Climate change project edited.pdf community

Climate change project.

1. Community Medicine Project
Batch E(Roll 160-200) plus students from previous batches

2. Title
Awareness and perception about
climate change and human health
among outdoor attendees of a tertiary
care hospital in Darjeeling, West
Bengal
2

3. Overview of presentation
●Introduction
●Objective
●Methodology
●Results
●Summary
●Conclusions
●Limitations
●Recommendations
●Acknowledgement
●References
3

4. Introduction
4

5. Climate change -a significant threat
Commonly, refers global warming—the ongoing increase in global average
temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system
Most reasons are related to humans lifestyle, consumption, uses, and choices
that pollute and exploit resources in an unsustainable manner.
Greenhouse gas emissions -extraction and burning of fossil fuels are major
contributors.
Climate change will have deteriorating consequences upon agriculture, fisheries,
and may even result in collapsing ecosystem in future
5

6. Climate change -impact on human health
●Climate sensitive health risks-zoonoses and food,
water,vector-borne diseases, non-communicable diseases
-cancer, mental health issues.
○From 2030-2050, approx 250000 additional
deaths/year from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and
heat stress alone.
○Estimated direct damage costs to health US$ 2–4
billion/year by 2030.
6

7. Climate change -impact on human health
●Increase food instabilityconcerns -lead to increased use of more
intensive farming practices, including greater use of carcinogenic
pesticides and preservatives.
●Increasing the numbers of dispossessed peoples in the world, with
people fleeing either from natural encroachment on their homes by
flooding, or from uninhabitable conditions.
7

8. Climate change impact mitigation strategies
●Simple things, can be done by all now to build our resilience to the
effect of climate change and help slow it’s pace.
●Many of these action will also directly benefit healthcare, the
environment and economy.
●The Kyoto Protocol 1997, was an international agreement that aimed
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the presence of GHG in the
atmosphere.
8

9. Climate change impact mitigation strategies
●UN’s Sustainable Development Goals(SDG 13)-calls on countries
“to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact”
●National Programme on Climate Change & Human Health, 2019-
one of the primary objectives of creating awareness among general
population (vulnerable community), health-care providers and Policy
makers regarding impacts of climate change on human health.
9

10. Rationale
●While climate change is a widely recognized issue, awareness levels
vary
●Perceptionofhealthimpactsduetoclimatechangeiscloselylinkedto
dailyexperiences.Economicpressuresmightnotmotivatepeoplefor
long-termhealthconsiderations
●Lack of published literature in current setting regarding awareness of
common people regarding climate change
10

11. Rationale
●Improving the awareness and perception of climate change impacts
among common people is essential for building resilience and
improving health outcomes.
●World Environment Day 2024 -“Landrestoration, desertification and
drought resilience”
11

12. Objectives
1.To assess the awareness about climate change among
outpatient department (OPD) attendees of a tertiary care
hospital in Darjeeling, West Bengal.
2.To find out the perception of the study participants about
the effect of climate change on human health and
environment.
12

13. Methodology
13

14. Methodology
Study type: Observational Descriptive study
Study design: Cross-sectional design
Study Setting: Different OPDs of North Bengal Medical
College and Hospital (NBMCH), a tertiary care hospital in
Darjeeling, West Bengal
14

15. Methodology
Study Period: 1 month
(1
st
June 2024 -30
th
June 2024)
15

16. Gantt chart
Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Preparatory
phase
(introduction,
topic selection,
review of
literature,
preparation of
schedule​
Data collection
Data analysis
Presentation
Report writing
16

17. Methodology
●Study Population:
○Persons visiting Different OPDs of NBMCH during the
data collection period.
○Inclusion criteria: Age ≥ 18 years
○Exclusion Criteria: ​Unwilling participants (who have not
given consent)​.
17

18. Sampling
Sample size:
Each of the students collected around 5 data to arrive at a sample size
of 350
Sampling technique: Non-probability, purposive sampling
18

19. Study tools and Technique
Interview with a Pre-designed Pre-tested schedule developed based on a
previous study**
●Section A : Socio-demographic characteristics
●Section B : Awareness about Climate change
●Section C : Perception about effect of climate change on human health
and environment
The schedulewas converted into Bengali and Hindi
Pretesting was done in immunizationclinic, Dept of Community Medicine, NBMCHamong 5
persons
**Kabir MI, Rahman MB, Smith W, Lusha MA, Azim S, Milton AH. Knowledge and perception about
climate change and human health: findings from a baseline survey among vulnerable communities in
Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2016 Dec;16:1-0.
19

