Climate Smart Agriculture

Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.

1. Advisory Committee Chairperson : Dr.J.Meenambigai , Asst.Prof ( Agrl.Ext ) Members: Dr.Santha Govind , Professor & Head ( Agrl.Ext ) Dr.G.Tamil Selvi , Professor ( Agrl.Ext ) Dr.P.Karuppaiah , Professor ( Horticulture)

2. Climate Smart Agriculture – Opportunities and Challenges

3. Introduction

4. .

5. Definition -Global Warming Defined as an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to effect changes in the global climate’.

6. Climate The climate is defined as’ the general or average weather conditions of a certain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind’.

7. Climate Change Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time. It could show up as a change in climate normal's for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next.

8. Why the Climate change? Natural Causes 2. Volcanoes 1. Continental drift 4. Ocean currents 3. The earth's tilt Man made Causes 1. The Industrial pollution 2. The burning of fossil fuels 3. Deforestation 4. Agriculture

9. Green House effect The earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation. Mediated - presence in the atmosphere of gases. Carbon dioxide, water vapor & methane Sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back from the earth's surface.

10. Climate and Indian Agriculture Considerably dependant on changes in weather. Contribution of agriculture to GDP is decreasing, yet large population dependent on this for livelihoods. Need to understand the impacts of increasing climatic risks and possible adaptations.

11. Impact of Climate Change on Food Supply * Source: Commodity India 2016

12. What is climate-smart agriculture? Sustainably increases productivity Resilience (adaptation) Reduces/Removes greenhouse gases (mitigation) Enhances achievement of national food security

13. History of CSA 2009: Term C limate- S mart A gricultural development 2010: 1 st Global Conference on Food Security, Agriculture and Climate Change in The Hague - the concept of CSA was presented. 2012: At the 2 nd Global Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook advanced the CSA concept intending to benefit primarily smallholder farmers and vulnerable people in developing countries. 2013: 3 rd Global Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, discussions began on a climate smart agriculture alliance. 2014: Climate Summit in New York, the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture Action plan was presented.

14. Definition - CSA Is a relatively new approach to developing the technical, political and financial conditions for the achievement of sustainable development goals. - FAO 2015

15. CSA - Concept An integrated approach to developing technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change. It integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes, which are unfamiliar to farmers.

16. CSA - three pillars Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes. Adapting and building resilience to climate change. Reducing and/or eliminating GHG emissions.

17. Objectives of CSA

18. “Climate-Smart” -Agriculture Developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 % to meet demands by 2050.

19. Cont….. Climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals.

20. Climate-smart practices Crop management Livestock management Soil and water management Agroforestry Integrated food energy Systems

21. Crop management Intercropping with legumes. Crop rotations. New crop varieties. (e.g. drought resistant) Improved storage and processing techniques. Greater crop diversity.

22. Livestock management Improved feeding strategies (e.g. cut ’n carry)  Rotational grazing  Fodder crops  Grassland restoration and conservation Manure treatment Improved livestock Health  Animal husbandry improvements

23. Soil and water management Conservation agriculture (e.g. minimum tillage)  Contour planting Terraces and bunds Planting pits Water storage (e.g. water pans) Alternate wetting and drying (SRI rice) Dams, pits, ridges  Improved irrigation (e.g. drip)

24. Agroforestry Boundary trees and Hedgerows  Nitrogen-fixing trees on farms Multipurpose trees  Woodlots Fruit orchards

25. Integrated food energy Systems Biogas Production of energy Plants Improved stoves

26. Dimension - Climate Smart Agriculture Water smart Weather smart Nutrient smart Carbon smart Energy smart Knowledge smart

27. Water smart Direct seeded rice Raised bed Maize bed SRI technology Drip Irrigation

28. Weather smart Weather forecast Index based insurance Seeds

29. Nutrient smart Nutrient expert decision support tool for agriculture.

30. Carbon smart & Energy smart Residue management No tillage or zero tillage

31. Knowledge smart ICTs Gender empowerment Capacity

32. Ex- Knowledge Smart Mobile APP for Pest and Disease Management of crops ( PEAT) – ICRISAT (ICM)

33. Examples – climate smart production systems The production, processing and marketing of agricultural goods are central to food security and economic growth. Products derived from plants and animals include foods . Fibers Fuels

34. Ex- Soil and nutrient management This can be done through composting manure and crop residues, more precise matching of nutrients with plant needs, controlled release and deep placement technologies or using legumes for natural nitrogen fixation.

