Cmputer science MFA Introduction-IFY.pptx

intro ppt for computer science

1. Computer Science Introduction

2. In this bite sized module What is a Computer? What is Computer Science? What is Computer System? What is Computation? Types of Computing Computer Organization Hardware and Software Operating System

3. What is a Computer Understanding function of a Computer

4. Which one is the computer? Rock Calculator Television Modern Airplane Washing Machine Computer Workstation Darshan Gohel

5. Is it a Computer? What questions would you ask? What experiments would you run? Darshan Gohel

6. Is a rock a computer? Does not act or process Takes no input and produces no output Computers must be able to handle input and output Darshan Gohel

7. Is a washing machine a computer? Input: dirty clothes Output: clean clothes Does not handle information Computers input and output information Darshan Gohel

8. Is a television set a computer? Input: information from cables or radio waves Output: information as sound and picture Does not process information Computers process information by computing new results and answering queries Darshan Gohel

9. Is a modern airplane a computer? Input: information from radio waves Output: manipulations to the airplane Can only handle specific information necessary for flight control Computers are general purpose because they can perform many different tasks Darshan Gohel

10. Is an ordinary calculator a computer? Input: numbers and mathematical operations Output: answer Handles any numeric task Cannot remember which buttons are pressed Computers are programmable so they can remember sequences of operations Darshan Gohel

11. Definition of a Computer a general purpose, programmable, information processor with input and output Darshan Gohel

12. What is Computer Science? Computer Science is the study of the foundations of information and computation. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.

13. What is a Computer System? It is capable of performing computations and making logical decisions. (2 + 2 = 4) It is a machine that can transform data into useful information.

14. What is Computation? Computation is a type of calculation that follows a well defined model Example: An Algorithm A + B = C 2 + 2 = 4

15. Types of Computing 3 popular types of computing: Personal Computing Client/Server Computing Cloud Computing

16. Personal Computing: General-purpose computer. Client/Server Computing: Responds to request across a computer network to provide a network service. Example: Loading cnn.com on a web page. Cloud Computing: A shared pool of computing resources accessible over a network. Pay as you go model.

17. Cognition, Computational Thinking, and Computing Explained with Problem-Solving Examples

18. Computing vs Cognition • Computing: Problem-solving with computers using algorithms and data. • Cognition: Problem-solving with humans using mental processes like reasoning, memory, and judgment. 👉 Parallel: • Computers do Computing. • Humans do Cognition.

19. Example: Trip Planning 🖥️ Computing (Computer) - Searches flights - Calculates costs - Finds shortest route • Strength: Fast, accurate • Limitation: No understanding 🧠 Cognition (Human) - Thinks about comfort - Considers preferences - Uses past experiences • Strength: Creative, intuitive • Limitation: Biased, slow

20. Computational thinking Computational thinking is a problem-solving method that applies the processes used by computer scientists to a variety of problems, not just those in technology. It involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts ( decomposition ), identifying patterns and similarities ( pattern recognition ), focusing on essential information ( abstraction ), and developing step-by-step solutions ( algorithms ). This systematic approach enables individuals to understand problems and create solutions that can be understood by both humans and computers.  

21. Where Computational Thinking Fits Computational Thinking = Bridge between Cognition and Computing. Humans structure problems so that computers can solve them: • Decomposition – break problem into parts • Pattern recognition – identify similarities • Abstraction – focus on essentials • Algorithm design – create step-by-step instructions 👉 Cognition → CT → Computing

22. Example: Find Greatest of Three Numbers 🧠 Cognition: - Intuitively compare numbers - Decide 45 is greatest 🧩 Computational Thinking: - Step 1: Compare first two - Step 2: Keep larger - Step 3: Compare with third - Step 4: Conclude greatest 🖥️ Computing (Python): a, b, c = 12, 45, 27 max_num = a if b > max_num: max_num = b if c > max_num: max_num = c print(max_num) # 45

23. Four Principles of CT: Greatest of 3 Numbers 1. Decomposition: Compare pairwise. 2. Pattern Recognition: Same method works for any set of numbers. 3. Abstraction: Ignore actual values, focus on comparisons. 4. Algorithm Design: if a > b then max=a else max=b if c > max then max=c print max

24. Scaling: Greatest of 100 Numbers 1. Decomposition: Start with first number, compare sequentially. 2. Pattern Recognition: Repeated comparisons until end. 3. Abstraction: Focus only on 'greater than' relation. 4. Algorithm Design: max = first for each number in list: if number > max → update max output max 👉 CT makes it scalable from 3 to 100 (or more).

25. What is Computer Science? • Computer Science is the study of computers and computational systems. • It focuses on theory, algorithms, and how problems can be solved by computers. • Core areas include: - Algorithms and Data Structures - Programming and Software Development - Databases and Information Systems - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - Networks and Security 👉 In short: Computer Science is about understanding how to think (CT), and how to make machines execute that thinking (Computing).

