CLIMATE SMART BUILDINGS Growing Opportunities with Rapid Urbanization

CLIMATE SMART
BUILDINGS

1. CLIMATESMART
BUILDINGS
Training #25 (RACHNA 2.0) : 1 Day Training Program at Infocity Club & Resorts, Gandhinagar

2. 01
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
INTRODUCTION

3. GrowingOpportunitieswithRapidUrbanization
Cities,whichwill
contribute over 80% to
GDPby2050,needtobe
Receptive, Innovative,
andProductivetofoster
sustainablegrowthand
ensureabetterqualityof
living
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

4. EnergydemandwithRapidUrbanization
40%
24%
9%
18%
9%
2017
IndustryResidential Commercial Agriculture others
31%
38%
11%
15%
5%
2030
Industry ResidentialCommercial Agricultureothers1066Twh
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
2239Twh
ResidentialBuildings:FastGrowthinElectricityConsumption.
*IESS,NITIAayog
•Residentialbuildingsconsumes
around255TWhelectricityin2017,
theelectricityconsumptionin
residentialbuildingsisexpectedto
multiplybymorethan3Xand
reacharound850TWhby2030.
conditioning/HVAC
residentialbuildingisthe
Increasedpenetrationofair-
in
key
reasonforthisgrowth.
•Residentialbuildings willbecome
thelargestend-userof
electricityinthecountry
accountingfor38%ofthetotal
electricityconsumption.

5. MoHUAInitiatesforUrbanTransformation
SSSMMMUUU(((UUU)))
PPPMMMYYY(((UUU)))
DAY -NULM
HRIDAY
1
2
3
4
5
SmartCity6
Transport
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
7
FlagshipMissionsundertheMinistryof
Housing&UrbanAffairs(MoHUA)aim
toachieveTransformative,Inclusiveand
Sustainabledevelopmentthrough
planning,developmentandreformsfor
achievingUrbanTransformation.
AMRUT

6. AffordableHousinginIndia
Affordablehousing,asdefinedby
theNationalPlanningPolicy
Framework,ishousingforsaleor
rentforthosewhoseneedsarenot
metbythemarket.
Theprovisionofaffordable
housingisakeyelementofthe
Government’splantoendthe
housingcrisis,tacklehomelessness
andprovideaspiringhomeowners
withastepontothehousingladder
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

7. PradhanMantriAwasYojna–Urban
•PMAY-U, launched in 2015, aims to provide houses for
homeless.TheGovernmentisofferingthisschemetoall
UT'sandstates.ItalsooffersinterestsubsidyforHome
loansfor firsttimebuyersinurbanareas
•Theresidentialbuildingsexpectedtoincreaseby2
timesintermsoffloorareaby2030
•12millionnewaffordablehomesinUrbanareasunder
PMAYby2022.
PMAYU
Features
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Allweather
housingunits
with water,
kitchen,
Electricity&
Toilets
Women
Empowerment
Betterqualityof
lifeforUrban
Poor's
Security of
Tenure
Adequate
Physicaland
Social
Infrastructure
A significant
percentageisin
theformofhigh
density,multi-
storey
residential
blocks
Verylow
penetrationof
airconditioning
thoughmajority
haveceiling
fans
Ensuring
Thermal
comfortsto
occupants
throughdesign
is of prime
importance.

8. PradhanMantriAwasYojna–Urban
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Subsidiaryforbeneficiaryled
individualhouse
construction/enhancement.In-
SituSlumRedevelopment
(ISSR)forSlums
Affordablehousingin
partnershipwithPublic&
PrivateSectors
PromotionofAffordable
HousingthroughCreditlinked
subsidy
SlumrehabilitationofSlum
dwellers with participation of
privatedevelopersusingLand
asaresource
ThemissionisaddressingtheaffordablehousingrequirementinUrbanareasthroughfollowingprogram
verticals:

9. PradhanMantriAwasYojana-Urban
ConstructionofaffordablehousinginPartnership
withPublic&PrivateSectors
PromotionofaffordableHousingthroughCredit
LinkedSubsidy
Slumrehabilitationwithprivatedevelopers
usinglandasaresource
Subsidyforbeneficiary-ledindividualhouse
construction/enhancement.(ISSR)
11.2milliondwelling
unitsarebeing
constructed
7.35lakhcrores
investment
10lakh
occupantsinthe
EWS/LIGcategory
benefitting
Problems addressedthrough
cafeteriaapproachbymission
KeyfeaturesofPMAY-Uprojects
ProjectObjectives
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

10. GlobalHousingTechnologyChallenge-India(GHTC-India)
MoHUAhasinitiatedtheGHTC-Indiatoidentifyandmainstreamabasketofinnovativeconstructiontechnologies
fromacrosstheglobeforthehousingconstructionsectorthatissustainable,eco-friendly, anddisaster-resilient.
GHTC-India
54Innovative
Construction
Technologies
Shortlisting
Light House
projectswith6
selected
technologies
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
AGARTALA,
TRIPURA
LightGaugeSteel
StructuralSystem&
Pre-EngineeredSteel
StructuralSystem
CHENNAI,
NADU
Precast
Construction
TAMIL
Concrete
System-
PrecastComponents
AssembledatSite
INDORE,MADHYA
PRADESH
Prefabricated
Sandwich Panel
System
LUCKNOW,
UTTARPRADESH
Stay in-place
FormworkSystem
RAJKOT,
GUJARAT
Monolithic
Concrete
Construction
System
RANCHI,
JHARKHAND
PrecastConcrete
Construction
System-3D Pre-
CastVolumetric

11. ComponentsofGHTCIndia
1
•GrandExpoandConferenceonAlternativeandInnovative
ConstructionTechnologies
2
•IdentifyingandMainstreamingProvenDemonstrable
TechnologiesfortheConstructionofLightHouseProjects
3
•IdentifyingPotentialFutureTechnologiesforIncubationand
Acceleration Support through ASHA –India (Affordable
sustainableHousingAccelerators)
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

12. Book Launchesby MoHUA under GHTC India Challenge
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Compendium of Light
House Project Rajkot
Compendium of Light
House Project Chennai
Handbook on Innovative
Construction Technologies &
Thermal Comfort
Compendium of 75 Trainings
& Workshops under RACHNA

13. ClimateSmartBuildingsProgramme(ICEN-CSB)
Affordable
Thermal
Comfortab
le
Climate
Resilient
Climate
Smart
Building
KeyfeaturesofaCSB
Government
ofIndia/
MoHUA
TheFederal
Ministryof
Economic
Cooperation(BMZ
),Germany/GIZ
ICEN-
CSB
ResultsofaClimateresponsive
buildingdesign
Reducethedemand
forair-conditionby
30-40%
Curtail 30 metric
tonesofCO2
Improvehealthand
wellbeingofpeople
Supportthe
commitmentofGoI
towards reducing
CO2emissions
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

14. Abouttheproject-“ClimateSmartBuildings(CSB):Establishment
oftheClusterCellin Rajkot,GujaratunderGlobalHousing
TechnologyChallenge-India(GHTC-India)”
StatesandUTsinWestClusterforestablishingtheCell:
Theclimatesmartbuildingprojectintendstoaddressthemajorityofgapsidentifiedintheaffordablehousingsector
•Byintroducingofthermalcomfort&climateresilienceintheLocalGovernmentframeworkthroughByelaws asan
overarchingobjective.
•In ordertoachievethisobjective,activitieslikedocumentationofLHPconstructionprocessfromasustainabilityperspective,
knowledgetransfer&capacitybuildingthroughLHPs,performancemonitoring&demonstrationofthermalcomfortin
selectedhousingprojectsamongothers.
Chandigarh Dadar&Nagar
Haveli,Daman
&Diu
Gujarat Haryana Punjab Rajasthan
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

15. WP1:Facilitate
implementationand
monitoringofLightHouse
Projects(LHPs)
WP2:Technicalassistanceto
enhancethermalcomfortin
upcomingDemonstration
HousingProjects(DHPs)and
ARHCs(Affordablerental
housingcomplexes)andother
Public/Privatehousing
projectsin WestCluster
WP3:Inclusionofclimate
resilienceandthermalcomfort
requirementsinbuilding
byelawsandLocal
Governmentframeworkin
WestCluster
WP4:Capacitydevelopment
ofGovtofficialsandprivate
stakeholdersonthermal
comfortintheWestCluster
ProjectObjectives
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

16. High Tea& Networking
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

17. Session1: Innovative Construction Technologies of Light House
Projects, LHP Study and Observations
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

18. 02
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
New Age Innovative
Construction Technology &
LHPs

19. LightHouseProjects
•Theaimoftheassignmentistointroducethermal
comfortintotheforayofaffordablehousing,a
criticaldesign&thususabilityaspectwhich
unfortunatelyhasbeenmissingfromthecurrent
natureofaffordablehousinginIndia.
•Although studies & policieslike the greening
guidelinesforPMAYprojects,Eco-NiwasSamhita
Part-1,StarLabellingof energyefficienthomesetc
havebeenaroundbutwhatthesectorreallyneeds
is specific,easy to comprehend provisionswhich
canbe mandated&enforcedinasteadfastway
whichisexactlywhatthisprojectintendstodo
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

20. LightHouseProjects
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

21. Whatareweworkingon?
LHPsaremodelhousingprojectswith
housesbuiltwithshortlistedalternate
technologysuitabletothegeo-climatic
andhazardconditionsoftheregion,an
initiativeundertheClimateSmart
BuildingProgramme.
Theseprojectsdemonstrateand
deliverreadytolivehouseswith
speed,economyandwithbetter
qualityofconstructioninasustainable
manner.
CurrentlytheLHPs’arebeing
implementedinsixstates(UttarPradesh,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Jharkhand,andTripura)ofIndiaunder
GlobalHousingTechnologyChallenge
(GHTC)–India.Theseprojectswillbe
madeupofmoderntechnologyand
innovativeprocessesandreducethe
constructiontimeandmakeamore
resilient, affordable, and comfortable
houseforthepoor.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