35. Ex- Improving soil nutrient content This can be partially resolved by the use of legumes as green manures, planted in intercropping systems, as part of a scheme of crop rotation or in agro-forestry systems.

36. Ex- Water harvesting and use Improved water harvesting and retention & water-use efficiency are fundamental for increasing production and addressing increasing irregularity of rainfall patterns. Today, irrigation is practiced on 20 percent of the agricultural land in developing countries but can generate 130 percent more yields than rain-fed systems. The expansion of efficient management technologies and methods, especially those relevant to smallholders is fundamental.

37. Ex- Resilient Ecosystems Sustainable systems that may also contribute to reducing or removing greenhouse gases. Services include, control of pests and disease, regulation of microclimate, decomposition of wastes, regulating nutrient cycles and crop pollination. Enabling and enhancing the provision of such services can be achieved through the adoption of different natural resource management and production practices.

38. Ex- Harvesting, processing and supply chains Reduce post-harvest losses and preserve food quantity, quality and nutritional value of the product. It also ensures better use of co-products and by-products, to produce renewable energy in integrated systems or to improve soil fertility. To ensure increased shelf life, retain quality and reduce carbon footprints.

39. CSA - Conservation agriculture Minimum soil disturbance Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover Use of crop rotations

40. Minimum soil disturbance Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25% of the soil surface is disturbed.

41. Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover CA use 30% permanent organic soil cover as the minimum, but the ideal level of soil cover is site-specific.

42. Use of crop rotations Reduce build-up of weeds, pests and diseases. Where farmers do not have enough land to rotate crops, intercropping can be used. Legumes are recommended as rotational crops for their nitrogen-fixing functions.

43. CA - Key messages Increase resilience to climate change and has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. The benefits of CA are highly site specific. Innovative approaches are needed to overcome barriers for uptake of CA by smallholders

44. Benefits of CA Stable yields Drought buffering Reduced field preparation costs Reduced soil erosion Climate change mitigation

45. Climate change mitigation Under certain conditions, CA may contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration and reduced GHG emissions. But climate change adaptation rather than mitigation should be the main policy driver for its promotion.

46. Challenges to CA adoption Appropriate soil type Sufficient availability of crop residues or other mulch Affordable access to fertilizer and herbicides Weed control Delayed yield benefits

47. CSA- Millets Millets are climate change compliant crops that resist the challenges. Such as global warming, water scarcity, recurring droughts and malnutrition posed to us in the coming era of climate change through their capacity to withstand these challenges.

48. Cont….. Demand is slowly increasing for various types of millets that require very little water to grow. Scientists say that millet cultivation needs to be further encouraged to adapt to global warming that leads to losses in crop yields.

49. Cont….. Millets are increasingly being included in the food basket of rural and urban households. They cost less than rice or wheat, and keep you healthier. They also need less water to grow and can tolerate higher temperatures, crucial for farmers in this era of climate change.

50. Cont….. Millets are highly tolerant to increased temperatures, droughts and floods. millets are generally resilient to pests Millets are rich in nutrients Suitable for mixed and intercropping, crops like maize and broad bean, grown with millets, offer food and livelihood security to farmers

51. Millets – Climate Change Climate Change bonus for being low carbon crops. Help us fight the carbon crisis

52. Ability to sequester carbon As millets have more tillers or branches than corn and sorghum, they provide better fodder too. Millet crops also have a good ability to sequester carbon and so help climate adaptation, considering the water needs and methane emission of rice fields.

53. Millets - Water Conservation Millet farmers grow their crop without irrigation. Thus every acre of millet farm saves the country up to six million liters. This is the “root print” of millets that needs state recognition and acknowledgement.

54. Millets - Nutrition Millets crops are storehouses of nutrition For the impoverished populations residing in the dry land areas of India. Millets offer a huge nutrition solution during the climate change years when India will face a nutritional emergency.

55. Climate Smart Agriculture with Gender Perspective

56. Gender Socio cultural differences between the males and females. Biological process does not discriminate between man and woman .

57. Gender Status in Agriculture As farmers, agricultural workers and women form the backbone of agricultural rural economy . Women farmers represent more than a quarter of the world’s population . Women comprise, on an average, 43 % of the agricultural work force in developing countries.

