climate change444444444444444444444.pptx

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1. Climate change and its causes

2. climate Climate is the average of many years of weather observation. It is long term, wide area, seasonal change measured over long spans of time.

3. Climate Change Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time. It describes changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the earth, external forces or, more recently, human activities.

4. Evidence for Anthropogenic Change Natural origin 　 external: land-sea distribution, orography, solar constant, orbital variations, volcano 　 internal variability of the climate system: (e.g., air-sea interaction,,,) Source: IPCC, 2007 Source of Greenhouse Gases

5. Observed Climate Change Rainfall Total rainfall and heavy rainfall events are increasing Maximum 24 hour rainfall is also increasing Temperature Days and nights are both becoming warmer. Warm spell duration (Long hot days) is increasing Cool nights and cool days are becoming less frequent. Extreme weather ahead

6. IPCC 2007a Greenhouse gases’ effect

7. Climate change Climate Seasonality Weather Decades Years Months Days

8. Pathways: climate change human health Source: adapted from Patz et al., 2000 Background

9. Change in disease pattern Food and nutrition Water source depletion Natural disaster Health Climate change Health impact of climate change Change in agent Change in carrier Change in host Disease Climate change Causal pathway Health impact of climate change: the causal pathway

10. Extreme weather related: cold waves and heat waves in the Tarai, Water and food borne: diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, giardiasis, amoebiasis, gastritis, jaundice and infectious hepatitis Climate induced disaster: prolonged droughts and flash floods Air pollution-related: respiratory diseases like acute respiratory infection (ARI), bronchitis & asthma Vector borne diseases: Japanese encephalitis, Malaria, Dengue and Kala-azar (Visceral leishmaniasis) Nutritional, Mental and Other: Malnutrition, Mental diseases and non-communicable diseases including injuries and accidents Climate Sensitive Diseases Identified by NAPA 10

11. Celsius Notes 27–32 °C Caution — fatigue is possible with prolonged exposure and activity. Continuing activity could result in heat cramps 32–41 °C Extreme caution — heat cramps , and heat exhaustion are possible. Continuing activity could result in heat stroke 41–54 °C Danger — heat cramps , and heat exhaustion are likely; heat stroke is probable with continued activity ≥54 °C Extreme danger — heat stroke is imminent Classification of heat index Source: Steadman (1979); http://www.bom.gov.au/info/thermal_stress

12. Impact of Climate Change Temperature A 1 o C increase in temperature could lead to an eight percent increase in the incidence of diarrhoea ( Checkley et al., 2000) Humidity Water ecology (algae, bacteria) Vector bionomics

13. 13 Malnutrition Malnutrition - 51% of children <5 years of age affected by stunting; 46% children underweight Foods deficit in 41 districts ; 31% households have less foods than requirement Unpredictable rainfall and hydrograph shifted Change in cropping calendar Fluctuation in rice/maize production Trend of Diseases (contd . )

14. Adaptation and Mitigation Global Environmental Changes, affecting: Climate Water Food yields Other materials Physical envtl. safety Microbial patterns Cultural assets Natural processes and forcings Impacts on human society: Livelihoods Economic productivity Social stability Health Human society: Culture, institutions Economic activity Demography Adaptation: Reduce impacts Human pressure on environment Mitigation: Reduce pressure on environment Mitigation for health sector: to promote and support initiatives that protect health by reducing greenhouse gas emissions Adaptation for health sector: strengthen prevention, surveillance and early warning systems pertaining to climate sensitive diseases

15. Impact of Climate Change Temperature A 1 o C increase in temperature could lead to an eight percent increase in the incidence of diarrhoea ( Checkley et al., 2000) Humidity Water ecology (algae, bacteria) Vector bionomics

16. Climate change….. It refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind pattern, and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer. Climate change occurs when in Earth’s climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades or millions of years.

17. Climate system Climate system has five interacting parts: Atmosphere-air Hydrosphere –water Cry sphere- ice and permafrost Biosphere-living things Lithosphere- earth’s crust and upper mantle

18. climate change Climate change is due to the human use of fossil fuels(oil and coal), which release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere which can have a range of effects on ecosystem, including rising sea levels, severe weathers events.

19. Causes of climate change Increase in temperature Release of greenhouse gases Deforestation Excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Industrialization Volcanic eruption

20. Effects of climate change on health The effect of climate change include warming of temperature, increase in frequency of weather events, and rising the sea levels. Impacts threaten our health by affecting the food, water, air, weather. Affects social and environmental determinants of health, clean air, safe drinking water, enough food and secure shelter.

21. Extreme heat Natural disaster and variable rainfall patterns Pattern of infection Infectious disease

22. Change in disease pattern Food and nutrition Water source depletion Natural disaster Health Climate change Health impact of climate change Change in agent Change in carrier Change in host Disease Climate change Causal pathway Health impact of climate change: the causal pathway

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