Colour blindness edit.pptx CoColor blindness

Color blindness is when you don't see colors in the traditional way because some cones (nerve cells) in your eyes are missing or don't work correctly.

1. COLOUR BLINDNESS B.Manisha 22ISMO26

2. COLOUR BLINDNESS An individual with normal colour vision called trichromate In colour blindness, faulty people to appreciate one or more primary colours is either defective (anomalous) or absent (anopia). It may be congenital or acquired. congenital colour blindness it is an inherited condition which affect males (3-4%) & females (0.4%) Congenital blindness is two types Dyschromatopsia Achromatopsia

3. DYSCHROMATOPSIA It is colour confusion due to deficiency of mechanism to perceive colours Anamalous trichromatism Dichromatism Anamalous trichomatic colour vision: here the mechanism to appreciate all the three primary colours is present but defective for one or two of them. protanomalous : defect of red colour appreciation Deuteranamolous : defect of green colour appreciation Tritanomalous : defect of blue colour appreciation Dichromatism : in this condition faulty to perceive one of the three primary colours is completely absent. Protanopia : complete red colour defect Deuteranopia : complete green colour defect Tritanopia : complete blue colour defect

4. Red- green deficiency (protanomalous , protanopia , deuteranomalous , deuteranopia ) is more common. Such defect is source of danger in certain occupations such as drivers , sailors, traffic police. Blue deficiency (tritanomalous, tritanopia) is comparatively rare.

5. ACHROMATOPSIA Extremely rare presenting as cone monochromatism or rod monochromatism Cone monochromatism is characterized by presence of only primary colour and thus the person is truly colour blind .such patients usually have visual acuity of 6/12 or better Rod monochromatism may be complete or incomplete . It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Characterised by Total colour blindness Day blindness Nystagmus Fundus is usually normal

6. ACQUIRED COLOUR BLINDNESS It may follow damage to macula optic nerve, Usually, it is associated with central scotoma or decreased visual acuity. Blue yellow impairment : seen in retinal lesions such as CSR (central serous retinopathy) ,macular oedema and shallow retinal detachment. Red-green deficiency : seen in optic nerve lesions such as optic neuritis, leber’s optic atrophy and compression of optic nerve Acquired blue colour defect : may occur in old ages due to increased sclerosis of crystalline lens. It is owing to the physical absorption of the blue rays by the increased amber colour pigment in the nucleus .

7. TESTS FOR COLOUR VISION 1. screening defective colour vision from normal 2. Qualitative classification of colour blindness i.e, protans ,deuteron, tritan 3.Quantitative analysis of degree of deficiency (mild,moderate or severe) Pseudo isochromatic charts : it is the most commonly employed test using Ishihara’s plates. In this there are patterns of coloured and grey dots whivh reveal one pattern to the normal individuals and other to the colour blind individuals and another to trhe colour deficient. It is a quick method of screening colour blinds from normal. Another test is based on same principle is hardy rand rittler plates

8. The lantern test : in this test the subject has to name the various colours shown to him by a lantern and the judgement is made by a mistake he makes. Edridge-green lantern is most popular Fransworth-munshell 100 hue test : it is a spectroscopic test in which subject has to arrange the coloured chips in ascending order. The colour vision is judged by the error score, i.e , greater the score poorer the colour vision. City university colour vision test : it is also a spectroscopic test where a central coloured plate is to be matched to its closest hue from four surrounding colour plates

9. Nagels anomaloscope : in this test the observer is asked to mix red and green colour In such a proportion that the mixture should match the given yellow coloue disc. The judgement about the defect is made from the relative amount of red and green colours and the brightness setting used by the observer Holmgrens wools test : in this the subject is asked to make a series of colour matches from a selection of skeins of coloured wools

10. TREATMENT PLANS FOR COLOUR BLINDNESS PEOPLE Most forms of color blindness are inherited at birth. The most common form of color blindness is red-green color blindness. People with this condition have a hard time distinguishing between different shades of reds and greens There's no cure for color blindness, and no medical treatments currently exist for inherited forms of color blindness Most people with color blindness learn to adapt and live with the condition. For many people, a color vision deficiency is a relatively minor inconvenience. Some people go many years without even knowing that they see colors differently from how most people see them .

11. LIVING WITH COLOUR BLINDNESS Here are some ways to work around poor color vision : Memorize the order of colored objects, such as traffic lights. Have someone with good color vision label and sort your clothing or other items that you want to match. Use a smartphone or tablet app designed for people with poor color vision (which allows users to detect colors of objects).