58. Cont….. Yet women have less access than men to agriculture related assets, inputs and services. Had they enjoyed the same access to productive resources as men, women could boost yield by 20-30 %. Also raising the overall agricultural output by 2 ½ to 4%.

59. Share of crops produced by - FHH

60. Women in Agriculture allied sectors (World level)

61. Gender- Climate Smart Perspective Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach. FAO: developing countries, an average of 43 % of the agricultural labor force is made up of women; in many countries this proportion is much higher.

62. Policy Recommendations to Make CSA More Gender-Smart Conduct gender analysis within all CSA projects, programs and policies to assess the implications and benefits of CSA technologies and practices on men and women. Identify women’s groups and provide them with training and support for leadership, negotiation and communication skills, as well as business skills.

63. Cont….. Support women’s participation in decision making related to climate change, particularly at the local level. Provide training to both men and women on CSA technologies and practices and awareness related to gender. Facilitate women’s access to land and credit through transforming laws and local practices.

64. Economic benefits of CSA practices CSA intervention % change in total production % change in total input cost Change in yield (t/ha) Change in input cost (INR ha) Net return (INR ha) Improved seeds (IS) 19 52 1.03 1,402.00 15,712 Laser land leveling (LLL) 10 9.5 0.33 3,037.00 8,119 Zero tillage (ZT) 6 -41 0.36 -1,577.00 6,951 IS + LLL 17 63 0.87 1,752.00 14,194 IS + ZT 16 6 0.94 234.00 15,303 *Source: FAO report 2015.

65. Economics & Policy Innovations for CSA Identifying the synergies and tradeoffs between food security, adaptation and mitigation that may arise in transforming . Identifies the local institutions needed to support the transition to CSA systems. Provides assistance for strategic planning that integrates climate change, agricultural development and food security policy objectives and investments. Builds mechanisms and investment plans to combine climate finance with agricultural investment finance to support the transition to CSA.

66. CSA IN INDIA

67. 1 8 1 3 8 3 - 20 2010 2012 2014 2016 Number of Climate Smart Villages E n d of 2016 Cli m a t e S m art V i l lages In India So u r c e : Pramod aggrawal ( 2015), CI M MY T -C C A F S

68. Key Interventions - CS Village

69. In XII Plan period, the vision is to develop at least 50 CSVs by 2016-17. These villages should act as hubs for upscaling climate smart practices under NMSA. Vision is to have all these villages fully comply with climate resilience practices like: 1. Utilization of complete surface water harvesting potential 2. Mandatory ground water recharge structures 3. Fertilizer use only based on soil testing 4. Nitrogen application based on better products 5. Use of energy efficient pumps for water lifting 6. No burning of crop residues; mandatory greening of waste lands with tree cover 7. Green and brown manuring to the extent feasible 8. Water saving paddy cultivation practices (direct seeding, AWD etc.) 9. Mandatory vaccination of livestock for seasonal diseases 10. Livestock feeding, housing and manure management that emit least methane 11. All farmers to have access to agro advisories through mobiles 12. Appropriate weather insurance packages identified T o w a r ds D e v eloping Clim a t e Smart villa g es

70. National Action Plan INDIA

71. To make agriculture productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient To adopt comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility status To optimize utilization of water resources through efficient water management To conserve on-farm resources through appropriate resource conservation technologies To develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders in the domain of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures To pilot models in select blocks by mainstreaming rainfed technologies and leveraging resources To establish an effective inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial co-ordination for accomplishing key deliverables . National Action Plan Objectives

72. Newly launched CSA related schemes in India

73. •To enhance resilience of Indian agriculture (including crops, livestock and fisheries) to climatic variability and climate change •To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields to cope with current climatic variability •To enhance the capacity of scientists, farmers and other stakeholders in climate resilient agricultural research and awareness of impacts Project Components Strategic Research Technology Demonstrations Capacity Building Sponsored / Competitive research grants Program areas • Rainfed crop production systems •Irrigated crop production systems •Horticultural production systems •Soil, water and nutrient management •Monitoring of GHGs •Resource use efficiency in agriculture •Improved machinery for adaptation and mitigation •Livestock and Dairy sector •Fisheries including Aquaculture National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Objectives

