CNS presentation by viplove.pptx sardar Patel ayurvedic medical College

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1. SARDAR PATEL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, BALAGHAT SUBJECT : ROG-NIDAN EVAM VIKRUTI VIGYAN TOPIC NAME : CNS CENTERS WITH THEIR FUNCTIONS PRESENTED BY VIPLOVE MALAKAR RUSHIKESH NAIK PRASAD SAPKAL GUIDED BY DR. SHUBASH WAGHE DR. BHUSHAN KAWLE DR. RAVINDRA SHARNANGAT DR. PRIYANKA CHOUDHARY

2. Divisions of the central nervous system CNS PNS

3. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain constitutes about one-fiftieth of the body weight and lies within the cranial cavity. The brain parts are Cerebrum The brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) Cerebellum

4. Cerebrum is the largest part of brain. It is formed by two hemispheres that are separated anteriorly and posteriorly by a deep vertical fissure (deep furrow or groove). But the middle portions are connected by corpus callosum. CEREBRUM Cerebrum is formed by two structure: Outer layer Gray Matter (Cerebral Cortex) .Inner layer White Matter

5. Cerebral dominance is related to handedness, i.e. preference of the individual to use right or left hand. More than 90% of people are right handed. In these individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant and it controls the analytical process and language related functions such as speech, reading and writing. Hence, left hemisphere of these persons is called dominant or categorical hemisphere. Right hemisphere is called representational hemisphere since it is associated with artistic and visuospatial functions like judging the distance, determining the direction, recognizing the tones, etc. Lesion in dominant hemisphere leads to language disorders. Lesion in representational hemisphere causes only mild effects like astereognosis. CEREBRAL DOMINANCE & HANDEDNESS

6. LOBES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX 1. Frontal lobe. 2. Parietal lobe. 3. Occipital lobe. 4. Temporal lobe FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE OCCIPTAL LOBE

7. Parts of Frontal Lobe of Cerebral Cortex Precentral cortex, which is situated posteriorly. Prefrontal cortex, which is situated anteriorly. Precentral cortex is further divided into three functional areas: 1. Primary motor area. 2. Premotor area. 3. Supplementary motor area.

8. Primary Motor Area Function of voluntary movements and speech Function of area 4 Is the center for movement PREMOTOR AREA Functions of area 6 It helps to make the skilled movements more accurate and smooth If area 4 is affected along with area 6, the effect is very severe, causing hemiplegia with spastic paralysis

9. Function of area 8- conjugate movement of eyeballs Broca's area(motor area for speech) Function of Broca's areamovements of tongue ,lips and larynx, which are involved in speech Supplementary Motor Area – COORDINATED SKILLED MOVEMENT Prefrontal Cortex Short-term memories planned actions seat of intelligence responsible for the personality of individuals

10. PARIETAL LOBE Functional Areas of Parietal Lobe 1. Somesthetic area I . 2. Somesthetic area II . 3. Somesthetic association area. SOMESTHETIC AREA I responsible for perception and integration of cutaneous and kinesthetic This area sends sensory feedback to the premotor area. movements of head and eyeballs. Recognition of intensity of different stimuli Effect of Lesion Of Somasthetic Area IIf lesion in Sensory area + Thalamus = loss of sensation in opposite side of the body .

11. SOMESTHETIC AREA II Exact role of this area is not clear, it is concerned with perception of sensation SOMESTHETIC ASSOCIATION AREA This area is concerned with synthesis of various sensation

12. Includes three functional areas Primary auditory area. Secondary auditory area or auditopsychic area. Area for equilibrium Primary Auditory area function Is concerned with perception of auditory impulses, analysis of pitch and determination of intensity and source of sound. Area 41 and 42 is perception of auditory sensation. Wernicke area is understanding the auditory information and sending information to Broca’s area TEMPORAL LOBE

13. Present in posterior part of superior temporal gyrus. It is concerned with the maintenance of equilibrium of the body. Stimulation of this area causes dizziness, swaying, falling and feeling of rotation Temporal lobe syndrome is Kluverbucy Syndrome AREA FOR EQUILIBRIUM OCCIPITAL LOBECalled as Visual Cortex

