clinical chemistry - blood Analysis

Chemistry in Everyday Life

1. Clinical Chemistry Introduction Blood Analysis Unit .1 Lec.No 1. Clinical Chemistry Dr.K.Parameswari , Dept of Chemistry

2. Clinical Chemistry Do you want a footer? Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is the area of clinical pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic (healing) purposes

3. Types of Measurements in Chemistry Do you want a footer? Qualitative measurement relies on words (some, many, none, pale) to tell us quality. The liver enzymes are high. Quantitative measurement relies primarily on numbers as the main unit of analysis. The blood glucose is 100mg/ml.

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8. Blood Analysis Do you want a footer? Hemoglobin WBC Glucose Lipid Profile Platelet count Salicylate level Muscle enzyme tests (CPK aldolase ) Liver enzyme tests (SGOT SGPT) bilirubin alkaline (Electrolytes) Thyroid

9. Hemoglobin Hb is the iron containing coloring matter of RBC If the count is low - chronic inflammation(inflammation is a body process that can result in pain swelling warmth or redness) Low hematocrit and hemoglobin counts may be signs that your medication is causing a loss of blood from your stomach and passing through your bowel. Low counts also may indicate a decrease in red blood cell production. bone marrow problem

10. If the count is more – blood volume increase in case of smoking high altitude

11. Hb Count Normal Count : 14 – 16 g/ dL but it can vary from age to age At birth : 25g/ dL After 3 rd month : 20g/ dL After 1 year : 17g/ dL from puberty onwards : 14 – 16g/ dL it can also vary in age – Adult males : 15g/ dL Adult females : 14.5g/ dL

12. WBC WBC tests measure the number of white blood cells present. When you have an infection your body makes more white blood cells. Some medications can decrease the number of white blood cells which could increase your chances of getting an infection

13. Normal Values total count(TC)- 4000 – 11000/cu mm of blood differential count(DC)- % Absolute volume/cu mm of blood neutrophils 50-70 3000-6000 eosinophils 2-4 150-450 basophils 0-1 0-100 monocytes 2-6 200-600 lymphocytes 20-30 1500-2700

14. SIGNIFICANS If the count is less- may be due to some medications decrease count indicate more prone for infection If the count is more- disease in bone marrow disorder in immune system acute lymphocytic leukemia acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

15. Significance If the count is less- (thrombocytopenia) more bleeding TB infections and other disease If the count is more- ( thrombocytosis ) allergic conditions hemorrhage bone fracture rheumatic fever trauma

16. Examples of Measuring Biochemicals : Do you want a footer? Blood glucose, or blood sugar levels indicate how the body handles glucose. Measuring glucose levels after fasting can help diagnose diabetes or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar ). Cardiac enzyme levels indicate the health of heart muscles. Measuring cardiac enzymes can help the doctor determine if the patient has had a heart attack, when the episode occurred and how severe it was.

17. Glucose in the Blood Glucose Test Person without diabetes Person with diabetes Fasting Test 70-110mg/dL > 140mg/dL 2 hours after eating < 110mg/dL > 200mg/dL

18. Category Systolic reading (mmHg) Diastolic reading (mmHg Follow-up recommendation Optimal 120 80 Recheck in two years Normal 130 85 Recheck in 2 years High Normal 130-139 85-89 Recheck in one year Hypertension Stage 1 (Mild) 140-159 90-99 Confirm within two months Hypertension Stage 2 (Moderate) 160-179 100-109 Evaluate within one month Hypertension Stage 3 (Severe) 179 109 Evaluate immediately or within one week depending on situation

19. CHOLESTEROL A fatty substance found only in animal foods. It is also made by our bodies. Small amounts are needed by the body for essential functions. Excessive cholesterol forms a fatty plaque, which sticks to the inside of our arteries and can cause heart disease.

20. GOOD AND BAD CHOLESTEROL LDL “bad” cholesterol Carries cholesterol around in the blood Forms plaque in the arteries Increases risk of heart disease HDL “good” cholesterol Carries cholesterol to liver and out of body Helps avoid plaque and heart disease

21. MORE FATS IN THE BLOOD Triglycerides A fat that circulates in blood and increases risk of heart disease Lipid profile Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides. Gives a picture of the balance between good and bad cholesterol and other fats

22. NORMAL BLOOD LEVELS Cholesterol (total) < 200 mg/ dL LDL 0-130 mg/ dL HDL 33-96 mg/ dL Triglycerides 40-157 mg/ dL

23. Platelet count This test measures the number of "sticky" cells or platelets that help the blood to clot (aspirin and some other medications make the platelets less "sticky"). If the number of platelets is low you could have too much bleeding. Some powerful arthritis medications in rare instances lower the platelet count. Normal Value 2,50,000/cu mm of blood range- 2,00,000 – 4,00,000/cu mm of blood

24. Salicylate level This measures the amount of salicylate in the blood to find out if enough is being absorbed to reduce inflammation ( salicylate is the main ingredient in aspirin and some other NSAIDs ( nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) ). This is a helpful test for people who are taking large doses of these medications for a long time. High salicylate levels can be harmful with or without such symptoms as ringing in the ears nausea vomiting or even fever

25. Do you want a footer? These include : Electrolyte (K (proper func of nerve, muscle, heart), Na (kidney, adrenal gland) Enzymes creatinine (kidney function), billurubin (jaundice) Albumin (main protein made by liver, antibody fighting disease) Liver Function Tests

26. Thyroid Panel Do you want a footer? Thyroid Panel : to help evaluate thyroid function and diagnose thyroid disease. Commonly includes TSH, T4, T3 The thyroid gland is an important organ that regulates body metabolism. It is located in the front of the neck just below the voice box. It secretes two main thyroid hormones – thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3 ). These hormones allow the body to use energy. I f you have too little of these hormones, you have not used the possible energy and are tired. So, if the mechanisms are working badly, patient is feeling tired, they could be suffering from hypothyroidism .

27. The Thyroid and Pituatary Glands Do you want a footer? Together these two glands work to regulate metabolism. So, if the patient is always tired, a Thyroid Panel may be ordered to assess hormone levels.

28. Enzyme Panels Do you want a footer? Enzymes Panel – enzymes are in all cells. Enzymes are released into the blood by organs that are damaged or diseased. The type of enzyme released can indicate which organ is affected; heart, liver, pancreas, even bone. T here are Cardiac Enzyme Panels, Liver Enzyme Panels, etc., which are measuring the amount of different enzymes released by the particular organ being investigated.

29. DO YOU KNOW your Do you want a footer? HB WBC Glucose Level Lipid Profile ……etc Know to have better Health