Climate of India Class X By Nawomica

India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.Though the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical.

1. Climate of India

2. Climate India has varied climatic conditions. Very hot and very cold regions as well as regions with very heavy rainfall and very scanty rainfall. A large part of south Asia has tropical monsoon climate. The climate has been influenced by its position , size and relief features as well as on air, pressure and wind condition .

3. FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA Latitudinal position RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF Role of Himalaya. Altitude. Relief features Influence of the seas RELATED TO AIR PRESSURE & WIND Prevailing wind Upper air circulation Western cyclones

4. THE HIMALAYAS- CLIMATIC BARRIER Monsoon Wind Monsoon Wind Monsoon Wind Monsoon Wind Cold Wave Cold Wave Cold Wave Cold Wave FACTORS RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF The Himalayan Mt.

5. DISTANCE FROM SEA MUMBAI CHENNAI KOLKOTA DELHI SIMLA Coastal areas have equable climate where as Interior parts have extreme climate. FACTORS RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF The Himalayan Mt. Distance from Sea

6. EQUATORIAL REGION TROPIC OF CANCER LATITUDE High Temp Low range High range of Temp FACTORS RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF Latitude The Himalayan Mt. Distance from Sea

7. AGRA 16 C in Jan DARJILING 4 C in January ALTITUDE HIGH ALTITUDE LOW ALTITUDE Temperature decreased from low to high altitude Decrease in Temperature FACTORS RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF Latitude The Himalayan Mt. Distance from Sea Altitude

8. Monsoon Wind Monsoon Wind Monsoon Wind Receives high rainfall Receives low rainfall RELIEF Western Ghat Mt. FACTORS RELATED TO LOCATION & RELIEF Latitude The Himalayan Mt. Distance from Sea Altitude Relief

9. FACTORS RELATED TO AIR PRESSURE & WIND Prevailing wind Upper air circulation Western cyclones

10. NORTH-EAST TRADE WIND SOUTH-EAST TRADE WIND INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE SUB TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE SUB TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE SUB TROPICAL LOW PRESSURE SUB TROPICAL LOW PRESSURE POLAR HIGH POLAR HIGH SURFACE WIND FACTORS AIR, PRESSURE & WIND Prevailing wind Upper air circulation Western cyclones

11. Upper air circulation Upper air circulation or jet stream  are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmosphere. The main jet streams are located near the tropopause , the transition between the  troposphere (where temperature decreases with altitude) and the  stratosphere (where temperature increases with altitude) .

12. Upper air circulation JET STREAM IN SUMMER An easterly jet stream  is formed towards the end of June over the Indian Peninsula in the south-west monsoon season. It has been found that this jet stream is strong when the monsoon is very active. When this jet stream shifts further , towards north latitude, weak monsoon conditions prevail.

13. TIBET Upper air circulation JET STREAM IN WINTER Another sub-tropical westerly jet stream is formed along the latitude of 27 degrees North during winter at an average height of 12 Km. The velocity of this jet stream decreases as it migrates to north. This sub-tropical jet adds to the thunder activity in north and north-west India.

14. ARABIAN SEA BAY OF BENGAL INDIAN OCEAN DISTRIBUTION OF LAND & WATER LOW PRESSURE IN SUMMER HIGH PRESSURE IN WINTER

15. Mediterranean sea WESTERN CYCLONE

16. Cyclones Cyclones are hurricanes that happen in this area. They can cause a great deal of damage.

17. CLIMATE OF INDIA Features of Indian climate Monsoon winds are the main factors that determine the climate of this region. They also influence a large part of India. Seasons The Climate of India may be divided into four seasons- 1) Winter - From December to February 2 ) Summer - From March to May 3 ) South-West monsoons or rainy season - June to September 4 ) Retreating monsoons - October and November Rainfall

18. 55 C temperature in June Tawang 19 C in June Drass -45 C in December night Tiruvanantapuram & Chennai 20 C in December night Kerala Diurnal range of temperature 8 C Thar desert Diurnal range of temperature 30 C Cherrapunji & Mawsynram have 1080cm rain MONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIA Jaisalmer receives 9cm rainfall

19. COLD WEATHER SEASON It extends from December to February. Vertical sun rays shift towards southern hemisphere. North India experiences intense cold where as this season is not well defined in south India. Light wind blow makes this season pleasant in south India. Occasional tropical cyclone visit eastern coast in this season . Tropical Cyclone

