CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING PRESENTATION.pptx

This presentation is about code-switching and code-mixing and the differences between them.

1. Code-switching and code-mixing

2. Code-switching and code-mixing CODE is any system of communication involving language ; a language or a variety / style of a LANGUAGE; The term ‘ code ‘ is neutral , terms like accent, dialect, style, standard language etc. Tend to arouse emotions .

3. CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING CODE SWITCHING Alternation b ETWEEN 2 or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse b ETWEEN people who have more than one language in common.

4. Code-switching (also called code-mixing) can occur in conversation between speakers’ turns or within a single speaker’s turn . code-switching is very well motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes.

5. Code-switching can be: inter - sentential code-switching Ex. I know. Sore Wa iya da ne. /i hate that, don’t you?/ intra - sentential code-switching Ex. “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y termino en español ” ( ‘sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English and finish in Spanish’).

6. Code-Mixing suggests the speaker is mixing up codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence , whereas the switches in code-switching are very well motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes.

7. Code-Mixing Involves the transfer of linguistic elements from one language to another and emphasizes hybridization c ode - switching emphasizes movement from one language to another.

8. “ Efforts to distinguish code-switching, code-mixing and borrowing are doomed ” (Eastman , 1992 , p. 1 ) Muysken ( 2000 ): c ode-switching cases where the two codes maintain their monolingual characteristics and code-mixing where there is some convergence between the two. Sridhar and Sridhar ( 1980 ) and Bokamba ( 1988 ): code-mixing - alternation within the sentence and code-switching - alternations going beyond the sentence borders . Meisel ( 1989 ): code-mixing the fusion of two grammatical systems , whereas code-switching the pragmatic skill of selecting the language according to the interlocutor, topic, context, etc.

9. The gumperz tradition and the types of switching: We-code vs. They-code Situational vs. Conversational/metaphorical switching

10. We-codes and they-codes As a direct consequence of diglossia, Gumperz ( 1982 ) suggested that the ethnically specific, minority language comes to be regarded as a “ we-code ” and to be associated with in-group and informal activities , whereas the majority language serves as the “ they-code ” and is associated with more formal, outgroup relations.

11. We-codes and they-codes In CS, the we-code and the they-code are often used within the same conversation, as in the example in which A Punjabi–English bilingual, Umi, talks to a friend about the likely loss of Punjabi culture in Britain t he threat to Punjabi culture is poignantly embodied in the switch from the we-code to the they-code half way through the sentence, and by the use of the English word for ‘culture’.

12. Code-switching SITUATIONAL CODE-SWITCHING Distinct varieties are associated with changes in interlocutor, context or topic and is a direct consequence of a diglossic distribution of the varieties. METAPHORICAL / CONVERSATIONAL CODE-SWITCHING Convers./metaphorical code-switching occurs when there are changes in varieties without any ‘external’ promptings. The purpose of introducing the new variety into the conversation is to evoke the connotations, the metaphorical world of that variety.

13. However, according to wardhaugh (2006): situational code-switching : occurs w hen the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversant s find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one , for instance . N o topic change is involved . METAPHORICAL CODE-SWITCHING : occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used. Some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. T he choice encodes certain social values.

14. SITUATIONAL CODE-SWITCHING [ The Maori is in italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS. ] A Maori person is recalling the visit of a respected elder to a nearby town. ‘That’s what he said in Blenheim. Ki a mAtou NgAti Porou , te MAoritanga i papi ake i te whenua. [WE OF THE NG a TI POROU TRIBE BELIEVE THE ORIGINS OF M a ORITANGA ARE IN THE EARTH.] And those Blenheim people listened carefully to him too.’

15. Metaphorical code-switching Kenan is 5 and overweight. He is talking to a fellow bosnian at work about his attempt to go on a diet. My doctor told me to go on a diet. She said I was overweight. So I am trying . ali je tako teško /but it’s so hard/ . Svo vrijeme samo razmišljam o hrani /i keep thinking about food all the time/ . Even when I am at work. And in bed at night. Očajan sam, ne mogu spavati navečer / I am DESPERATE , I C an’t GET TO SLEEP at night/ . So I get up i počistim frižider / and RAID THE FRIDGE / . Onda mi je muka i osjećam se krivim / THEN I FEEL GUILTY AND SICK /. kada se probudim sljedećeg jutra, osjećam se veoma loše /when i wake up next day, i feel so depressed/ because I ha ve to start the diet all over again. The doctor wasn’t sympathetic. She just shrugged and said ‘well it’s your funeral!’

16. Code-switching can arise from individual choice or be used as a major identity marker for a group of speakers who must deal with more than one language in their common pursuits. What might cause a speaker to switch from variety X to variety Y or from language A to language B? - solidarity, accommodation to listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and cultural distance.

17. Movement Along the solidarity scale [ Maori is in italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS.] Sarah : I think everyone’s here except Mere. John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now. Sarah : You’re right. Kia ora Mere. Haere mai. Kei te pehea koe ? [ HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU ?] Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei te pai . Have you started yet? [ HELLO MY FRIEND. I’M FINE ]  

18. Movement Along the solidarity scale A: Well I’m glad I met you. OK? M : ándale pues [ OK SWELL ], and do come again. Mm? (Switch between Spanish and English )

19. This extract is from Sebba’s London Jamaican (1993). Two London teenage boys of Jamaican parents, Andrew and Barry, are discussing an incident involving another young man, which occurred while Andrew was serving in a shop. Although Andrew’s entire description may appear to be in a variety of London English, the passages in bold are in fact in Creole.

20. In some cases, as in the word Lucozade (L5), it is only the pronunciation which identifies the word as Creole (and so obviously we are taking the researcher’s word that this is what happens). In other cases (e.g. the words in bold in L11), other features also tell us that this is Creole. The passage in L19–20 in capitals is described as being in a near-RP “posh” voice. Why is code-switching used here?

21. A second generation Greek Cypriot teenager, brought up and living in London, Olga, told this story about why her father emigrated to England. The interviewer spoke the Greek Cypriot Dialect so as to encourage Olga to use that variety.

22. These examples show that the behaviour of bilinguals can only be properly understood with some insider knowledge of the community and the circumstances where it is displayed. First, the speakers’ competence in the relevant varieties may or may not be a determining factor in their choices. Second, an observer may or may not be able to distinguish which shifts in accent, vocabulary or syntax are in some way significant for the participants in the conversation.