12. COLOUR BLINDNESS GLASSES People with certain forms of red-green color blindness may be able to use a special set of glasses to help them perceive colors more accurately under certain lighting conditions. These glasses work by filtering out certain wavelengths of light to help people better distinguish red and green colors. They don't restore normal color vision, but they may make certain hues appear more vibrant. Color-corrective glasses don't work for everyone with red-green color blindness. Your eye doctor can help you determine whether you might benefit from these glasses. EnChroma Glasses  are specially designed to enhance vision in people who are red-green color blind. They carry a wide assortment of glasses to suit mild, moderate, and severe levels of color blindness. Colormax glasses is a company that produces contact lenses (colored lenses) and glasses for colorblind people. Their ColorCorrection System uses customized filters that are unique for every person . 

13. TREATMENT FOR ACHROMATOPSIA People with a severe form of color blindness called achromatopsia cannot see any colors. Red-colored lenses can help reduce sensitivity to light for people with achromatopsia A device called an eyeborg can help people with achromatopsia perceive color through sound waves.

14. HOW COLOUR BLINDNESS EFFECT DAILY LIFE People who play sports  People who work in retail or any job that requires matching colors for customers Anyone who needs to identify certain types of signal lights (especially maritime or aviation) Artists, designers, and others who rely on color vision to perform their work Drivers who are unable to tell the difference between red lights and green lights

15. HOW DOES COLOUR BLINDNESS AFFECT DAILY LIFE Colour blindness might cause you some difficulties, but you can usually learn to overcome most of them. You might have trouble seeing the colours on traffic lights. But you can learn that the red is at the top and the green is at the bottom. Children with colour blindness may need help with schoolwork, as educational materials are often colour-coded. If you are colour blind, some occupations will be difficult. These include being a pilot, long distance driving or jobs where colours are important, such as graphic design

16. OCCUPATIONS THAT ARE NOT ADVISABLE FOR COLOUR BLIND PATIENTS 1. Pilot : Aviation requires precise color recognition for instrument panels, runway lights, and navigation. Medicine : Some medical specialties, such as histopathology or biochemistry, may require accurate color vision. Industrial Engineering : Roles involving color-coded machinery or wires. Firefighting : Identifying safety signs, equipment, and hazards relies on color differentiation. Doctor : Accurate diagnosis interpreting test results often involve color-coded information. Navy and Military : Military operations often rely on color-coded maps, signals, and equipment. Electrician : Wiring and circuitry involve color-coding for safety and functionality.

17. OCCUPATIONS THAT ARE NOT ADVISABLE FOR COLOUR BLIND PEOPLE Public Driver : Traffic signals and road signs require quick color recognition. Designer : Creating color combinations, whether in fashion, graphic design, or interior design. Law Enforcement and Police : Identifying suspects, reading maps, and analyzing evidence. Artist : Color perception is essential for creating visual art. Chef : Cooking often involves assessing food color for doneness and presentation. Florist : Selecting and arranging flowers based on color. Many more : Various other proffessions may have colour vision requirements

18. CURRENT RESEARCH ON COLOUR BLINDNESS Gene Therapy for Color Blindness: Researchers at the University of Washington have made significant strides in treating color blindness using gene therapy. Specifically, they’ve focused on red-green color blindness . The treatment involves restoring the gene responsible for the missing or faulty light-sensitive pigment in the retina’s cone cells.by doing so, these cells can detect colours they previously couldn’t. In animal studies they successfully cured red-green colour blindness in adult monkeys using gene therapy. Human trials for this gene therapy are anticipated, with the potential for a single injection to address color blindness.If successful, it colud revolutionize treatment options for those affected by this condition .

19. New Genetic Treatment for Complete Color Blindness : Researchers based in Tübingen and Munich have developed a genetic treatment for complete color blindness . An initial trial in patients has shown that the treatment is safe, and there’s preliminary evidence of its efficacy. People born with complete colour blindness struggle to distinguish colours, and thi treatment aims to address that limitation .

20. Challenges and Future Directions : While these advancements are promising, there are still challenges to overcome. For full color vision, the brain must interpret information from the retinas. Individuals born color blind may have developed differently, affecting their brain’s processing. Colour blindness itself is not a vision threatening condition,but these breakthroughs could pave the way for treating other retinal problems in future .

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