20. 25 C 25 C 20 C 20 C 20 C 15 C 20 C 10 C` TEMPERATURE- JANUARY

21. PRESSURE- JANUARY 1019 1018 1018 1018 1017 1016 1015 1014 HIGH PRESSURE

22. Ganga Delta Northern Plain WIND DIRECTION- WINTER Bay of Bengal

23. WINTER RAINFALL RAINFALL DUE TO WESTERN DISTURBANCES RAINFALL DUE TO NORTH EAST WIND

24. HOT WEATHER SEASON It extends from March to May. Vertical sun rays shift towards Northern hemisphere. Temperature rises gradually from south to north. Highest Temperature experiences in Karnataka in March, Madhya Pradesh in April and Rajastan in May. March 30 C April 38 C May 48 C

25. TEMPERATURE- JULY 20 C 25 C 30 C 20 C 30 C 25 C 30 C

26. PRESSURE- JULY 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007

27. LOO KALBAISAKHI BARDOLI CHHEERHA MANGO SHOWER BLOSSOM SHOWER STORMS IN HOT WEATHER SEASON

28. SOUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON It extends from June to September. Intense heating in north west India creates low pressure region. Low pressure attract the wind from the surrounding region. After having rains for a few days sometime monsoon fails to occur for one or more weeks is known as break in the monsoon. HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW PRESSURE

29. INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE EQUATOR MONSOON WIND SE Trade SE Trade SE Trade SE Trade Arabian sea Branch Bay of Bengal Branch

30. ONSET OF SW MONSOON 1 st June 5 th June 10 th June 15 th June 1 st July 15 th July

31. It extends from October to November Vertical sun rays start shifting towards Northern hemisphere. Low pressure region shift from northern parts of India towards south. Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive. This is commonly known as the ‘October heat’ RETREATING MONSOON SEASON LOW PRESSURE

32. 15 th October 7 th October 30 th Sept. 15 th Sept. 7 th Sept. WITHDRAWAL OF MONSOON

33. DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL > 200cm 100-200cm 50-100 cm < 50cm

34. The summer monsoon brings in moisture from the Indian Ocean and produces a tremendous amount of rain. The moisture from winter monsoons are largely blocked by the Himalayas.

35. The variability of rainfall is computed with the help of the following formula: C.V.= Standard Deviation/ Mean * 100 Variability of less than 25% exist in Western coasts, Western Ghats, northeastern peninsula, eastern plain of the Ganga, northern India, Uttaranchal, SW J & K & HP. Variability of more then 50% found in Western Rajastan , J & K and interior parts of Deccan. Region with high rainfall has less variability. VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL

36. MORE DIVERSITIES………………….. Churu (Rajasthan) records a 50°C or more on a June day. It is 19°C in Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) on the same day. Most parts of India receives rainfall during June to September. Tamilnadu coast remains dry during these months. Tura of Meghalaya receives rainfall in a single day is equal to the total rainfall of Ten years in Jaisalmer of Rajasthan. Very low rainfall in North west Himalayas and western Rajasthan which is equal to 10cm per year. Snow fall over the Himalayas. Only rainfall over rest of India. MONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIA

37. Temperature increased by 0.6 C in 20 th century. Eleven out of twelve hottest years are within 1995 to 2006. Annual rate of increase of CO 2 is 1.9ppm after 1995. Concentration of methane increased from 700ppb in 1750 to 1745ppb at present and Nitrous Oxide from 270ppb to 314ppb where as CFC increased from zero to 533ppb. Rising of temperature to 3 C will lead to melting of all ice on earth surface and sea level rise upto 15 feet. Existence of large cities like Venis , Bankok , Sanghai , Kolkota and Dhaka will be in danger. SOME INTERESTING FACTS

38. CLIMATE CHANGE & INDIA India has long coast line and rise of sea level will submerge large area. A population of 7.1 million living in coastal areas will be affected. Production of crops like wheat, rice etc. will decrease. The natural disasters like cyclone, floods and drought will increase in frequency as well as intensity. MUMBAI CHENNAI KOLKOTA

39. WHAT CAN BE DONE??? Switch off the light, fan, TV and other energy using gadgets when they are not in use. Do not use those equipments that pollute or consume more energy . create public awareness . use renewable energy resources like solar, wind, biomass etc . International conferences like Earth Summit, 1992, Kyoto protocol, Copenhegen summit, 2009 are some steps to bring consensus for crusade against Climate Change.

40. Name the factors affecting climate of India . Why the south western part of peninsular India receives high rainfall? Name the important green house gases. How altitude affects climate? How distance from sea affect climate? What is meant by mango shower? What is meant by Inter Tropical Convergence Zone? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

41. Mango showers  are the pre-monsoon  showers in the  Indian states of   Karnataka  and  Kerala  that help in the ripening of mangoes. Also known as April rains or Summer showers, they are a result of thunderstorms  over the  Bay of Bengal . These summer rains normally come in the second half of the month of April, though the arrival is difficult to predict. The showers prevent the mangoes from dropping prematurely from trees and are crucial for the mango cultivators of  South india .

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