20. Study Variables:
●Socio-demographic variables-
○Age , Sex , Residence, Education level, Occupation
○Socioeconomic status as per Modified BG Prasad Scale**
●Ever heard of climate change
●Source of information about climate change
●Awareness about
●Type of climate change
●Reasons for climate change
**Sandhya Rani Javalkar, Shalini H, DavalagiSB, S VG. Socioeconomic status assessment
in India: history and updates for 2024. International journal of community medicine and
public health. 2024 Feb 29;11(3):1369–77.
20

21. Study Variables:
Perception*about the effect of climate change on -
●Environment-
Extremes of temperatures during summer or winter, Increase in cyclones,
floods, landslides, tidal waves, drought, earthquakes
Change in rainfall pattern, seawater level, ground water level
●Human -
Increased communicable diseases, vector borne diseases, snakebites, non-
communicable diseases, Scarcity of freshwater, decreased food
production,Increased health care expenditure
*Statements with closed-ended responses were constructed to assess perception
21

22. Data collection and analysis
22

23. Ethical issues
1.Informed consent taken verbally
2.Confidentiality, anonymity of the information were
maintained.
23

24. Results
24

25. Results
Interview was conducted among 351 OPD attendees in
various departments of NBMCH after taking verbal
consent.
Results are presented under following sub-sections
●Section I : Socio-demographic characteristics​
●Section ll : Awareness about climate change
●Section III : Perception about influence of climate change on
human health and environment
25

26. Section I
26

27. Table 1.1 Distribution of study participants according to
their age N=351
Inference : Majority of the study participants belonged to age group 21-30 years
(39.3%) followed by 31 to 40 years (32.2%);Mean age of the study participants were
34.3. ±10.6 years
Age group in years Frequency Percentage
< 21 16 4.6
21-30 138 39.3
31-40 113 32.2
41-50 51 14.5
51-60 26 7.4
> 60 7 2.0
Total 351 100.0
27

28. Fig1 :-Bar diagram showing age distribution of the
participants 28

29. Table 1.2 Distribution of study participants according to the
OPD attended N=351
OPD Frequency Percentage
General 25 7.1
Medicine 20 5.7
Surgery 40 11.4
Paediatrics 50 14.2
Gynaecology 45 12.8
Eye 76 21.7
ENT 95 27.1
Total 351 100.0
Inference : Majority of the
study participants
attended ENT OPD
(27.1%) followed by Eye
OPD (21.7%)
29

30. Table 1.3 Distribution of study participants according to
their sex (N= 351 )
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 200 57.0
Female 151 43.0
Total 351 100.0
Inference: Majority of study participants were males ( 57.0%)
followed by females (43%)
30

31. Fig 2 :-Pie diagram showing sex distribution of the participants
31

32. Table 1.4 Distribution of study participants according to
Residence (N=351 )
Residence Frequency Percentage
Rural 222 63.2
Urban 129 36.8
Total 351 100.0
Inference: Majority of study participants are rural
(63.2%) followed by urban (36.8%)
32

33. Fig 3 :-Pie diagram showing residence of the participants
33

34. Table 1.5 Distribution of study participants according to
their education (N=351 )
Education Frequency Percentage
Illiterate 17 4.8
No formal education 22 6.3
Primary (Class 1-4) 33 9.4
Mid-school (Class 5-8) 47 13.4
Secondary(Class 9-10) 56 16.0
Higher Secondary(Class
11-12)
86 24.5
Graduate and above 90 25.6
Total 351 100.0
Inference : Majority of the
study participants were
educated graduate and
above (25.6%) followed by
higher secondary (24.5%)
34

35. Fig 4 :-Bar diagram showing educational level of the participants 35

36. Table 1.6 Distribution of study participants according to their occupation
(N=351 )
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Professional 12 3.4
Business 70 19.9
Homemaker 91 25.9
Skilled 33 9.4
Unskilled 50 14.3
Student 36 10.3
Service 47 13.3
Retired 3 0.9
Unemployed 9 2.6
Total 351 100.0
Inference : Majority of the
study participants were
homemaker (25.9%)
followed by business
(19.9%)
36

37. Table 1.7 Distribution of study participants according to
Socio-economic status (N= 351 )
Inference: Majority of the study participants belong to class 2(38.2%) followed by
class 1(21.7%).
SES as per Modified BG Prasad FrequencyPercentage
Class 1 -Upper (INR 9098 and above) 76 21.7
Class 2 -Upper Middle(INR 4550 -9097) 134 38.2
Class 3 -Middle (INR 2729 –4549) 70 19.9
Class 4-Lower Middle(INR 1365 –2728) 57 16.2
Class 5-Lower (Below INR 1365) 14 4.0
Total 351 100.0
37

38. Section -II
38

39. Table 2.1 Distribution of study participants according to ever-hearing
about Climate change (N=351 )
Ever heard Frequency Percentage
Yes 343 97.7
No 8 2.3
Total 351 100.0
Inference: 343 (97.7%)of the study participants heard about climate
change.
***So further analysis was be done as n1=343
39