74. Implementation framework Plan of W ork PRA ICAR FGD NRM Di v . Ext n . Div . B a se l ine C R I D A A T ARI Act i on plan KVK In t e r vent i ons I m pact & u p - sc a l i ng NICRA village ZMC for Monitoring & Third party evaluation Village level Climate Risk Management Committee (VCRMC) (10-20 villagers)

75. Water conservation and water harvesting. Drought proofing including afforestation and tree plantation . Irrigation canals. Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by SC, ST/beneficiaries under IAY. Renovation of traditional water bodies. Land development . Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas. Rural connectivity to provide all weather access. Agriculture related works Livestock related works Fisheries related works Works in coastal areas Rural drinking water related works Rural sanitation related works Any other work notified by the GOI MGNREGA INTERVENTION FOR CSA

76. CSA Project - TN

77. On going project Tamil Nadu

78. ClimaAdapt

79. New initiatives in KVK

80. Supporting & Funding Institutions Climate Smart Agriculture

81. Producing and sharing technical knowledge Providing financial services, credit and access to markets Supporting the co-ordination of collaborative action help people translate CSA information into knowledge. credit, insurance, social safety nets, payments or rewards for environmental services. networks and knowledge-sharing platforms). Roles of Funding Institution

82. Weather Information Current weather forecasts Seasonal forecasts Longer-term climate trends Available Options information Climate smart technologies Climate smart practices Services to Farmers

83. Research evidence

84. Figure : 1 knowledge level about climate change Himachal Pradesh Sarkar and Padaria (2015) n=100

85. Table 1 : major coping mechanism adopted by them to mitigate the impact of climate change Sr. No. Coping mechanism Small Farmers Medium Farmers Large Farmers Total Farmers A. Technological mitigation 1 Change in cropping pattern 60.00 40.00 26.67 42.22 2 Mixed/inter cropping 93.33 76.67 56.67 75.56 3 Cultivating tree crops 0.00 10.00 76.67 28.89 4 Soil organic matter enhancement 46.67 46.67 16.67 36.67 5 Drought resistant crops 13.33 43.33 20.00 25.56 6 Mixed farming system 93.33 76.67 43.33 71.11 B. Socio-economic factors 7 Reduced consumption expenditure 60.00 50.00 0.00 36.67 8 Shifting to other profession 80.00 50.00 20.00 50.00 9 Borrowing 86.67 50.00 10.00 48.89 10 Crop insurance 6.67 16.67 10.00 11.11 11 Selling of land and livestock 26.67 6.67 3.33 12.22 12 No response 6.67 23.33 23.33 17.78 Karnataka n=250 Asha et al. (2012)

86. 90 Adapted measures Yes (%) No (%) Don’t know (%) 1 Intercropping 92 08 00 2 Rain water harvesting 29 70 01 3 Mulching 95 05 00 4 Zero tillage 00 12 88 5 Improved varieties 52 40 08 6 ITK knowledge to control disease, insects and pests 95 05 00 7 Use of insurance 00 25 75 8 Agroforestry 69 29 02 9 Crop rotation 37 52 11 Table 2 : coping and adaptive strategies adopted by them to combat impact of climate change Shukla et al. (2015) Sikkim n= 300

87. Table 8: Impact of Agro Advisory Service in terms of their adoption of recommended practices Sr N o. Adoption level Before After % Change Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 1 Low (0 – 8) 263 34 70 9 -25 2 Medium (9 - 16) 364 47 473 61 14 3 High (17 - 24) 147 19 232 30 11 Total 775 100 775 100 Raipur Sushil et. al (2015) n=775

88. CASE STUDY

89. 93 Organization(s) Involved: Centre for Development Informatics (CDI) International Development Research Centre (IDRC)   University of Manchester, UK Timeframe 2007 – 2011 Location/Region: Adi tribal community, Siang river valley and foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh State, North-East India  Condition: Smallholders and practice slash-and-burn cultivation for subsistence, and production is low. 40 % of the population live below the poverty line. The environmental conditions are hard: mountainous terrain, regular natural catastrophes and irregular rainfall during the wet season.   Primary Objective: To provide better information about climate-smart agriculture in order to raise awareness and adoption of practices that are sustainable. The aim of such practices is to increase productivity, resilience, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and enhance food security and development. Expected Results: The adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices by the beneficiaries is the main expected result.    eArik : Using ICTs to Facilitate "Climate Smart Agriculture" among Tribal Farmers of North East India (Saravanan, R. 2011. http://www.niccd.org)