22. LHPLocation TECHNOLOGYSELECTED
NUMBER OFHOUSESTO
BE
CONSTRUCTED
Rajkot,Gujarat MonolithicConcreteConstructionusingTunnelFormwork 1144
Indore,Madhya
Pradesh
PrefabricatedSandwichPanelSystem 1024
Chennai,Tamilnadu
PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–PrecastComponents
AssembledatSite
1152
Ranchi,Jharkhand PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–3DVolumetric 1008
Agartala,Tripura
LightGaugeSteelStructuralSystem&Pre-engineeredSteelStructural
System
1000
Lucknow,Uttar
Pradesh
PVCStayinPlaceFormworkSystem 1040
DetailsofLHPProjectsalongwithconstructionTechnologyUsed
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

23. FeaturesofLHP
Definition
MinimumSizeof
houses
Available on-site
facilities
Design ConstructionPeriod
Amodelhousingproject
withapproximate1,000
housesbuiltwithshortlisted
Constructiontechnology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstratingspeed,
economyandbetterquality
ofconstructionina
sustainablemanner
Amodelhousingproject
withapproximate1,000
housesbuiltwithshortlisted
Constructiontechnology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstratingspeed,
economyandbetterquality
ofconstructionina
sustainablemanner
A model housing project
withapproximate1,000
housesbuiltwithshortlisted
Constructiontechnology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstratingspeed,
economyandbetterquality
ofconstructionina
sustainablemanner
Amodelhousingproject
withapproximate1,000
houses built with shortlisted
Constructiontechnology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstratingspeed,
economy andbetterquality
ofconstructionina
sustainablemanner
•DesignedasperthedimensionalrequirementsmandatedintheNationalBuildingCode(NBC)2016.
•Design in concurrence with existing centrally sponsored schemes and Missionssuch as Smart Cities, AMRUT, Swachh Bharat (U), National Urban Livelihood
Mission(NULM),Ujjwalla,Ujala,MakeinIndia,etc.
•Structuraldetailsdesignedconsideringdurabilityandsafetyrequirementsofapplicableloadsincludingearthquakesandcyclone andfloodasapplicableconfirming
toapplicableIndian/Internationalstandards.
•DesignofClusterinvolvesthepossibilityofinnovativesystemofwatersupply,drainageandrainwaterharvesting,renewableenergysourceswithspecialfocuson
solarenergy.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

24. MonolithicConcreteConstructionusingTunnel Formwork
Tunnelformworkisamechanised
cellularstructureconstruction
system.Itismadeupoftwohalf
shells that are joined to make a
roomoracell.Anapartmentis
madeupofseveralcells.
Tunnelformsallowwallsandslabstobecastinoneday
through several phases to the structure. The programme and
the amount of floor area that can be poured in one day define
the phasing. The task to be done each day isdefined by the 24-
Hourcycle.Inthemorning,theformworkissetupfortheday's
pour. In the afternoon, the reinforcement and services are
installed,and concrete is poured.Concrete for walls and slabs
mustbepouredinoneoperationoncereinforcinghasbeen
installed. Early in the morning, the formwork is removed and
positionedforthenextphase.
Thisformworkismanufacturedin
acompletelyautomatedfacilityin
France and there is no
manufacturingplantinIndia.
The assembly-line approach of the systemto construction
provides developersand contractors with benefits relating to
thecertaintyoftheirsiteschedule,efficienttimemanagement
andanoverallreductionincost.Thisenablescompaniesto
develop a betterquality, monolithic structure that is more
acousticallyandthermallyefficient.Therepetitivenatureof
tunnel form tasks ensures high productivity, and optimum use
of labour and these are of considerablebenefitto the project
manager.
Construction MethodologyofLHPRajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

25. ConstructionMethodology –24HourCycle
Thetasktobedoneeachdayisdefined
bythe24-Hourcycle.Theoverall
structureisdividedintoanumberof
more or less comparable construction
phases,eachmatchingtoaday'swork,to
establishthiscycle.Theamountoflabour
andequipmentrequiredisthen
calculatedbasedonthemagnitudeof
thesephases.Everyday,thephasesare
similartoachieveoptimalefficiency.
1.Strippingofthe
formworkfromprevious
day
2. Positioningof the
formworkforthecurrent
day's phase, with the
installationofmechanical,
electricalandplumbing
services
3.Installationof
reinforcementinwalls
andslabs
4.Concretingandif
necessary,theheating
equipment
Theimplementationof24-HourCycleshallbein
accordancewithIS456:2000–Codeofpractice
for plain and reinforced concrete. However, the
structuralengineershallfurnishdetailsaboutthe
actualprocessofremovalofformworkafter
castingofconcrete
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

26. LightHouseProjects
Followingare thedetailsof ConstructionTechnologiesbeingemployedattheLightHouseProjectsselected
undertheGlobalHousingTechnologyChallenge(GHTC)–India
MonolithicConcrete
Constructionusing
TunnelFormwork
•LHPLocation:Rajkot,
Gujarat
•No.ofHouses:1144
Prefabricated
SandwichPanel
System
•LHPLocation:
Indore,Madhya
Pradesh
•No.ofHouses:1024
Precast Concrete
Construction
System–Precast
Components
Assembled atSite
•LHPLocation:
Chennai,Tamilnadu
•No.ofHouses:1152
PrecastConcrete
Construction
System –3D
Volumetric
•LHPLocation:
Ranchi,Jharkhand
•NoofHouses:1008
LightGaugeSteel
StructuralSystem&
Pre-engineered
SteelStructural
SystemAgartala,
Tripura
•LHP Location:
Agartala,Tripura
•NoofHouses:1000
PVCStayinPlace
FormworkSystem
•LHP Location:
Lucknow,Uttar
Pradesh
•NoofHouses:1040
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

27. MonolithicTunnelFormworkTechnology–LHPRajkot
Strippingofthe
formwork fromthe
previousday.
Positioningofthe
formworkforthe
current day’s
phase,withthe
installationof
mechanical,
electricaland
plumbingservices.
Installationof
reinforcementin
thewallsandslabs.
Concreting
In‘TunnelForm’technology,concretewallsandslabsarecastinonegoatsitegivingmonolithicstructureusinghigh-precision,re-usable,
room-sized, Steel forms or molds called ‘TunnelForm’. An already established System for building construction in many countries, this
systemintendstoreplacetheconventionalRCCBeam-Columnstructurewhichusessteel/plywoodshuttering.‘TunnelForm’systemuses
customizedengineeredsteelformworkconsistingoftwohalfshellswhichareplacedtogetherandthenconcretingisdonetoformaroom
sizemodule.Severalsuchmodulesmakeanapartment.
ConstructionProcess
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

28. MonolithicTunnelFormworkTechnology–LHPRajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Facilitatingrapidconstruction
ofmultiple/massmodular
units(similarunits).
Makingstructuredurablewith
lowmaintenancerequirement.
Theprecisefinishingcanbe
ensuredwithnoplastering
requirement.
Theconcretecanbedesignedto
useindustrialby-productssuch
asFlyAsh,Groundgranulated
blastfurnaceslag(GGBS),
Microsilicaetc.resultingin
improvedworkability&
durability,whilealso
conservingnaturalresource
Being Box type monolithic
structure,itissafeagainst
horizontalforces(earthquake,
cycloneetc.)
Thelargenumberofmodular
unitsbringeconomyin
construction.
SpecialFeatures

29. PrefabricatedSandwichPanelSystem–LHPIndore
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•An already established System for building construction in China, Australia, African and Gulf countries, this factory made
PrefabricatedSandwichPanelSystemismadeoutofcementorcalciumsilicateboardsandcementmortarwithEPSgranulesballs,
and act as wall panels. These replace conventional brick & mortar walling construction practices and can be used as load-bearing
andnon-loadbearingwallingforresidentialandcommercialbuildings.Forbuildingshigherthansinglestorey,thesystemcanbe
usedeitherwithRCCorsteelframedstructure.
•UnderthisLHP,housesarebeingconstructedusingPrefabricatedSandwichPanelSystemwithPre-EngineeredSteelStructural
System.
•Inthis systemtheEPSCementPanelsaremanufacturedatthefactoryincontrolledcondition,whicharethendispatchedtothesite.
Thepanelshavingtongueandgroovearejointtogetherforconstructionofthebuilding.
Being dry wallingsystem,
bringsspeedinconstruction,
water conservation(no use of
waterforcuringofwalling
componentsatsite).
The sandwichpanels have
light weightmaterial as core
material,whichbrings
resourceefficiency,better
thermalinsulation,acoustics
&energyefficiency.
Beinglightinweightresults
inlowerdeadloadof
building&foundationsize.
SpecialFeatures

30. PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–PrecastComponentsAssembeledatsite
–LHPChennai
An already established technology for building construction, Precast concrete construction is a system where the individual precast
componentssuchaswalls,slabs,stairs,column,beametc,ofbuildingaremanufacturedinplantorcastingyardincontrolledconditions.The
finishedcomponentsarethentransportedtosite,erected&installed.
Thetechnologyprovidessolutionforlowrisetohighrisebuildings,especiallyforresidentialandcommercialbuildings.
TheconstructionprocesscomprisesofmanufacturingofprecastconcreteColumns,BeamsandSlabsinsteelmoulds.
Thereinforcement
cagesareplacedatthe
required position in
themoulds.
Concrete is poured
and compaction of
concreteisdoneby
shutter/needle
vibrator.
Castedcomponents
arethenmovedto
stacking yard where
curing is done for
requitedtimeand
then these
componentsareready
fortransportationand
erectionatsite.
These precast
componentsare
installedatsiteby
crane andassembled
through in-situ
jointing and/or
groutingetc.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

31. ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Nearlyallcomponentsof
buildingworkare
manufacturedinplant/casting
yard&thejointingof
componentsisdoneIn-situ
leadingto reductionin
constructiontime.
Thecontrolledfactory
environmentbringsresource
optimization,improved
quality,precision&finish.
Theconcretecanbedesigned
industrialby-productssuchas
FlyAsh,Groundgranulated
blastfurnaceslag(GGBFS),
Microsilicaetc.resultingin
improvedworkability&
durability,whilealso
conservingnaturalresources.
Eliminatesuseofplaster.
Helpsinkeepingneat&clean
constructionsiteanddustfree
environment.
Optimumuseofwaterthrough
recycling.
Useofshuttering&scaffolding
materialsisminimal.
Allweatherconstruction&
bettersiteorganization.
SpecialFeatures
PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–PrecastComponentsAssembeledatsite
–LHPChennai
PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–PrecastComponentsAssembeledatsite
–LHPChennai

32. 03
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Thermal Comfort
Analysis &
Recommendationson
LHPs and Demo
Projects

33. CASESTUDY OF LHP RAJKOT
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

34. Thermal comfort study of the Light House Project-Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
The LHP in Rajkot constructed with Monolithic Tunnel formwork technology has been planned and
constructed with such specification and layout which would give better thermal comfort compared to
conventional construction. GIZ was assigned the task of studying aspect of thermal comfort in LHP project.
Methodology for monitoring
and evaluation
•On-site spot measurements
•dataloggers,
•comparative graphs, and
•a comfort chart

35. Thermal comfort study of the Light House Project-Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
On-site spot measurements Findings

36. Thermal comfort study of the Light House Project-Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Findings (Cont.)