40. Fig 5:-Pie diagram showing distribution of
participants according to ever-hearing about climate
change
40

41. Table 2.2 Distribution of study participants according to their main source
of information (n1=343*)
Source of information Frequency Percentage
Newspaper 50 14.5
Television(TV) 124 36.1
Radio 8 2.3
Books or magazine 12 3.5
Neighbours 14 4.0
Family or relatives 36 10.5
Health workers, NGOs 13 3.7
Teachers 4 1.1
Internet,social media 82 23.9
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about
climate change.
Inference : Majority of the study
participants had TV (36.1%) as
their main source of information.
41

42. Table 2.3 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of type of climate change (n1=343*)
Responded Yes (%) No (%) Don’t know (%)
Type of climate change
Excessive heat336 (98.0) 6(1.7) 1(0.3)
Excessive cold165(48) 151(44) 27(7.8)
Change of
rainfall pattern
280(81.6) 37(10.8) 26(7.5)
Frequent
cyclone
167(48.6) 111(32.3) 65(18.9)
Frequent flood169(49.2) 129(37.6) 45(13.1)
Drought 203(59) 95(10.2) 45(13.1)
*343 participants ever-heard
about climate change.
Majority were aware
about excessive heat
(98.0%)and change in
rainfall pattern (81.6%)
as type of climate
change.
42

43. Fig 6:-Bar diagram showing awareness of participants
about type of climate change
43

44. Table 2.4 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of deforestation as a reason of climate change
(n1=343* )
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 329 96.0
No 7 2.0
Don’t know 7 2.0
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
44

45. Table 2.5 Distribution of study participants according to awareness
of population growth as reason of climate change (n1= 343* )
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 274 79.9
No 30 8.7
Don’t know 39 11.4
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
45

46. Table 2.6 Distribution of study participants according to awareness
of rapid urbanization causes of climate change (n1= 343* )
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 272 79.3
No 21 6.1
Don’t know 50 14.6
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
46

47. Table 2.7 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of increasing agricultural activities as reason
of climate change (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 148 43.1
No 128 37.3
Don’t know 67 19.5
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
47

48. Table 2.8 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of changes in lifestyle of humans as reason of
climate change (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 223 65.0
No 56 16.3
Don’t know 64 18.7
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
48

49. Table 2.9 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of air pollution by smoke from vehicles as
reason of climate change (n1= 343*)
ResponsesFrequency Percentage
Yes 291 84.8
No 20 5.8
Don’t know32 9.4
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
49

50. Table 2.10 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of excessive usage of fossils fuels as reason of
climate change (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 247 72.0
No 47 13.7
Don’t know 49 14.3
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
50

51. Table 2.11 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of industrial effluents as reason of climate
change (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 222 64.7
No 37 10.8
Don’t know 84 24.5
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
51

52. Table 2.12 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of changes in land-use pattern as reason of
climate change (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 153 44.6
No 83 24.2
Don’t know 107 31.2
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
52

53. Table 2.13 Distribution of study participants according to
awareness of plastic use as reason of climate change
(n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 298 86.9
No 20 5.8
Don’t know 25 7.3
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
53

54. Fig 7 :-Bar diagram showing awareness of participants
about reasons of climate change
54

55. Section III
55

56. Table 3.1 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased heat
during summers in the last 10 years (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 340 99.1
No 3 0.9
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
56

57. Table 3.2 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased cold
during summers in the last 10 years (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 180 52.5
No 147 42.9
Don’t know 16 4.7
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
57

58. Table 3.3 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased
episodes of cyclone/flood
(n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 196 57.1
No 86 25.1
Don’t know 61 17.8
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
58

59. Table 3.4 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increase in
landslides in the hilly regions
(n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 234 68.2
No 52 15.2
Don’t know 57 16.6
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
59

60. Table 3.5 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased
episodes of tidal waves (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 99 28.9
No 75 21.9
Don’t know 169 49.3
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
60

61. Table 3.6 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased
episodes of drought (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 211 61.5
No 72 21.0
Don’t know 60 17.5
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
61

62. Table 3.7 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to change in rainfall
pattern (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 283 82.5
No 26 7.6
Don’t know 34 9.9
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
62

63. Table 3.8 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to change in
seawater level in last 10 years (n1= 343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 177 51.6
No 43 12.5
Don’t know 123 35.9
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
63

64. Table 3.9 Distribution of participants according to
perception that climate change has led to change in
groundwater level in last 10 years (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 245 71.4
No 41 12.0
Don’t know 57 16.6
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
64

65. Table 3.10 Distribution of the participants according to
perception that climate change has led to scarcity of
freshwater due to increased salinity of seawater
(n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 167 48.7
No 49 14.3
Don’t know 127 37.0
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
65