90. 95 Results To Date: 44 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on rice 92 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on mandarin 42 % of farmers reported increased production of rice 29 % of farmers reported increased production of mandarin 55 % of farmers moved from slash-and-burn to settled cultivation Increase of income   Success Factors: It is estimated that the e- Arik approach is 3.6 times cheaper than a conventional agricultural extension system and that farmers can access information 16 times faster. each farmer is saving – on average – Rs.2,400 (US$53) per year in fuel costs due to journeys to the agricultural extension office that would previously have had to be made, but which can now be foregone. ( Saravanan 2008a). Critical success factors : Use of trusted local intermediaries between experts and farmers Appropriate use of a wide variety of ICTs Multi-stakeholder partnership   Scale-Up Potential: A scale-up phase of the project is planned with further government funding. The goal is to replicate the project in the other seven north-east states of India. There, a greater emphasis will be on the use of mobile phones. 

91. Mrs. S. Meenakshi Ammal Allikundam NICRA Village of Kovilpatti Centre 8 acres of land under cotton cultivation. SVPR 2 variety was grown during Rabi 2014-15. series of AAS bulletins were issued which was followed as such by the farmer. Success story of a farm woman Higher profit obtained by Mrs. Meenakshi Ammal is attributed to: She followed all the AAS issued and carried out all farm operations in time. She avoided insecticide spraying two times due to rainfall forecast.

92. Comparison of BC ratio analysis between Meenakshi Ammal AAS and non-AAS farmers in rainfed cotton Input details AAS Farmer Non-AAS Farmer Field preparation cost (` ha-1) 1500 1500 Seed cost (` ha-1) 1900 1900 Seed treatment (` ha-1) 650 50 Fertilizer cost (` ha-1) 4850 7300 Labour cost (Weeding, Nipping, spraying of fertilizers and pesticides) (` ha-1) 4750 4500 Cost of plant protection (` ha-1) 9500 14000 Harvesting (Transport and picking) 7500 5500 Cost of cultivation (` ha-1) 30650 34750 Kapas yield (q ha-1) 25.5 21.25 Price of cotton (` q-1) 2800 2800 Total income (` ha-1) 70,700 59,500 Net profit (` ha-1) 40,050 24,750 Benefit cost ratio 2.30 1.71

93. Supporting agricultural extension towards CSA Agricultural Advisory System Agro meteorological- tools for CSA FFS ATMA KVKs

94. Innovative Extension Approaches for CSA Digital Green’s model ‘Festival of Agriculture’ ‘KRISHI MAHOTSAV’

95. Climate Smart Agriculture Reducing or eliminating GHG emissions

96. Research Opportunity Evaluating new and existing climate-smart and gender sensitive agricultural options Understanding the barriers to adoption of different climate-smart agricultural practices Building evidence of the benefits of climate-smart agriculture Identification of socio-economic and institutional barriers for adopting climate-smart portfolio

97. Research Funding International – FAO, ICRISAT, CCAF,S, IRRI, IFPRI, World Bank etc. National – UGC, CISIR, MHRD, ICSSR, IARI, ICAR etc. State – TANSCHE, TEDA Regional – ICDP, DRDA NGOs – MSSRF, DHAN, CSE, CPRRF, OXFAM Corporate – RATAN TATA & Welcome Trust Publication – New India Publication

98. Upcoming Training Programme “Impacts of drought and high temperature effects on agriculture in present scenario”- Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology , Faizabad . Nov 1. Soil, air and water pollution and mitigation strategies, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana. Nov 2. Adoption of Suitable Conventional and Biotechnological Approaches for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management in Crops. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar . Feb 13.

99. Upcoming Seminar

100. International

101. Conclusion Developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of food security and climate change. Effective climate-smart practices already exist and could be implemented in developing country agricultural systems. Adopting an ecosystem approach, working at landscape scale and ensuring intersectional coordination and cooperation is crucial for effective climate change responses. Conclusions

102. Cont….. Considerable investment is required- (knowledge gap, research and development of technologies). Institutional and financial support Strengthened institutional capacity

103. Cont….. Available financing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient to meet climate change . Synergistically combining financing from public and private sources   Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They needs training on climate smart agriculture aspects.

104. Thank u