37. Thermal comfort study of the Light House Project-Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Datalogger placement Findings
Location: Tower 8 | 1
st
floor | Corner unit
Occupancy: 9 am to 5 pm
Operation mode: No comfort system, No
lighting, Natural Ventilation
The data loggers readings from Wednesday, 31
st
August to 7
th
September 2022.
∆T= 4 –5 Celsius

38. Thermal comfort study of the Light House Project-Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Findings (Cont.)
RCC walls have no insulation properties, and they heat
and cool more rapidly based on outdoor conditions

39. Key performance features of the Light House Project-Rajkot
Saved kWh of Power due to
reduction in construction
time]
215051 kWh saved. Typical saving is 4.72 kWh/Sq. mtrcompared to
building construction using conventional method.
% reduction in cost of
construction
10% [Faster construction speed leading to reduction in construction cost]
% reduction in water use 26.67% (For Concrete), Approx70% (For MasonaryWork)
% reduction in Construction
waste
10% Approx.[Usage of Tunnel Formwork causing reduction in construction
waste]
% Reduction in use of
energy
16.67%
% Reduction in embodied
energy
25%
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

40. Comparation between building envelope of conventional building vs LHP, Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrbanEnvelope
Type
Conventional Case -
Construction Configuration
Section U
Value*
Wall
Interior Surface Film resistance +
Internal Cement Mortar (12 mm) + Brick
Wall (230mm) + External Cement Mortar
(12 mm) + Exterior Surface film
resistance

1.97
W/m2K
Roof
Interior Surface Film resistance +
External Cement Mortar (18mm) + RCC
slab (150mm) + Internal Cement Mortar
(12mm) + Exterior Surface film resistance

2.78
W/m2K
Fenestration
& Glazing
Steel framed Single Glazing Unit (SGU)
with 5mm glass, SHGC = 0.84, VLT =
0.89

6.2
W/m2K
Void Assumed SHGC = 1, VLT = 1 7W/m2K
RETV
Residential Envelope Transmittance
Value (North-South Blocks)
16.64
W/m2
Envelope
Type
LHP Case - Construction
Configuration
Section U
Value*
Wall
Interior Surface Film resistance +
Internal Cement Mortar (10 mm) + AAC
Block (200mm) + External Cement
Mortar (30 mm) + Exterior Surface film
resistance

0.68
W/m2K
Roof
Interior Surface Film resistance + RCC
slab (160 mm) + screeding (55 mm) +
External Cement Mortar (50mm) +
China mosaic + Exterior Surface film
resistance

2.74
W/m2K
Fenestration
& Glazing
uPVC framed SGU with 5mm glass
thickness, SHGC = 0.83, VLT = 0.89

5.9
W/m2K
Void Assumed SHGC = 1, VLT = 1 7W/m2K
RETV
Residential Envelope Transmittance
Value (North-South Blocks)
14.32
W/m2

Conventional Construction Envelope Details LHP Rajkot Construction Envelope Details

41. CASESTUDY OF DEMO PROJECTS
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

42. The Demonstration Housing Projects
Assessment reports on Demonstration Housing Project’s performance have been made that highlight
on results, conclutions, and recommendations for enhanced thermal comfort and energy efficiency.
Under the Climate Smart Buildings Project in Western Cluster, the CSB Cell have identified and are
supporting 2 no. of upcoming affordable housing projects in Ahmedabad to achieve minimum Thermal
Comfort standards of MoHUA–GoI.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Zundal, AUDA Project, Ahmedabad Re-anand, Ahmedabad

43. ENS compliance and improvemnetsfor Demonstration Housing Project
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Zundal, AUDA
AHP project,
Ahmedabad
It is recommended to
provide roof insulation
in order to comply with
max. thermal
transmittance value for
roof and to increase the
comfortable hours with
in the units.

44. ENS compliance and recommendations for Demonstration Housing Project
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
mm concrete slab
P Insulation
ite layout


mm concrete slab

ACC mm plaster
lement
value



.
.
T


.

Part
Compliance

Aluminium
single gla ed .

core


core

nit layout


ACC mm plaster
lement
value



.
.
T


.

Part
Compliance

Aluminium
single gla ed .
Re-anand,
Private APH
project,
Ahmedabad
It is recommended to
provide roof insulation
in order to comply with
max. thermal
transmittance value for
roof and to increase the
comfortable hours with
in the units.

45. Thermal Performance of the Demonstration Housing Project
Re –anand
Project -
Thermal
Performance
of the top
floor unit –
without
insulation.
Re –anand
Project -
Thermal
Performance
of the top
floor unit –
with
insulation.
ZundalAHP
Project -
Thermal
Performance
of the top floor
unit –with
insulation.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
ZundalAHP
Project -
Thermal
Performance
of the top floor
unit –without
insulation.

46. Recommendations
ProperorientationofBuildings,thisreducetheimpactofunfavorableweatherconditionslikesolarradiation,drivingrainand
thunderstorm
ProperVentilation–Properpositioningthewindowsandopeningthemcreateairmovementinthehouse.Wallsandvegetation
should not be too close to the building in order to avoid diversion of wind away from the openings, thereby reducing air flow
withinthebuilding.Ifpossible,theroomsshouldbecrossventilated.
UsingShadingDevice–useofoverhangsorhorizontalprojectionsoverwindows.Doublepanewindowswithtintedglassand
glasscoatedwithreflectivefilmshouldbeusedforwindowsinsteadofsteels,woodandzincs.
CreationofMicroclimate–treescanbeplantedtocreatemicro–climatethatis,small-scaleclimaticconditionataspotorarea
orsite
PreventingInfiltration–Infiltrationcanbepreventedbysealingthesitesofairleaks.Thiscanbeachievedbycaulking,weatherizing,
goodworkmanship,andreplacingsomeagedpartsofbuildings,etc.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

47. Recommendations
ToalignwithGHGreductiontargetsandothergovernmentactivities,make"ThermalComfortforAll"agovernmentpriority,andrelate
ittoIndia'sambitiontogiveabetterqualityoflifetoallofitsresidents.
Createmarketmomentumforsmartcoolingthroughpublicawarenesscampaigns,informationaccess,andtechnicalsupport.
Consistenttestingandratingprocesses,aswellasmarketcommunicationinitiatives,canhelptomainstreamtheuseofenergy
efficientbuildingmaterialsandequipment.
TakesignificantstepstophaseoutHFCsandencouragetheindustrytoswitchtorenewablerefrigerants.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

48. 04
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Life Cycle Cost and its
impact on Carbon
Emission

49. Concept of life cycle cost and its impact on carbon emission
Life Cycle Cost
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Lifecyclecostingisamethodof
economicanalysisdirectedatall
costsrelatedtoconstructing,
operating,andmaintaininga
constructionprojectoveradefined
periodoftime.

50. Concept of life cycle cost and its impact on carbon emission
Why LCC matters in sustainable building
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Sustainable/green technology in building in commonly more expensive than its traditional
counterpart. However, it is more energy efficient, lower operation and maintenance cost.
The Energy saving, O&M feature occur over the life-time of the building. Therefore,
It is essential to use the analysis which recognizes the cost saving which spread over the life-
time –the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis

51. Concept of life cycle cost and its impact on carbon emission
Why LCC matters in sustainable building
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Total LCC = (Investment cost +
operation cost + Maintenance +
Replacement cost + Disposal cost) –
Salvage Value

52. Concept of life cycle cost and its impact on carbon emission
LCC of CFL vs LED
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

53. Q&A Session on New & Innovative technologies and Thermal Comfort
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

54. Session2: Importance of Thermal Comfort
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

55. 05
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
ThermalComfort and
Cooling Demand

56. Population and area distribution in the five climate ones of India. ource: “Census ”, Government of India,
(2011), available at: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/ dchb/DCHB.html
•According to the graph, the major
Indian metropolitan areas with urban
populations (which make up 35% of the
country's total population) are located
in warm, humid, and mixed climates.
•Every year, high cooling degree days
are experienced by residents of the
cities located in these climate zones
and the hot, dry climate.
Warm -
Humid
Composite Hot Dry Cold Temperature
152.2 147
45.8
15.3 9.5
65.8
35.5
13.6
4.6 1
Chart Title
Population (Millions)Area ('000 Sq.km)
Thermal Comfort & Cooling Demand
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

57. Thermal Comfort & Cooling Demand
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Urban 5.9 7.7 9.7 15 22.2
Rural 11.8 14.2 16.6 21.4 25.7
Billion m
2
Residential Build –Up Area (Billion m
2
)
Projected increase in residential built-up area in urban and rural India. Source: ICAP
•Projections of residential built-up
area expansion in both urban and
rural India are shown in Graph.
•Between 2020 and 2050, it is
predicted that the total area of
built-up urban residential space
will rise by a factor of more than
three.
•Over three decades, it is
anticipated to increase from 5.9
billion square metres to 22.2
billion square metres (2020-
2050).
•In addition, over the same period,
the per capita residential built-up
area in Indian cities will rise from
12.6 sq. m. to 24.2 sq. m.
(MOEFCC, 2019).
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

58. Thermal Comfort & Cooling Demand
Above: Sector-wise growth in cooling demand; Below: India’s Total Primary nergy upply
(TPES) for cooling. Source: India Cooling Action Plan (redrawn)
By 2050, only around two-thirds of our metropolitan building stock will have been constructed. Consequently, our new developmentmust take
into account both our current and future cooling needs. To make this happen, it is essential to comprehend how our cooling demand is changing.
According to the India Cooling Action Plan, the demand for cooling is expected to increase eight times between 2017–2018 and 2037–2038. In
just two decades, the demand for the building sector alone will increase by up to 11 times from the baseline.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

