?
Ans.:
Ans.: Osmosis is a special case of diffusion of water molecules from a
region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through
a semi-permeable membrane. The below diagram shows osmosis:-
Q.9 Carry out the following osmosis experiment:
Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato
cups. One of these potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put
each potato cup into a trough containing water.
Now
(a) keep cup A empty;
(b) put one teaspoon sugar in cup B;
(c) put one teaspoon salt in cup C.
(d) put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D;
Keep these for 2 hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the
following
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A
and D?
Ans.:
(i) Water gathers in the hollowed portion of unboiled potatoes B and C
because the cells of potatoes gained water by endosmosis.
The water moveed inside the cell by osmosis(From higher concentration
to Lower Concentration).
(ii) Potato cup A is necessary in the experiment as a ‘control’ for
providing comparison with situations created in potato cups B, C and D.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed portion of potato cup A as their
is no concentration gradient( differences in concentration of water) as a
result of which process of osmosis does not occur thus no water is
gathered in the hollowed portion
Water is not able to enter into potato cup D because potato cup D is boiled
potato cup. Boiling the potato results in the death of cells as a result the
membranes of the potato cells lose their permeability and osmosis doens't
occur.
Q.10 Which type of cell division is required for growth and repair of body
and which type is involved in formation of gametes?
Ans.:
Cell division: It is the process of formation of two daughter cells from a
single cell following a series of steps.
Mitosis:
1. It is also known as equational division because it forms exactly a xerox
copy of the previous cell.
2. The DNA amount remains constant and also the chromosome number
remains constant in a species.
3. This is the cell division required for growth and repair of the body as it
adds up identical cells to a certain part of the body increasing its size.
4. In case of injuries where the cells are damaged, mitosis occurs to repair
those regions.
because the cells of potatoes gained water by endosmosis.
The water moveed inside the cell by osmosis(From higher concentration
to Lower Concentration).
(ii) Potato cup A is necessary in the experiment as a ‘control’ for
providing comparison with situations created in potato cups B, C and D.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed portion of potato cup A as their
is no concentration gradient( differences in concentration of water) as a
result of which process of osmosis does not occur thus no water is
gathered in the hollowed portion
Water is not able to enter into potato cup D because potato cup D is boiled
potato cup. Boiling the potato results in the death of cells as a result the
membranes of the potato cells lose their permeability and osmosis doens't
occur.
Q.10 Which type of cell division is required for growth and repair of body
and which type is involved in formation of gametes?
Ans.:
Cell division: It is the process of formation of two daughter cells from a
single cell following a series of steps.
Mitosis:
1. It is also known as equational division because it forms exactly a xerox
copy of the previous cell.
2. The DNA amount remains constant and also the chromosome number
remains constant in a species.
3. This is the cell division required for growth and repair of the body as it
adds up identical cells to a certain part of the body increasing its size.
4. In case of injuries where the cells are damaged, mitosis occurs to repair
those regions.
Meiosis:
1. It is known as the reductional division as the chromosome number
reduces to half in this type of division.
2. It can form gametes as gametes need to be haploid cells so that they can
fuse together in order to form a diploid zygote which will give rise to a
new offspring.
1. It is known as the reductional division as the chromosome number
reduces to half in this type of division.
2. It can form gametes as gametes need to be haploid cells so that they can
fuse together in order to form a diploid zygote which will give rise to a
new offspring.
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CLASS 9 (ALL SUBJECTS)
CLASS 9 (ALL SUBJECTS)
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1. Share your valuable resources with the group.
2. Help your fellow educators by answering their queries.
3. Watch and engage with shared videos in the group.
4. Distribute WhatsApp group resources among your students.
5. Encourage your colleagues to join these groups.
Additional notes:
1. Avoid posting messages between 9 PM and 7 AM.
2. After sharing resources with students, consider deleting outdated data if necessary.
3. It's a NO Nuisance groups, single nuisance and you will be removed.
No introductions.
No greetings or wish messages.
No personal chats or messages.
No spam. Or voice calls
Share and seek learning resources only.
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Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking &
Innovation
Financial Literacy
Handicrafts
Information
Technology Marketing/Commercial
Application
Mass Media - Being Media
Literate
Travel & Tourism
Coding
Data Science (Class VIII
only)
Augmented Reality /
Virtual Reality
Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine &
Vaccine
Things you should know
about keeping Medicines
at home
What to do when Doctor
is not around
Humanity & Covid-19 Blue Pottery
Pottery Block Printing
Food Food Preservation Baking Herbal Heritage
Khadi
Mask Making Mass Media
Making of a Graphic
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Khadi
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Making of a Graphic
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Kashmiri
Embroidery Embroidery
Rockets
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Satellites
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Medical Diagnostics Textile Design
Design
Salesmanship
Business
Administration
Food Nutrition &
Dietetics
Mass Media Studies
Library & Information
Science
Fashion Studies
Applied Mathematics
Yoga Early Childhood Care &
Education
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Data Science
Physical Activity
Trainer(new)
Land Transportation
Associate (NEW)
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Hardware (NEW)
Design Thinking &
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