26. Core Areas of Computer Science - Algorithms and Data Structures - Programming - Software Engineering - Computer Architecture - Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning - Databases - Networking & Security - Human-Computer Interaction

27. Analogy: Running a Restaurant - Algorithms = Recipes - Programming = Cooking - Data Structures = Pantry Organization - Computer Architecture = Kitchen Layout - Software Engineering = Managing the Restaurant - Networking = Food Delivery System - AI/ML = Smart Chef

28. Advantages of Computer Science It is the fastest medium of communication. Arithmetic problems can be easily solved. Computers make i t possible to receive, supply and process large volumes of data at very high speeds.

29. How Computer Works? A Computer is an electronic machine that: Accepts information and stores it until the information is needed. Processes the information according to the instructions provided by the user. Finally returns the result to the user.

30. How do computers solve problems? Humans deconstruct problems into small operations that a computer can carry out Writing an algorithm Solve a problem by computer requires State the problem clearly in a problem statement Solve the problem with an algorithm that gives clear instructions Use a computing agent to carry out the instructions

31. Stating the problem clearly Describes what to do, not how to do it How do I get from Timonium Campus to the Beltway? Solve general classes of problems How do I get from point A in Timonium to point B ? What is the square root of y ?

32. Specifying a problem Clear problem statement is called the specification What information can we use as input What the output, or solution, to our problem should look like Specification for the square root problem Input: A positive number y > 0 Output: A positive number x such that x 2 = y Make sure specification is not ambiguous

33. Solving the problem using an Algorithm Algorithm – a clear sequence of instructions for performing a task a well-ordered sequence of well-defined, feasible operations that takes finite time to carry out

34. Finding the square root to the nearest tenth For this example we are interested in the square root of 55 Find the two integers between which √55 lies Do this by starting at 0 and continuing up through the integers until you find an integer whose square is less than 55 and the next integer has a square larger than 55 Find the first estimate by averaging the two integers Divided 55 by the estimate. Compute it to one more place than you want in the final answer Average the estimate and the result of step 3 Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the tenth digit does not change

35. Finding the square root to the nearest tenth Here’s the Babylonian/average-of-quotients process for (\sqrt{55}), stopping when the tenth digit stabilizes. Integers around (\sqrt{55}): (7^2=49<55<64=8^2) → it lies between 7 and 8 . First estimate (average the integers): (\ displaystyle x_0=\frac{7+8}{2}=7.5) Divide 55 by the estimate (carry one more place than you want; aiming for tenths → compute to hundredths ): (\ displaystyle 55\div 7.50=7.33) Average the estimate and the quotient: (\ displaystyle x_1=\frac{7.50+7.33}{2}=7.415\ approx \ mathbf {7.42}) (to hundredths) Repeat steps 3–4: Divide: (55\div 7.42=7.41) Average: (\ displaystyle x_2=\frac{7.42+7.41}{2}=7.415\ approx \ mathbf {7.42}) The tenth digit is now stable (7.4 in both rounds), so: [ \boxed{\sqrt{55}\ approx 7.4 \text{ (to the nearest tenth)}} ] (For reference, the true value is (\sqrt{55}\ approx 7.416198487).)

36. Almost Algorithms To shampoo your hair Rinse Lather Repeat To set the time on the VCR Open the front panel Push the button Set the hours, then the minutes To write the Great American Novel Get paper and pencil Sit down Write word on paper If novel is great, quit. Otherwise, go back to step 3.

37. Using the computing agent The square root algorithm is only an algorithm for an agent that understands English and can perform arithmetic Requirements imposed by the computing agent Algorithm is in a language the computing agent understands Algorithm uses primitive operations that the agent can carry out

38. Necessity of artificial languages Problems with natural languages (like English) Flexible Often ambiguous Computers use artificial languages with precise meanings mathematical equations, music notation, programming languages Programming languages define primitive operations computing agents understand

39. Types of Computer Personal computer Smartphone Mainframe computer Super computer Cloud computer (Amazon Web Services AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud GC)

40. Personal Computer A microcomputer designed for  individual use , as by a  person in an office or at  home or school.

41. Smartphone A small, pocket sizes, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

42. Mainframe A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously .

43. Supercomputer An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

44. Cloud Computing AWS : Amazon Web Services provides on-demand delivery of IT resources via the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Microsoft Azure : Microsoft Azure is an open, flexible, enterprise-grade cloud computing platform Google Cloud : Google Cloud Platform is a cloud computing platform by Google that offers hosting on the same supporting infrastructure that Google uses internally for end-user products like Google Search and YouTube. Cloud Platform provides developer products to build a range of programs from simple websites to complex applications

45. Cloud Computing: IaaS, SaaS and PaaS SaaS : Software as a service is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted. Also referred to as " on-demand software ". SaaS is typically accessed by users using a thin client via a web browser. IaaS : Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet. IaaS is one of three main categories of cloud computing services, alongside Software as a Service (SaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS). PaaS : Platform as a Service , often simply referred to as PaaS, is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web browser.

46. Computer Organization Different parts of computer are: Input Output Memory Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit

47. Hardware and Software Hardware includes physical parts of computer. Example: CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, etc. Software includes an interface between the user and the computer. Example: Windows, Linux, Mac OS , etc.

48. Operating System A Software that manages computer hardware . Provides the user interface to the computer. Controls all machine activities and manage resources.

49. Thank you For questions please email [email protected] or DM on wattsapp 99885140