Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels. They were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals buried deep inside the Earth millions of years ago..pdf

Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.

They were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals buried deep inside the Earth millions of years ago.

1. Coal and Petroleum


Introduction
 Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.
 They were formed from the remains of dead plants and
animals buried deep inside the Earth millions of years ago.

2.  They are non-renewable resources → limited in nature
and cannot be replenished quickly.


?????? Coal
Formation:
 Formed from dead plants buried under the earth 300
million years ago.
 Heat and pressure converted plant matter into coal.
 This process is called carbonisation.
Types of Coal:
1. Peat – lowest carbon content.
2. Lignite – soft, brown coal.

3. 3. Bituminous – most commonly used.
4. Anthracite – hardest, highest carbon content.
Uses of Coal:
 Fuel for cooking, industries, trains (steam engines).
 Production of coke, coal tar, coal gas.
By-products of Coal:
1. Coke – pure carbon, used in steel manufacturing.
2. Coal tar – black liquid, source of dyes, drugs, perfumes,
paints.
3. Coal gas – used as fuel in industries.

?????? Petroleum
Formation:
 From dead sea animals & plants buried under the sea
millions of years ago.
 With heat, pressure, and absence of air → petroleum
(crude oil) and natural gas formed.
Refining of Petroleum:
 Petroleum is a mixture of many components.
 It is separated in a refinery by fractional distillation.
Petroleum Products and Their Uses:
 Petrol – motor fuel (cars, bikes).
 Diesel – trucks, buses, tractors.
 Kerosene – domestic fuel, lamps.

4.  LPG – cooking gas.
 Lubricating oil – machines.
 Paraffin wax – ointments, candles.
 Bitumen – road surfacing.

?????? Natural Gas
 Found with petroleum deposits.
 Stored under pressure in cylinders as CNG (Compressed
Natural Gas).
 Uses:
o Vehicle fuel (eco-friendly).
o Power generation.
o Fertiliser industry (to make urea).

?????? Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources
 Exhaustible resources: Limited in nature (coal,
petroleum, natural gas, minerals).
 Inexhaustible resources: Unlimited (sunlight, air, water,
soil).

?????? Problems with Overuse
 Pollution (air pollution, global warming).
 Oil spills damage marine life.
 Limited stock → may finish soon.

5. ?????? Conservation Tips (Save Fuel Mission)
1. Use public transport / carpool.
2. Switch off engines at traffic signals.
3. Use energy-efficient appliances.
4. Promote CNG and renewable energy sources (solar,
wind).

✨ Quick Recap Questions for Students:
1. What is carbonisation?
2. Name two products obtained from coal.
3. Why is petroleum called “black gold”?
4. Which fuel is called eco-friendly fuel? Why?
5. Give one use of coke, coal tar, and bitumen.