66. Table 3.11 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to scarcity of
freshwater due to less rain (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 226 65.9
No 66 19.2
Don’t know 51 14.9
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
66

67. Table 3.12 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased
earthquakes in last 10 years (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 138 40.2
No 152 44.3
Don’t know 53 15.5
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
67

68. Table 3.13 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change can lead to reduced food
crop production (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 212 61.8
No 84 24.5
Don’t know 47 13.7
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
68

69. Table 3.14 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increase in
communicable diseases (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 221 64.4
No 63 18.4
Don’t know 59 17.2
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
69

70. Table 3.15 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased risks
of vector-borne diseases (like malaria, dengue)
(n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 248 72.3
No 53 15.5
Don’t know 42 12.2
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
70

71. Table 3.16 Distribution of participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increase in
number of snake bites in last 10 years (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 94 27.4
No 151 44.0
Don’t know 98 28.6
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
71

72. Table 3.17 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increase in non-
communicable diseases (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 222 64.7
No 45 13.1
Don’t know 76 22.2
Total 343 100
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
72

73. Table 3.18 Distribution of study participants according to
perception that climate change has led to increased health
care expenditure (n1=343*)
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 257 74.9
No 25 7.3
Don’t know 61 17.8
Total 343 100.0
*343 participants ever-heard about climate change.
73

74. Fig 8 :-Bar diagram showing perception of the participants
74

75. Summary
75

76. Summary
●An observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design was
conducted
●among 351 adult (>18 years) OPD attendees of various departments
of NBMCH
76

77. Summarycontd..
●Objectives:-
○To assess the awareness about climate change among study
participants
○To find out the perception of the study participants about the
effect of climate change on human health and environment.
●A Pre-designed Pre-tested schedule was used for face to face
interview with the attendees after obtaining verbal informed consent
77

78. Summarycontd..
Socio-demographic characteristics
●Majority of participants
○Belonged to age group 21 to 30 years (39.3%),
○Were males (​57.0%),
○Belonged to rural area (63.2%),
○Educated higher secondary and above (50.1%),
○Homemaker (25.9%) followed by business (19.9%) by
occupation,
○Belonged to upper middle socio-economic class (38.2%)
as per Modified BG Prasad Scale
78

79. Summarycontd..
●Awareness about Climate change
●Majority (97.7%) have ever heard of climate change with
Television (36.1%) as major source of information.
79

80. Summarycontd..
●Awareness about Climate change
●Majority were aware about excessive heat (98.0%)and change in
rainfall pattern (81.6%) as type of climate change.
●Majority were aware about deforestation (95.9%), plastic use
(86.9%) and air pollution by vehicular emissions (84.8%) as a
reason for climate change.
80

81. Summary
Perception about effect of climate change on human health and
environment
●Most of the participants (>60%) felt climate change can lead to
○Increased episodes of drought, landslides, scarcity of
freshwater, decrease in groundwater level, reduced food crop
production
○Increased burden of communicable and non-communicable
diseases
○Increased risk of Vector Borne Diseases (72.3%)
○Increased health care expenditure (74.9%)
81

82. Summarycontd..
●Most of the participants felt climate change can lead to
○Change in rainfall pattern (82.5%)
○Increased heat during summers (99.1%)
●Very few felt climate change can lead to increase in snake bites
(27.4%) or increase episodes of tidal waves (28.9%)
82

83. Conclusion
●OPDattendeesmostlyrecognizeclimatechangethroughobservable
changeslikeincreasedtemperaturesandalteredrainfallpatterns.
●Mostlyrelyonmassmedia(TV),internetsocialmedia,forinformation
●The awareness and perception of the study participants on changing
climatic factors and their impacts on health was >60% in most
parameters.
83

84. Conclusioncontd..
●However, awareness regarding few reasons of climate change like
agricultural and land use patterns were limited.
●Perception of few parameters were limited like incidence of snakebites,
changes in seawater level, earthquakes.
84

85. Limitations
●Hospital Based Study
●Interviewers bias –closed-endedquestions
85

86. Recommendation
●Public health sector needs to be engaged more in primary health care
by training health workers at field level to address climate change and
health issues.
●Collaborative efforts from government, community organizations, and
health professionals are needed to address the unique challenges
faced by common people.
●Qualitative research for in-depthunderstanding of the perceptions of
common people is required
86

87. Acknowledgement
Sincere thanks to the participants
Dr. (Prof.) Indrajit Saha, Principal, NBMC
Dr. (Prof.) Sarmila Mallik, Head of the Department of Community Medicine
Dr. Pallabi Dasgupta, Assistant Professor
Dr Sumit Saha, Junior Resident
Last but not the least, our batchmates
87

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88

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89

90. Thank you
90