59. Impact of need of Thermal Comfort: India Cooling Action Plan
1.20-25% reduction of cooling demand across various sectors
by 2037-2038
2.25-40% reduction in cooling energy requirements by 2037-
2038
3.25-30% reduction in refrigerant demand by 2037-2038
4.Training and certification of 1,00,000 service technicians by
2022-2023
5. ecogni ing “cooling and related areas” as a thrust area of
research
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source:MinistryofEnvironment,Forest&ClimateChange,GovernmentofIndia.(2019,March).IndiaCooling
ActionPlan.Retrievedfromhttp://ozonecell.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDIA-COOLING-ACTION-
PLAN-e-circulation-version080319.pdf

60. Impact of need of Thermal Comfort: International Perspective
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
CoolingDemandinIndia,
China,andthe US
•Tocombatuncomfortable
conditions
•Leadstoincreasedpeak
•Leadstohigher
consumption
Source:SustainableandSmartSpaceCoolingCoalition(2017).ThermalComfortforAll–Sustainable
andSmartSpaceCooling.NewDelhi:Alliancefor EnergyEfficientEconomy

61. Impact of need of Thermal Comfort: Peak Demand
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•SummerandWinterDayProfileof Electricity
use
•MumbaiandDelhiComparison
•Leadstohigherconsumption
Late-night850MWtolateafternoon700in
Mumbai
Late-night2200MWtolateafternoon1600in
Delhi
Source:Phadke,A., Abhyankar,N., &Shah,N. (2014).Avoiding100NewPowerPlantsbyIncreasingEfficiencyof
RoomAir ConditionersinIndia:OpportunitiesandChallenges.
https://international.lbl.gov/publications/avoiding-100-new-power-plants

62. Impact of need of Thermal Comfort: Consumption & Emission
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•TotalConsumption126TWhand124
MTCO
2e
•RoomAirConditioners48.8TWh(38%) consumption
•RoomAirConditioners57.0MTCO
2e (46%)Carbon
Emission
Source:MinistryofEnvironment,Forest&ClimateChange,&GovernmentofIndia.(2019,March).India
CoolingActionPlan.Retrievedfrom http://ozonecell.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDIA-COOLING-
ACTION-PLAN-e-circulation-version080319.pdf

63. Impact of need of Thermal Comfort: Consumption & Emission
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•In2017,approximately272million
•householdswereestimated inIndia
•Expectedtoincreaseto328by2027
•386millionby2037
Source:MinistryofEnvironment,Forest&ClimateChange,&
GovernmentofIndia.(2019,March).IndiaCoolingActionPlan.
Retrievedfrom http://ozonecell.nic.in/wp-
content/uploads/2019/03/INDIA-COOLING-ACTION-PLAN-e-
circulation-version080319.pdf
•In 2017, approximately 8% of
the householdswereestimated
tohave roomairconditioners
•Anticipatedtoriseto21%by
2027-28
•And40%by2037-38
•In2017,theestimated
commercialfloorwasaround
1.2millionsqft
•Isexpectedtogrowabout1.5
to2timesby2027-2028
•2.5to3times by2037-38,
respectively

64. 06
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Factors affecting
ThermalComfortand
Cooling Demand

65. PHYSIOLOGICAL
FACTORS
PHYSICAL
FACTORS
Whentryingtomaintain
maximumthermalcomfortina
building,areindividualizedin
natureandimpossibleto
manage
Venushasabeautiful
nameandisthesecond
planetfromtheSun
FactorsaffectingThermalComfort
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

66. Floor Surface
Temperature
•RelativeHumidity •AirSpeed
•04 •05 •06
•01
•AirTemperature •MeanRadiant
Temperature
•RadiantTemperature
Asymmetry
•02 •03
PHYSICALFACTORS
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

67. Short term
physiological
adjustments
Long term physiological
adjustments
Age Gender
Health &
Wellbeing
•Acclimatization
•Short‐termphysiological
adjustments
•Long‐termendocrineadjustments
•Bodyshapeandfat
•Ageandgender
•Statusofhealth
FactorsaffectingThermalComfort-Others
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

68. Cold,
Temp15°C
Hot
Temp47°C
AirTemp27°C
A
B
D
C
E
F
H
J
L
N
G
M
O
P
Q
R
Body
Part
SkinLocation Cold
(15°C)
Neutral
(27°C)
Hot
(47°C)
A Forehead 31.7 35.2 37
B BackofNeck 31.2 35.1 36.1
C Chest 30.1 34.4 35.8
D UpperBack 30.7 34.4 36.3
E LowerBack 29.2 33.7 36.6
F UpperAbdomen 29 33.8 35.7
G LowerAbdomen 29.2 34.8 36.2
H Tricep 28 33.2 36.6
J Forearm 26.9 34 37
L Hand 23.7 33.8 36.7
M Hip 26.5 32.2 36.8
N Sidethigh 27.3 33 36.5
O Frontthigh 29.4 33.7 36.7
P Backthigh 25.5 32.2 36
Q Calf 25.1 31.6 35.9
R Foot 23.2 30.4 36.2
ThermalComfort –Cold –Neutral -Warm
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

69. Boiling Point
of water 100°C
0°C
Freezingpoint
ofwater
•Temperatureoftheairsurroundingthe
body(Dry Bulb Temperature)–DBT)
•Temperatureofairmeasuredbya
thermometer freelyexposedtotheair,
butshieldedfromradiation and
moisture.
•DegreesCelsius (°C)
Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort –Air Temperature
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

70. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort –Relative Humidity
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•MoistureContentoftheair
•Theamountofmoistureinthe
airdependsupon
•AirPressure
•AirTemperature
•Percentage(%)

71. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort –Mean Radiant Temperature
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Uniformtemperatureofanimaginary
enclosure
•MeasureoftheeffectofRadiant
interchangesatapointinspace
•Calculatedusing(T
g),(T
a)and air
velocity

72. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort –Air Speed
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Air Speed is the rate of air
movementatapoint,without
regardtodirection
•Averageair speed,heightand
directions
•Calculatedusing(T
g),(T
a)and air
velocity
•Meterpersecond(m/s)

73. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort –Clothing Value
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Theresistancetosensibleheattransfer
providedbyclothingensemble
•ClothingInsulationValue(clo-I
cl)
•Impactoffurnituresuchaschairand
beddings

74. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort –Metabolic Rates
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Therateatwhichmetabolismoccursina
livingorganism.
•Rateofenergyexpenditureperunittime
•Averageadult1.8squaremeter
•Energyperunitareas,wattspersquare
meter(W/m
2
)

75. CLOTHING Clo
T-shirts,shorts,Lightsocks,Sandals 0.30
Shirt, Trouserssocks,Shoes 0.70
Jacket,Blouse,Longskirt,stockings 1.00
Trousers,Vest,JacketCoat,SocksShoes 1.50
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
CLOTHING LEVELS&INSULATION

76. ACTIVITY Met
Seated,Relaxed 1.0
SedentaryActivity(office,dwelling,school,laboratory) 1.2
Standing,LightActivity(shopping,laboratory,lightindustry) 1.6
Standing,Mediumactivity(shopassistant,domesticwork,
machinework)
2.0
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
METABOLICRATE

77. 07
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Contemporary
Approaches for
achieving
Thermal Comfort in
buildings

78. MeasurestoImproveThermalComfort
MeasurestoImproveThermal Comfort
SHADING&
GLAZING
CONTROLLED
VENTILATION
INSULATION
COOLROOFS
GREENROOFS
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

79. Shadingreducesinternalheatgainthroughcoincidentradiation.
Thesecanreducecoolingenergyconsumptionby10-20%
VARIOUSMETHODS TOSHADEWINDOWS
Overhangs Awnings Louvers VerticalFins LightShelves
Natural
Vegetation
Theshadingmechanismcanbefixedormovable(manuallyorautomatically)forallowingvarying
levelsofshadingbasedon
1.the u ’ positionand
2.movementinthesky
Shading&Glazing
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

80. Shading&Glazing
Thermal
Comfort
SHADING
Incombinationwithhigh-performance
glasswithlowsolarheatgaincoefficient
(SHGC), can reduce energy consumption
evenfurtherbycuttingdownorheatgain
throughradiation
GLAZING
refers to the glass windowpanes that make up
thebuildingenvelope.Conductionandradiation
are the primary sources of heat gain via a
window.radiation,whichcanberegulatedby
defining the parameters correctly. SHGC and U-
value,respectively.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

81. ControlledVentilation
BUILDING
CAN
BE
DESINED
AS
CROSS
VENTILATION
STACK
VENTILATION
SINGLE-SIDED
VENTILATION
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

82. ControlledVentilation
Designingwindowsandventstodissipatewarmairand
allow the ingress of cool air can reduce cooling energy
consumptionby10-30%
AirVelocityrangebetween0.5to1
m/s
Dropstemperatureatabout3ºCat
50%relativeHumidity
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
AIRVELOCITYOF1m/s
OfficeEnvironment Too High
HomeEnvironment
Acceptable( Especially if there is no
resourcetoactiveairconditioning.)