14. OCCIPITAL LOBE (Visual Cortex) AREAS OF VISUAL CORTEX Functional Areas of Occipital Lobe 1. Primary visual area (area 17). 2. Secondary visual area or visuopsychic area (area 18). 3. Occipital eye field (area 19) Functions:- 1.Primary visual area:- perception of visual sensation 2. Secondary visual area:- interpretation of visual sensation & storage of memories. 3. Occipital eye field:-reflex movement of eyeballs

15. LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM OLFACTION. 2. REGULATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS. 3. REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS i . Heart rate. ii. Blood pressure. iii. Water balance. iv. Body temperature. 4.REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE. 5. CONTROL OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. 6. REGULATION OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONS7. 7. ROLE IN EMOTIONAL STATE8. 8. ROLE IN MEMORY8. 9. ROLE IN MOTIVATION.

16. 1 . MEDULLA OBLONGATA : it is the lowermost part of the brain MEDULLA OBLONGATA PONS MIDBRAIN Brainstem contains ascending and descending tracts brain and spinal cord . Brainstem FUNCTIONS OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA 1.Respiratory centers :- Maintain Normal Rhythmic Respiration 2.Vasomotor Centers :- Controls BP & HR 3.Controls Secretion Of Saliva 4.Deglutition Center :- Regulates Pharyngeal and esopharangeal stages of deglutition

17. Function Pons contains the pneumotaxic (controls breathing rate) and apneustic Subs centers for regulation of respiration . PONS MIDBRAIN TECTUM CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES RED NUCLEUS TECTUM Function 1.Controls the movements of the eyes, head, trunk and limbs, in response to visual impulses 2.Center for light reflex. 3.Auditory reflexes

18. RED NUCLEUS FUNCTION • Facilitates Muscle tone •controls complex muscular movements •controls Ocular movement

19. Thalamus is a large ovoid mass of gray matter, situated bilaterally in diencephalon. Both thalami form 80% of diencephalon THALAMUS 1. Relay center Thalamus forms the relay center for the sensations. impulses of almost all the sensations reach the thalamic nuclei 2.Center for processing of sensory information 3.Center for reflex activity 4.Center for integration of motor activity 5.Center for sexual sensations THALAMUS

20. HYPOTHALAMUS Hypothalamus is a diencephalic structure. It is situated just below thalamus in the ventral part of diencephalon FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS Hypothalamus is the important part of brain concerned with homeostasis of the body It regulates the functions of the body like endocrine functions, visceral functions, metabolic activities, hunger , thirst, sleep, wake- fulness, emotion, sexual functions, etc 1. SECRETION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:- Secretion of ADH & Oxytocin 2. CONTROL OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY i . Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). ii. Growth hormone-releasing polypeptide (GHRP). iii. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin. iv. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). v. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

21. 3.Secreting Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) which control Adrenal Cortex 4.Control of Adrenal Medulla by releasing Catecholamines which cope up with emotional stress. 5. Regulation Of Heart Rate through vasomotor center 6. Regulation Of Blood Pressure 7. Regulation Of Body Temperature Heat loss Center present in Preoptic Nucleus of Ant. Hypothalamus Heat Gain Center situated in Posterior hypothalamic nucleus 8. Regulation of Hunger and Food Intake. Feeding Center-Lateral hypothalamic nucleus Satiety Center 9.Regulation of Sexual Function by Secreting Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone (GNRH) 10.Regulation of water Balance.1.Thirst mechanism2.Antidiuretic hormone mechanism

22. CEREBELLUM Based on functions, the cerebellum is divided into three divisions: Vestibulo cerebellum. Spino cerebellum. Cortico cerebellum 2. SPINOCEREBELLUM :-It regulates tone, posture and equilibrium by receiving sensory impulses from tactile en receptors, proprioceptors 3. CORTICOCEREBELLUM:- Corticocerebellum is concerned with the integration and regulation of well-coordinated muscular activities. 1. VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM :- It regulates tone, posture and equilibrium by receiving impulses from vestibular apparatus Functions CEREBELLUM

23. BASAL GANGLIA COMPONENTS OF BASAL GANGLIA Basal ganglia include three primary components: 1. Corpus striatum. 2. Substantia nigra. 3. Subthalamic nucleus of Luys FUNCTIONS CONTROL OF MUSCLE TONE 2. CONTROL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY Regulation of Voluntary Movements Regulation of Conscious Movements Regulation of Subconscious Movements

24. THANK YOU DOCTORS