Command, Exclamation and Concord

For English learners

1. Group 4 : Command, exclamation, concord Hoàng Thị Phương Trần Thị Lan Đặng Thùy Trang Phạm Thị Hồng Dương

2. What is type of this sentence? Close the door,please ! COMMANDS

3. COMMANDS (imperative ) (Presenter : Hoàng Thị Phương ) 1,Definition : commands are sentences which mormally have no overt grammatical subject,and whose verb is in the imperative. Example: Get me some water,please Go to the store for me *Note: commands is always used in present tense and verb infinitive (not “ to “)

4. 2.Types of commands There are 4 types of commands: * Without an subject * With an subject * With “let” * Persuative imperatives

5. * Without an Subject Ex: Be quick! Don’t cry for me! (in this 2 sentences haven’t subject) * With an subject Ex: You be quiet! (the subject is “you”) Don’t you be quiet! (the subject is “you”) * With “Let” : it is used for 1 st and 3 rd person S - FORM : Let… + Verb infinitive(not “to”) Ex: Let’s go now! (Let’s = let us) Let him speak now! Note: with negative sentences,we add ‘not’ to before the verb * Persuative imperatives: is created by the addition of “Do” before the main verb (not “to”). Ex: Do have some more sherry! (main verb is have)

6. II.EXCLAMATIONS ( Presenter : Trần Thị Lan ) 2..1 Definition : exclamation is a formal category of sentence, to express emotions. 2.2 Form : 2.2.1 Short forms: a, What + NP! what a nice dog! b, How + AdjP! How wonderful! 2.2.2. Long forms: a, What + NP +( S) + V! eg: What a nice picture he draws! b, How + AdjP/ AdvP + S + V! eg: How beautiful she is! Presenter: Trần Thị Lan

7. 2.3 , Syntactic functions of X-element: a, X-element as S: What a girl came! b, X-element as O: What a ball he kicked! c, X-element as C: How nice it is! d, X-element as Adv: How fast he drove motorbike!

8. III: CONCORD *Definition: Concord is an agreement between elements in the sentences. *Types of concord: 3.1 : Subject –verb concord *definition : an agreement between S and V in the sentence S-V concord in number: S( singular)- V( Singular) S(plural)- V(plural) Eg:the table is small. The tables are small The dog eats fishes. The dogs eat fishes

9. b, S-V concord in person he, she ,it:V( singular) I,they,we: V( plural) Eg: he is tall they are tall She sings a song we sing a song *NOTE: 1) S connected by ‘’and’’→V( plural) Eg: this book and this pen are blue. 2) NP(S,Pro) connected by ‘‘or,either..or,neither..nor’’→ V is determined by the NP(S,Pro) nears it Eg: either she or they go to market Neither I or anyone knows the answer.

10. 3.2Notional concord and proximity ( presenter : Đặng Thùy Trang ) Notional concord Definition : Agreement of verb with subject according to the idea of number rather than grammatical form Eg : Senior management have been resisting the changes to the organisation for some time .

11. Collective Noun (notionally plural but gammatically singular) Collective.N : as a single undivided body Eg : Today, Ms. Kennedy’s class takes its SOL test Collective.N : as a group of individuals Eg : The class begin their homework while they wait for their teacher.

12. Coordinated Subject Appositional S : Vsingular Eg :Fish and chips  is  a British institution. The subject is treated as a single idea or entity. No reduction is possible Non-appositional S : Vplural Eg : Her husnband and her best friend meet Sundays. The subject is treated as an implied reduction of two clauses.

13. Indefinite expressions of amount Eg: I’ve ordered shirts, but none (of them) S sing S plu have/has yet arrived. - grammatical concord : S sing + V sing - notional concord : S plu + V plural Note : V sing is conventionally correct .

14. Principle of proximity proximal concord in which a verb may agree in number with a nearer noun rather than with its grammatical referent . The indefinites each, every, everybody, anybody, and nobody may go with plural verb. Eg : A group of boys are standing over there .

15. 3.3 Pro- nominal A: S-0 concord of number,person, gender( 7.28 in p181) ex: John has hurt himself ) John and himself : agreement She/Lan cuts herself. ex2 : You hate yourself / yourselves => S(plural) -> O ( plural) S(singular) -> O (singular )

16. B: Pronoun concord   ( Presenter : Phạm Thị Hồng Dương ) An antecedent is the word or group of words to which a pronoun refers ex1:John hurt his foot. ex2: She cuts her hair. _ Since the pronoun replaces the noun, it has to   agree  in number. So, if the antecedent, or word that comes before, is singular, then the pronoun that takes its place must also be singular.   + Singular antecedents such as  man, person, customer, employee, everybody, one, anyone,  and  each   are referred to by a singular pronoun. ex: Each of these ideas has  its  merits. + Two or more antecedents joined by  and  are referred to by a plural pronoun.

17. ex: John and Tom hurt their feet. + With two or more antecedents joined by  or  or  nor , the pronoun agrees with the nearer antecedent. ex:Neither John nor David eat his food.(pronoun agree withr David) + Collective nouns are referred to by singular or plural pronouns, depending upon whether the sense of the collective noun is singular or plural ex:The committee has submitted its proposals. (The committee acts as a singular unit – it) ex:The group have been arguing among themselves. (The sense is "group members have been arguing"; the sense is plural.)

18. C: Relative pros and heads + personal head Ns =>” who” ex: The girl is standing there. She is my friend. => The girl who is standing there is my friend. + non-personal Ns => “which” ex: The pen is lost. It is my present. => The pen which is lost is my present. + collective head Ns : are treated as personal when they have plural concord. Non-personal when they have singular. ex: The group which was responsible for this decision who were

19. 1.Commands: Always used in present tense and verb infinitive not “to”. *4 types of commands: + Without an subject + With an subject + With ‘let’ + Persuative imperatives Summary Commands

20. Exclamation 2.EXCLAMATIONS is a formal category of sentence, to express emotions. Form: Short forms: , What + NP! How + AdjP! Long forms: What + NP +( S) + V! How + AdjP/ AdvP + S + V! Syntactic functions of X-element: X- elements as S,V,O,A

21. Concord 3) Concord is an agreement between elements in the sentences. 3.1: Grammatical concord * number: S ( singular)- V( Singular) S(plural)- V(plural) * person: he, she ,it:V( singular) I,they,we: V( plural)

22. 3.2 . Notional concord Collective Ns undevided body + V sing group of individuals + V Coordinated S Appositional S + V sing Non-appositional + V plu Indefinite expression of amount : + Grammatical + Vsing + Notional + Vplu Principle of “ proximity “ =

23. A : S-O concord of number,person, gender B : Pronoun concord C:Relative pros and heads +person head Ns -> “who” + Non-person head Ns ->” which” + Collective head Ns 3.3 pro-nominal

24. Exercises EX1: Change the following sentences into exclamatory sentences. 1. It was a very hot day. 2. She dances very well. 3. He is a very rude man. 4. She looks exhausted. 5. The weather is very nice

25. Ex 2 : Choose an acceptable verb , giving 2 answers if necessary : 1. Everyone of us ( has / have ) his own burnden to shoulder . Answer : has 2. War and peace ( is / are ) a constant theme in history . Answer : is 3. The public ( is/ are ) demanding an official enquiry . Answer : is

26. 4. The Three Bears ( is/ are ) a well-known nursery story. Answer : is 5.The Philippines (is/are) a large group of islands . Answer : are/ is 6. I wrote both to John and to Mary. Neither( has/ have) replied. Answer : have / has