83. ControlledVentilation
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Naturalventilationtakesadvantageofthedifferencesinairpressurebetweenwarmairandcoolair,aswellasconvection
currents,toremovewarmairfromanindoorspaceandallowfreshcoolerairin.
Thisalsohastheaddedadvantageofcoolingthewallsandroofsofthebuildingsthatholdsignificantthermalmass,further
enhancingthethermalcomfortoftheoccupants
NATURALVENTILATION
Eveninhot-dryandwarm-humid
climatezoneswheresomeair-
conditioningmayberequiredduring
peakThermalComfortforAll
summer,buildingscanbedesigned
tooperateinamixedmodetoenable
nightventilationandnatural
ventilationduringcoolerseasons
WithBreezeAir WorksBest
Absenceofnaturalbreeze
Fanscanbeusedtoimprovetheflow
ofcoolair
Naturalventilationpromotestheoccupants’adaptationtoexternal
temperature,calledadaptivethermalcomfort

84. Insulation
Heat
Conduction
takesplace
through
Roof Walls Windows
Aninsulatingmaterialcanresistheattransferduetoitslowthermalconductivity.Insulatingwallsandthe
roofcanreducecoolingenergyloadsbyupto8%
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

85. CoolRoofs
Coolroofsareoneofthepassivedesignoptionsforreducing coolingloadsinbuildings.Coolroofsreflectmostofthe
sunlight(about80%onaclearday)
Whensunlightisincidentonadark
roof
WhenSunlightisincidentonacool
roof
38%heatstheatmosphere 10%heatstheenvironment
52%heatsthecityair 8%heatsthecity air
5%isreflected 80%isreflected
1.5%heatsthebuilding
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

86. CoolRoofs
Inthesummer,atypicalcoolroofsurfacetemperaturekeeps25-35°C
cooler than a conventional roof, lowering the internal air temperature
byroughly3-5°Candimprovingthethermalperformance.
Thecomfortoftheinhabitantsisimproved,andtheroof'slifespanis
extended.
Cool roofsincreasethedurabilityoftheroofitselfbyreducingthermal
expansionandcontraction.
Apartfromhelpingenhancethethermalcomfortinthetopfloorand
helpingreduceair-conditioningload,coolorwhiterooforpavements
alsooffersignificantreductioninurbanheatislandeffect
The cities ofJodhpur and Jaipur is the extremely hotstate of Rajasthan,where mostof the city homesare painted in lightblue
andlightpinkcolours,areexamplesofpracticalapplicationofthisage-oldtraditionaldesignstyle.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

87. GreenRoofs
Agreenroofisaroofofabuildingthatispartiallyorcompletelycoveredwithvegetation
G
R
EE
N
R
OO
F
S
P
U
R
PO
S
E
AbsorbingRainWater
ProvidingInsulation
Helpinglowerurbanair
temperatures
Mitigatingtheurban
heatislandeffect
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

88. GreenRoofs
Reductionin EnergyuseisanimportantfeatureofGreenRoofing
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
GREENROOFSINBUILDINGS ALLOWS
DuringcoolerWinterMonths Retaintheirheat
DuringhotterSummerMonths Reflectingandabsorbingsolarradiations

89. 08
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Thermal Comfort
Metrics

90. ThermalComfortMetrices –Preference, Comfort and Acceptability
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Metabolic Rate
Clothing Insulation
Air Temperature
Air Velocity
Mean Radiant
Temperature
Relative Humidity
PMV Balance
Storage = Production -Loss
Thermal Sensation
Thermal Acceptance
(Thermal Comfort)
Thermal Preference
Thermal Satisfaction
Thermal Comfort Metrices

91. ThermalComfortMetrices –Preference, Comfort and Acceptability
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
PMV Sensation Value Acceptance Value Preference Value
-3 Cold - -
-2 Cool Very Unacceptable Want Cooler
-1 Slightly Cool Unacceptable Want Slightly Cooler
0 Neutral - No Change
+1 Slightly Warm Acceptable Want Slightly Warmer
+2 Warm Very Acceptable Want Warmer
+3 Hot - -

92. ThermalComfortMetrices –PMV
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source: Guenther, S. (2021). What Is Pmv? What Is Ppd? The Basics of Thermal Comfort. Simscale. Simscale. Retrieved from https://www.simscale.com/blog/2019/09/what-is-pmv-
ppd/
Band PMV Range
A -0.2 < PMV < +0.2
B -0.5 < PMV < +0.5
C -0.7 < PMV < +07
Acceptable thermal comfort bands listed in ISO 7730:2005

93. ThermalComfortMetrices –PPD
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Ban
d
PMV Range PPD% Temperature (◦C)
A -0.2 < PMV <
+0.2
< 6 24.5 ±1
B -0.5 < PMV <
+0.5
< 10 24.5 ±1.5
C-0.7 < PMV < +07< 15 24.5 ±2.5
PPD ranges corresponding to acceptable PMV
ranges as defined in ISO 7730:2005
Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied occupants
(PPD) refers to the percentage of
occupants likely to experience thermal
dissatisfaction out of the total number of
occupants. ISO 7730:2005 defines the hard
limit as ranging between -2 and +2, for
existing buildings between -0.7 and +0.7, and
new buildings ranging between -0.5
and +0.5.

94. ThermalComfortMetrices –Degree Discomfort Hours
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source: vecteezy. (n.d.). Hot weather thermometer. vecteezy. Retrieved from https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/583489-hot-weather-thermometer-icon-vector
❑Calculated based on India Model
for Adaptive (thermal) Comfort
(IMAC).
❑Summation of difference of hourly
operative temperature and IMAC
band acceptable temperature only
for hours when temperature goes
outside IMAC temperature band
with 80% or 90% acceptability
range.
Basis of Eco Niwas Samhita RETV value
Same as Discomfort Degree Hours
Total discomfort degree hours across the year
against the comfort definition*
*National Building Code 2016 (India Model for
Adaptive Comfort)
Formula for DDH (Annual)
•T
i–Measured or Achieved Operative Temp.
at i
th
hour
•T
acceptable-Either the lower (T
Lower) or the
upper limit (T
Upper) of the targeted operative
temperature based on IMAC comfort model.

95. LunchBreak
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

96. Session3: Building Physics and Fundamentals of Thermal Comfort
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

97. 09
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Building Physics
Affecting
Thermal Comfort

98. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
Energy & Heat
Macroscopic
Energy
Microscopic
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Potential
Energy
Sensible
Energy
Latent
Energy
Chemical
Energy
Atomic
Energy
resulting from the movement of molecules or
atoms in translation, rotation, and vibration
energy released or gained to switch phases
as a result of atomic bonds
due to connections that exist within the nucleus.
The total amount of energy
produced by the
configurations, forces, and
motion of its molecules
and/or atoms is known as
its internal energy.
As chemical and atomic energy are not relevant in the context of buildings, the
phrase "internal energy" is limited to perceptible and latent energy.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

99. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
Energy & Heat
SYSTEM
( a part of entire
Building )
Mass/Energy
entering
system
System
boundary
Surroundings (external environment)
Mass/Energy
Leaving system
Energy and mass exchange between system and external
environment across system boundary
A system, in terms of thermodynamics, is an area that
is being studied, such as a room, floor, or building. A
system border establishes the region's size, while
elements outside of that boundary make up the
external environment. As a result, a thermodynamic
system is defined as a space-bound area or a volume of
matter enclosed by a closed surface (ASHRAE, 2021).
Over this system boundary, mass and/or energy are
exchanged.
An open system is one that enables both energy and
mass exchange with its surroundings, whereas a closed
system only permits the exchange of energy and
excludes mass. However, it is important to note that in
order to distinguish between the system and its
surroundings in both systems, a real or hypothetical,
fixed or moveable boundary must be established
(ASHRAE, 2021) This line may be rigid or flexible.
The envelope is regarded as the boundary when a building is viewed as a system in order to
comprehend its thermal interactions with the surrounding environment.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

100. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
Energy & Heat
Work 'W' is done when Force 'F' moves a body of
mass 'm' over distance 'x'
Energy of a system is its potential to do work.
Mechanical work (W) is defined as when a force (F)
moves a mass (m) over a distance (x), as shown in
Figure. An organism uses its internal energy to
change its environment.
Similar to how heat is lost from a system at a higher
temperature to a cooler environment, internal energy
is also lost.
M N
F
X
Thermal energy is caused by the motion of molecules and/ or intermolecular forces (ASHRAE, 2021).
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
What is Energy ?

101. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
the amount of
heat transferred
inside a building
is a function of
the following
building envelope
characteristics
operation patters
of the openable
elements of the
building envelope
climate of the
place where
building is
situated.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

102. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
Factors Influencing Heat Transfer
Spatial Characteristics
Material
Specifications
Amount and nature of
incident heat energy
Amount of heat
energy transferred
indoors
Heat Gains in the
Building
•The amount of thermal energy on the surface of various building elements is visible in thermography
images of buildings and people in various built environments.
•Figure demonstrates that the distribution of thermal energy among its users and in any indoor or outdoor environment is not uniform. This
implies that heat is constantly being transferred between the surfaces of different items, people inside, and the air inside.Building heat
transmission occurs at the building envelope, much as how heat transfer between a human body and the air around it occurs at theskin's
surface.
Role of Spatial Characteristics & Building materials
in heat ingress
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

103. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
Energy
LowGradeHeat HighGrade Work
Macroscopic
Kinetic Potential
Microscopic
Chemical
(Atomicbonds)
Atomic
(Bonds withinthenucleus)
Sensible
(translational+rotational+vibrational)
Latent
(Phasechange)
Sumofallmicroscopicformsofenergy=InternalEnergy
Forms of Energy
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

104. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
U=Q−W
∆ -changeininternalenergy
Q-heat added tothesystem
W-workdonebythe system
Establishesarelationshipbetweena
y ’
•Internalenergy
•Theworkperformedby(orto)thesystem, and
•Theheatremovedfrom(or addedto) the
system
Theinternalenergyofasystemperformingworkor
losingheatdecreases,whereasasystem'sinternalenergy
risesifitgainsheatorissubjectedtowork.
1
st
Law of Thermodynamics

105. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Thenatural(spontaneous)directionof
heat flowbetweenbodiesisfromhotto
cold.
•Heatmovesfromhigher
temperatureto
lowertemperature
T
2
T
1
(T
2>T
1)
2
nd
Law of Thermodynamics

106. Building Physics Affecting Thermal Comfort
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Modes of Heat
Transfer
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

107. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Conduction Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Conduction
q
Source:Rawal,R.(2021,December22).HeatTransferandYourBuildingEnvelope.SolarDecathlonIndia.RetrievedApril13,2022,from
https://solardecathlonindia.in/events/
Tsurf1 Tsurf2
Tsurf1>Tsurf2
Occursinastationary
medium
Hotobjectswithhigherenergy
(duetointenserandommolecular
motions)
transferheatto
Cool objectswith lesser
energy (duetolower
molecularmotions)

108. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Conduction Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Steady-state (time-independent)heat
conductionthroughalayer(thicknessd,
thermalconductivityk)withsurface
temperaturesT
1andT
2
T−T
q=k
1 2
(W)
−T
2
d
Q=kA
T
1
T
1 T
2
qistheheatflux
InWatts/m
2
d
Qistheheatrate
InWatts

109. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Conduction Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
qdependson?
•Temperaturedifference
•Thicknessofthelayer(d)
•Thermalconductivity(k)whichisapropertyof
thematerial
Thermalconductivity(k)
•propertyofthematerial
•functionofmoistureandtemperature
•W∙m
-1
∙K
-1
Energy(J)perSecond(s)
J/s=W
T=i
1m
2
T=i+1

110. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Conduction Principles
Energy & Heat
MATERIALS DENSITY
(kg/m
3
)
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
(W/m.k)
SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY ( J/kg.K)
Walls
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block (AAC) 642 0.184 0.794
Resource Efficient Bricks (REB) 1520 0.631 0.9951
Concrete block (25/50) 2427 1.396 0.4751
Concrete block (30/60) 2349 1.411 0.7013
Calcium Silicate Board 1016 0.281 0.8637
Cement Board 1340 0.438 0.8113
Sandstone 2530 3.009 1.5957
Stone (Jaisalmer Yellow) 3006 2.745 2.0954
Stone (Kota) 3102 3.023 2.0732
Bamboo 913 0.196 0.6351
Thermal conductivity,
density and specific heat
capacity of common
building materials and
surface finishes
Source: Thermo-Physical-Optical Property
Database of Construction Materials, U.S.-
India Joint Centerfor Building Energy
Research and Development (CBERD) and
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE)
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

111. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Conduction Principles
Energy & Heat
MATERIALS DENSITY
(kg/m
3
)
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
(W/m.k)
SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY ( J/kg.K)
SurfaceFinishes
Plaster of Paris (POP) powder 1000 0.135 0.9536
Cement Plaster 278 1.208 0.9719
Plywood 697 0.221 0.7258
Thermal conductivity,
density and specific heat
capacity of common
building materials and
surface finishes
Source: Thermo-Physical-Optical Property
Database of Construction Materials, U.S.-
India Joint Centerfor Building Energy
Research and Development (CBERD) and
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE)
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

112. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Conduction Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Conductionthroughwalls

113. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Convection Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Convection
Tfluid
Tsurf
Tsurf>Tfluid
•Convectionheattransferneedsafluid(gasor
liquid)mediumandinvolvesbulkfluidmotion
•Theheatedfluidmovesawayfromthesourceof
heat,carryingenergywithitcausingconvection
currentsthattransportenergy
Source:Rawal,R.(2021,December22).HeatTransferandYourBuildingEnvelope.SolarDecathlonIndia.RetrievedApril13,2022,from
https://solardecathlonindia.in/events/

114. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Convection Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Convectiveheattransfer(Q)betweena
fluidandasurfaceis
Q??????temperaturedifference
Q??????areaofthesurfaceincontact
??????=h??????ΔT
Q=heattransferbyconvection,W
A=surfacearea,m2
ΔT=T∞–T1atsomespecifiedlocation, K
h=heattransfercoefficient,W·m-2·K-1

115. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Convection Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Surfaceresistance(ISO6946)
Heatflow
direction
R
si
[m
2
∙K∙W
-1
]
R
so
[m
2
∙K∙W
-
1]
Horizontal
(±30
o
)
0.13 0.04
Up 0.10 0.04
Down 0.17 0.04
Surfaceconductance
Conductanceofthethinfilmofairatthesurfaceof the
material/body
•h= surface/filmconductance
•W∙m
-2
∙K
-1
•Surface/filmresistanceR
s= 1/h

116. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Convection Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Surface conductance = Surface film conductance=
Equivalentconductance=
Heattransfercoefficient=h
h=h
c+h
r
h
c=convectiveheattransfercoefficient
h
r= radiativeheattransfercoefficient
NaturalConvection–ForcedConvection
Source: Cappuccino. (n.d.). freepik. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/photos/cappuccino, Indiamart. (n.d.). Usha Table Fan. Indiamart. Retrieved from
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/usha-table-fan-19384320588.html
Heattransfercoefficient

117. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Convection Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Surface film resistance or conductance
considersbothradiativeandconvective
heattransfer
•Varieswith
•Orientationofthesurface
•Surfaceemittance
•Directionofheatflow
•Airvelocity
•Surfaceandairtemperature,and
the temperaturedifference
θ
Convectiveheattransferisafunctionofangle(θ)
Solarcollector
Noconvection
Maximumconvection

118. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Convection Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Airflowthrougharoom
Walltemperaturesoftheroom at30
0
C
Heattransfercoefficientoninside=10W/m2K
Wind-inducedairflow
Stackeffect
Buoyancydrivenwindflow
Source:Tripadvisor. (n.d.). Padmanabhapuram Palace. Tripadvisor. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g608476-d3705659-Reviews-
Padmanabhapuram_Palace Kanyakumari_Kanyakumari_District_Tamil_Nadu.html

119. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Radiation Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Radiation
Tsurf2
Tsurf1
q1
q2
•Radiationheattransferisaprocesswhere
heatwavesare emittedthatmaybeabsorbed,
reflected,ortransmitted through acolder
body.
•Energyhasanelectricfieldandamagnetic
fieldassociated withit,
•Wave-likeproperties.“electromagnetic
waves”
•Widerangeofelectromagneticradiationin
nature.Visible lightisone example.
•Othersincludeformslikeultraviolet
radiation,x-rays,and gammarays.
Source:Rawal,R.(2021,December22).HeatTransferandYourBuildingEnvelope.SolarDecathlonIndia.RetrievedApril13,2022,from
https://solardecathlonindia.in/events/

120. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Radiation Principles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Thebehaviourofasurfacewithradiationincidentuponit
canbedescribedbythefollowingquantities:
=absorptance–afractionofincident
radiationabsorbed
=reflectance-fractionofincident
radiationreflected
=transmittance–afractionofincident
radiationtransmitted.
α+ρ+τ=1

121. Outdoor Climate & Heat Transfers -Climate Zones of India
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Conduction Convection Radiation
SpatialMaterial&
Methods
SpatialMaterial&
Methods
SpatialMaterial&
Methods
Walls
Fenestration
s (Windows)
Roofs
V.Low
Low
Neutral
High
V.High
Source:Rawal,R.(2021,December22).HeatTransferandYourBuildingEnvelope.SolarDecathlonIndia.RetrievedApril13,2022,fromhttps://solardecathlonindia.in/events/

122. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Design Strategy
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Conduction Convection Radiation
Geometry-Massing HD WH AllClimates
Orientation WH AllClimates
ExternalSurfaceto BuildingVolume
Ratio
HD WH HD
Extent of Fenestration and Thermal
Characteristics
HD WH AllClimates
InternalVolume–StackVentilation X HD X
LocationofFenestration–Pressure
DrivenVentilation
X WH X
V.Low
Low
Neutral
High
V.High
WH:WarmHumid
HD:Hot-Dry
TE: Temperate CM:
Composite CO:
Cold
Source:Rawal,R.(2021,December22).HeatTransferandYourBuildingEnvelope.SolarDecathlonIndia.RetrievedApril13,2022,fromhttps://solardecathlonindia.in/events/

123. Heat Transfer in Buildings –Design Strategy
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAY
Urban
ThermalConductivity
RValue –UValue
ThermalMass
SpecificHeat
ThermalDiffusivity
ThermalConductivity–FramesandGlass
RValue–UValue
SolarGains
SolarHeatGainCoefficient
VisualLightTransmittance
VLT
ThermalConductivity
RValue–UValue
ThermalEmissivity
SolarReflectance
•Walls
•Internal
•External
•Fenestrations
•Windows
•Skylights
•Doors
•Roofs
•Floors
•Foundations
Source:Rawal,R.(2021,December22).HeatTransferandYourBuildingEnvelope.SolarDecathlonIndia.RetrievedApril13,2022,from
https://solardecathlonindia.in/events/

124. 10
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Heat Balance &
Adaptive Thermal
Comfort Method

125. Comfort Theoory-Heat Balance Method
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source: Fantozzi, F., &amp; Lamberti, G. (2019). Determination of thermal comfort in indoor sport facilities located in Moderate Environments: An overview. Atmosphere,
10(12), 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120769
The heat balance method presents a physics based
mathematical model that establishes thermal comfort when
heat loss from the body is exactly equal to heat produced
within the body. The heat balance method gives following
equation:
M-W= qsk+qres+S=(C+R+ Esk )+(Cres+ Eres )+(Ssk+ Scr)
Where,
M = Rate of metabolic heat production, W/m 2
W = Rate of mechanical work accomplished, W/m 2
q
sk= Total rate of heat loss from skin, W/m 2
q
res= Total rate of heat loss through respiration, W/m 2
C+ R = Sensible heat loss from skin, W/m 2
E
sk= Total rate of evaporative heat loss from skin, W/m 2
C
res= Rate of convective heat loss from respiration, W/m 2
E
res= Rate of evaporative heat loss from respiration, W/m 2
S
sk= Rate of heat storage in skin compartment, W/m 2
S
cr= Rate of heat storage in core compartment, W/m 2

126. Comfort Theoory-Heat Balance Method
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
In order to be
comfortable: -
Heat production = Heat loss from the
body
Heat loss > Production, then you feel
Cold
Heat loss < Production, then you feel
Hot
Source: Fantozzi, F., &amp; Lamberti, G. (2019). Determination of thermal comfort in indoor sport facilities located in Moderate Environments: An overview. Atmosphere,
10(12), 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120769

127. Comfort Theoory–Adaptive Thermal Comfort Mehod
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source: Fantozzi, F., &amp; Lamberti, G. (2019). Determination of thermal comfort in indoor sport facilities located in Moderate Environments: An overview. Atmosphere,
10(12), 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120769
Physiological Thermoregulation
Thermo reception & Integration
Body Heat-Balance
Indoor Climate
Human Thermal Comfort Depends upon
Physiology
Psychology
Behaviour
Behavioural Thermoregulation
Thermal Dis/ Comfort

128. 11
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Local Thermal
Discomfort

129. ASHRAE55 HumanComfortRangeas per ASHRAE 55 Standard
MostHumansare
comfortableunder
thisconditions
Winters Summer
74°Fto80°F
60%to30%RH
68°Fto 76°F
60%to30%RH
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

130. THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS CANBEDIVIDEDLOOSELYINTOTHREEBROADCATEGORIES:
THERMAL COMFORT
Broad satisfaction with the Thermal
Environmenti.e.mostpeopleareneithertoo
hotnortoocold.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Peoplestarttofeeluncomfortablei.e.theyare
toohotortoocold,butarenotmadeunwell
bytheconditions.
Heat stress or cold stress,is where the
thermalenvironmentwillcauseclearly
definedharmfulmedicalconditions,suchas
dehydrationorfrostbite
THERMAL DISCOMFORT
THERMAL COMFORT THERMAL COMFORT

131. Local ThermalDiscomfortcanbeinduced
byageneralizedwarmorcooldiscomfortof thebody
byanunpleasantchillingorheatingofaspecificregionof
thebody.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
To accommodate Local thermal Discomfort, most standards like ASHRAE
specify conditions to ensure 80% acceptability of the thermal environment
amongst occupants.

132. Local Thermal Discomfort -Causes
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Local Thermal Discomfort is primarily caused by
the Asymetric Thermal Radiation. Where :
Radiant asymmetry is defined as the difference in
radiant temperature of the environment on
opposite sides of the person/ Difference in radiant
temperatures seen by a small flat element looking in
opposite directions
(ASHRAE, 2021)
Radiant Asymmetry Types in Buildings
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry–Walls and Roof
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry –Floors
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry Between
head and ankles

133. Local Thermal Discomfort due to Radiant Temperature Asymmetry –Walls
and Roof
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Warm Ceiling
Cool Wall
Cool Ceiling
Warm Wall
0 5 1015 202530 40
1
2
3
5
10
20
30
50
100
Occupant dissatisfaction levels due to radiant temperature
asymmetry in walls and roof.
Source: AbushakraBass, Akers Larry, Baxter Van, HayteSheila
& ParanjpeyRamesh (2017). ASHRAE
Fundamentals SI edition.
Radiant Thermal
Asymmetry (15 C)
Cause
Warm
Ceiling
Cool
Walls
Cool
Ceiling
Warm
Walls
PPD 40% 20% 8% 2.5%
Percentage of dissatisfied occupants with radiant
thermal asymmetry of 15°C
The descending order of PPD expressed in radiant
thermal asymmetry for walls and ceilings can be given as
Warm Ceiling > Cool Wall > Cool Ceiling >
Warm Wall.

134. Local Thermal Discomfort due to Radiant Temperature Asymmetry –Walls
and Roof
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
40% dissatisfied 20% dissatisfied
8% dissatisfied 2.5% dissatisfied
•Representation of radiant
thermal asymmetry in walls
and roof with resultant
percentages of dissatisfied
occupants.

135. Local Thermal Discomfort due to Radiant Temperature Asymmetry –Floors
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
5 10 1520 25 30 40
1
2
6
10
20
40
60
80
Occupant dissatisfaction levels due to radiant temperature asymmetry in
floor.
Source: AbushakraBass, Akers Larry, Baxter Van, HayteSheila &
ParanjpeyRamesh (2017).
ASHRAE Fundamentals SI edition..
Categorization of Floor
Temp.
Cold Cool/
Neutral
Warm
Floor Temperature 15 °C 24 °C 36 °C
PPD 20% 6% 35%
Percentage of dissatisfied occupants with radiant
thermal asymmetry of 15°C
ThedescendingorderofPPDexpressedduetofloortemperature
isWarmFloor>ColdFloor>CoolFloor.Anexplanationofwhy
coolerorneutralfloortemperaturesarepreferredoverwarm
floorsliesintheunderstandingof
❑the amount of hot and cold receptors present at the base of
our feet
❑The sensitivity level of these receptors towards heat or
coolth.
35
8

136. Local Thermal Discomfort due to Radiant Temperature Asymmetry –Head
and Ankles
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
0 2 4 6 8 12
1
2
6
10
20
40
60
80
Percentage of Seated People Dissatisfied as Function of Air Temperature
Difference Between Head and Ankles
Source: AbushakraBass, Akers Larry, Baxter Van, HayteSheila &
ParanjpeyRamesh (2017). ASHRAE
Fundamentals SI edition.
Categorization of Floor
Temp.
Cold Cool/
Neutral
Warm
Floor Temperature 15 °C 24 °C 36 °C
PPD 20% 6% 35%
Percentage of dissatisfied occupants with radiant
thermal asymmetry of 15°C
ThedescendingorderofPPDexpressedduetofloortemperature
isWarmFloor>ColdFloor>CoolFloor.Anexplanationofwhy
coolerorneutralfloortemperaturesarepreferredoverwarm
floorsliesintheunderstandingof
❑the amount of hot and cold receptors present at the base of
our feet
❑The sensitivity level of these receptors towards heat or
coolth.
10
8
4
Air Temp Difference between head and Ankles °C

137. Session4: Passive Strategies & Building Materials
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

138. 12
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Affordable Housing &
Passive Design
Strategies

139. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
Climatic
Zone
Level
SiteLevel
Block
Level
UnitLevel
Temperature,rainfall,winddirection,
sunradiation,humidity,andother
environmental factors are taken into
considerationwhendesigning.
Totakeadvantageofthepositiveaspects
ofthesiteanditsmicroclimaticfeatures
whileminimisingthenegativeaspects.
Interactionoftheblockwithits
surroundingsandplantstoensurethatit
hasadequateheating,ventilation,and
lighting.
Designsolutionsthatinfluenceheat,
light,andventilationbasedonclimatic
variablesattheunitlevel.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
PassiveMeasures LevelofResponse

140. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
PASSIVE
MEASURES
SiteLevel
UnitLevel
ClimaticZoneLevel
Heating/Cooling
BlockLevel
Heating/Cooling
Ventilation
LightingLighting
Ventilation
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

141. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
PassiveMeasures–ClimaticZoneLevel
Vernacular / traditional architectural typologies
that respond to the region's distinct environment
arebestexemplified.
Example
•InLadakh,eartharchitecturewiththickwalls
and limited windows provides optimal
insulation.
•InRajasthan,courtyardhavelistake
advantageofpressuredifferencesand
reciprocalshading toprovidenaturalcooling
andventilation.
•InKerala,slopingroofsareusedtoguard
againstsevererains.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

142. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
PassiveMeasures–SiteLevel
Reducingthe'heatisland'effect
approaches like:
with
Courtyards/opencourtsareoftensurroundedby
construction.
Taking advantage of block mutual shading
Usingsitemassingtocreatewindpassageways
loweringtheamountofhardpavingtoallowfor
waterabsorption
Usingcomplementaryvegetationtomanagethe
amountofsunlightthatgetsthroughasthe
seasonschange
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

143. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
PassiveMeasures–LeveragingPlantation
Plantingtreesintherightplacesto
provideshadeandventilationcan
significantlyreducetheseverityof
intenseweather.During
heatwavesinAdelaide,aresearch
foundthatdistrictswithmore
vegetationcoverremainedcooler
byupto 6°C.
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

144. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
BlockLevel
Arrangetheblockssothatmutualshadeisobtained,avoidingsolarheatbuildupthroughoutthesummer.
●
HEATING/
COOLING
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

145. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
BlockLevel
Inharshclimatezones,reducethesurfaceareatobuildingvolumeandperimetertoarearatiostoreducesolar
radiationexposure.
HEATING/
COOLING
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

146. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
BlockLevel
Windshadowsshouldbeavoidedbybuildingorientation.
VENTILAT
ION
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

147. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
BlockLevel
Windflowscanbeharnessedbyconstructingcourtsandcatchmentzonesofvarioussizes.Thiscanhelptoimprove
airflowandprovideacoolingeffectfortheblocks.
VENTILAT
ION
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

148. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
UnitLevel
FORMSAND
ORIENTATION:
Sunradiationpenetrationpatternsand,as
a result, heat uptake and loss in a building
areaffectedbychangesinsolarroute
duringdifferentseasons.
Internal layout is of the courtyardtype,
whichis rathercompact.Reducedsun
exposure on East-West external walls to
reduceheatgain.
If planned and situated on the east and,
especially, the west end of the structure,
non-habitable rooms (stores, bathrooms,
etc.)canbeefficientthermalbarriers.
HEATING/
COOLING
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

149. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
UnitLevel
FORMSAND
ORIENTATION:
Highwallsblockthesun,resultingin
significantportionsoftheinnersurfaces
andcourtyardfloorbeingshadedduring
theday.
Thedirtbeneaththecourtyardwillextract
heatfromthesurroundingplacesand
remitittotheopen skyduringthenight,
resultingincoolerairandsurfaces.
HEATING/
COOLING
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

150. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
UnitLevel
THERMAL MASS:
Thermal mass can be combined with night-time convective cooling, sometimes known as "night cooling," to passively cool buildings.
Thermalmassasapassivecoolingandheatingapproachrequiresalargediurnalswing.
HEATING/
COOLING
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

151. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
UnitLevel
SHADING:
Shade-producingplants,suchascreepers,
canbeused.
Fenestrationsandshades/chajjascanbe
builttomaximisesolarradiationdepending
ontheenvironment.
HEATING/
COOLING
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

152. PassiveStrategies&BuildingPhysics
UnitLevel
ORIENTATION:
Buildingscanbeorientatedinrelationtotheprevailingwinddirectionatangles rangingfrom0°to30°.
In buildings witha courtyard, positioning the courtyard 45 degrees from the prevailingwindmaximises wind
flowintothecourtyardandimprovescrossventilationinthe building(inclimateswherecoolingisrequired).
CREATINGPRESSURE DIFFERENCES:
A'squeezepoint'occurswhen windentersthroughasmalleropeningandescapesthroughalargeropening.
Thisgeneratesanaturalvacuum,whichspeedsupthe wind.
Thetotalareaofaperturesshouldbeatleast30%ofthetotalfloorspace.
Thewindow-to-wall-ratio(WWR)shouldnotexceed60%.
VENTILATION
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

153. 13
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Innovative Building
Materials

154. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Heat Transfer in Buildings: Insulation and Thermal Mass
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
T
surf-Out
T
surf-In
Daytime Daytime
T
surf-In
T
surf-In
T
surf-Out
Nighttime
T
surf-Out
Nighttime
T
surf-In
ThermalInsulation,ThermalConductivity ThermalInsulation,SpecificHeatCapacity
T
surf-Out
Source: unsplash. (n.d.). Cloth. unsplash. Retrieved from https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1564814183940-fb79790e1e45?ixlib=rb-
1.2.1&amp;q=80&amp;fm=jpg&amp;crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;dl=mhrezaa -O5R-dr8E2qk-unsplash.jpg

155. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Materials and Methods: Insulation and Thermal Mass
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Airislockedinfoambubblesorbetween
fibers
Bubblewallsandfibersarethemselves
opaquetothermalradiation.
InformationandImageCourtesy:Prof.CloudeRoulet,EMPA,Switzerland,IndoSwissBEEPproject,BEE,India
Themainthermalinsulatingmaterialin
buildingsislockedair
Airisapoorthermalconductor

156. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Materials and Methods : Conductivity & Thermal Bridge
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
1 10 1001,00010,000
Aliuminium
Steel
Sandstone
Concrete
Mortar
Glass
Adobe
Hollowconcreteblock
Snow
Water
Plaster
Claybrick
Aeratedconcrete
Pinewood
Mineral wool
Exp.Polystyrene
W/(m⋅K)
Air=1
0.0002 Sqmtsofaluminium(2SqCms)=1Sq mtsofinsulation
InformationandImageCourtesy:Prof.CloudeRoulet,EMPA,Switzerland,IndoSwissBEEPproject,BEE,India
InOut InOut

157. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Materials and Methods : Construction
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
MinimumThicknessNeededtoAchieveUvalueof < 0.40W/m
2K
Minimum200mmporosifiedbrick
InformationandImageCourtesy:Prof.CloudeRoulet,EMPA,Switzerland,IndoSwissBEEPproject,BEE,India
Brick
Wall
BattConst.
100 mm
cellulose
75mm
XPS
60mm
PUR
Block
Wall
90mmFoam
Glass
10 mm
Vacuumed
FRG
Block
Wall
3Block
Wall
4Block
Wall
1
2 5
6Block
Wall
80mmEPS 7

158. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Materials and Methods : Construction
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
SteadyStateIndoorsandVariableOutdoors–HotandSunny Outdoors
InsulationInside HighThermalMassInsulationOutside
InformationandImageCourtesy:Prof.CloudeRoulet,EMPA,Switzerland,IndoSwissBEEPproject,BEE,India

159. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Materials and Methods : Construction
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Condensation
SteadyStateIndoorsandVariableOutdoors–ColdandSunny Outdoors
InsulationInside HighThermalMassInsulationOutside
InformationandImageCourtesy:Prof.CloudeRoulet,EMPA,Switzerland,IndoSwissBEEPproject,BEE,India

160. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Materials and Methods : Construction
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
VariableIndoors andVariableOutdoors
Condensation
InsulationInside HighThermalMassInsulationOutside
InformationandImageCourtesy:Prof.CloudeRoulet,EMPA,Switzerland,IndoSwissBEEPproject,BEE,India

161. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Nonhomogeneous Walling Technologies, Industrial
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
230MMClayBrick
WallBaseLine
RatTrapBond LGFSS-EPS PPGL GFRGUnfilled
GFRGPartiallyFilled GFRGFullyFilled ReinforcedEPSCore Stay-in-PlaceCoffer
Source:RACHNA, Technical Session 5: Building Materials and Methods of Construction for Affordable Housing,
CEPT

162. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Technologies: U Values, Industrial
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source:RACHNA, Technical Session 5: Building Materials and Methods of Construction for Affordable Housing,
CEPT

163. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Nonhomogeneous Walling Technologies, Traditional
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source:RACHNA, Technical Session 5: Building Materials and Methods of Construction for Affordable Housing,
CEPT
Bamboo-Crete
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.82
WattleandDaub
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 2.09
StabilizedAdobe
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.50
Lateriteblockwall
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.61
UnstabilizedAdobe
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.57
CompressedStabilizedEarth
blockwall
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.59
UnstabilizedCompressed
Earth blockwall
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.42
AACblockwall
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 0.45
UnstabilizedRammed Earth
Wallassembly
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K)= 1.68
StabilizedRammed Earth
Wall assembly
U-VALUE(W/m
2
K) =1.495

164. Walling Material and Walling Assemblies
Walling Technologies: U Values, Traditional
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

165. GLAZING MATERIAL and GLAZING ASSEMBLIES
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

166. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods: Solar Spectrum
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

167. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods : Solar Radiation through Glass
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
InformationandImageCourtesy:A.RUnnikrishnan,SaintGobainGlass
40
30
50
60
70
80
90
380 430 480 530 580 630
Wavelengthinnm
680 730 780
TL
%
Indian
planilux
Green
tinted
Blue
tinted
Extra
clear

168. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods : Solar Control
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
NEARINFRAREDUV VISIBLE
LowE–3xAg
LowE–2xAg
LowE–1xAg
NonAg
ClearGlass
InformationandImageCourtesy:A.RUnnikrishnan,SaintGobainGlass

169. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods : Solar Control
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Selectivity=
TL
=
Light
g Heat
Silver(Ag)basedcoaterproducts
havethemaximumselectivity
Thehigherthe selectivitythebetter
the performanceofglass,itenables
optimumlightto enterour living
spaceswhileblockingexcessheat
InformationandImageCourtesy:A.RUnnikrishnan,SaintGobainGlass

170. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods : Cooling Load Reduction
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
InformationandImageCourtesy:A.RUnnikrishnan,SaintGobainGlass

171. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods : Window Frame
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
InformationandImageCourtesy:A.RUnnikrishnan,SaintGobainGlass
WindowShutterFrame
EdgeofTheGlass
CentreofTheGlass
Edge of The Glass
WindowShutterFrame
Source:Neuffer.(n.d.).SchücoAws90. Neuffer.Retrievedfromhttp://192.169.1.1:8090/httpclient.html Grabex.(n.d.).Sliding-FoldingDoorsForYourSpace.Grabex.Retrievedfromhttps://grabex.co.uk/doors/bi-fold-

172. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Glazing Material and Methods : Window Frame
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
SGU
DGU
withair
DGUwith
Argongas
1.1 1.5W/m
2.K 1.7W/m
2.K
2.8
W/m
2.K
1.6
1.3
Uvalue based on glass& frameconfiguration
6 5.6
5
4
1
0
2
3
SGU
AgbasedcoaterbasedlowE
DGUwithNonDGUwithAgDGUwithAg
basedlowEwith
argon
U
value
(W/m2K)
GlassConfiguration

173. ROOFING COATING MATERIAL
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

174. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Roofing Coating Material : Black Body
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Source:freepik.(n.d.).FoodWood.freepik.Retrievedfromhttps://www.freepik.com/photos/food-wood,freepik.(n.d.).Saucepan.freepik.Retrievedfromhttps://www.freepik.com/vectors/saucepan

175. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Roof Coating Material and Solar Reflectance Index
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Reflectance
•ThermalEmittance.
•Emissivity
•SolarReflectanceIndex
(SRI)
Source:ASCBuildingProducts.(2020).Energy-EfficientCoolColorsinToday’sMetalRoofing.ASCBuildingProducts.Retrievedfromhttps://www.ascbp.com/cool-colors-and-energy-savings/.

176. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Roof Coating Material and Solar Reflectance Index
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Incident
sunlight
I
Reflected
sunlight
R
solI
Netemitted
thermal
radiation
Eσ(T
4-T
sky
4)
Convection
OpaquesurfaceattemperatureT
Conduction
•Highsolarreflectance(R
sol)lowerssolarheatgain(0.3 -2.5 µm)
•Highthermalemittance(E)enhancesthermalradiativecooling(4-80µm)

177. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Roof Coating Materials
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
Paints CoatedSheets Tiles

178. Glazing Material and Glazing Assemblies
Roof Coating Materials
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•PM10,PM2.5
•Dust,Sooth
•Vegetation
Source:Paolini,R., Zani,A., Poli,T.,Antretter,F., &amp;Zinzi,M.(2017).Naturalagingof coolwalls:Impactonsolarreflectance,sensitivitytothermalshocksandbuildingenergyneeds.EnergyandBuildings,153,
287–296.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.017

179. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, Light House Projects
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

180. Walling Material Case Studies, Light House Projects
Light House Project: Agartala
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•LightGaugeSteelFramedStructure
withInfillConcretePanels(LGSFS-
ICP)
•Groundand06Floors
•Weightof the LGSFS-ICPbuildingis
about20-30%lighter
•The LSGframesaremanufactured
using numericallycontrolledroll
•formingmachineusingCAD design

181. Walling Material Case Studies, Light House Projects
Light House Project: Chennai
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem
andPrecastcomponentAssemblyatthe
site
•Gand05Floors
•Precastdensereinforcedcementconcrete
hollowcorecolumns,structuralRCC
shearwalls,T/L/Rectangularshaped
beams,stairs,floor/roofsolid….
•AACblocksareusedforpartitionwalls

182. Walling Material Case Studies, Light House Projects
Light House Project: Indore
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•PrefabricatedSandwichPanelSystem
•Sand08Floors
•Lightweightcompositewall,floor,and
roofsandwichpanelsmadeof thinfiber
cement/calciumsilicateboard
•Facecoveredboardsandthecore
materialisEPSgranuleballs

183. Walling Material Case Studies, Light House Projects
Light House Project: Lucknow
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•PVCStay inPlaceFormworkSystem
•Sand13Floors
•Rigidpolyvinylchloride(PVC)basedformwork
systemservesasapermanentstay-in-placedurable
finishedform-workforconcretewalls
•ThePVCextrusionsconsistofthesubstrate(inner)
andModifier(outer).Thetwolayersareco-
extrudedduringthemanufacturingprocesstocreate
asolidprofile.

184. Walling Material Case Studies, Light House Projects
Light House Project: Rajkot
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•MonolithicConcreteConstructionusingtunnel
formwork
•Sand8Floors
•Tunnelformsareroomsizeformworksthat
allowwallsandfloorstobecasteinasingle
pour

185. Walling Material Case Studies, Light House Projects
Light House Project: Ranchi
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
•Pre-CastConcreteConstructionSystem–3D
volumetric
•Groundand 8Floors
•90%pre-castedatthecastingyard
•Use of Fly Ash Ground granulated blast furnace
slag(GGBS),microsilica.
•Minimalshutterand scaffolding

186. High Tea& Networking
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

187. VoteofThanks
ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban

188. ClimateSmartBuildings|LHPRajkot|PMAYUrban
THANK
YOU