commercial horticulture

methods,techniques,approaches in commercial horticulture

1. Presentation on commercial horticulture (ELM-426) Jashan Bhardwaj B.Sc. Agri. (Hons.) 7 h Sem Roll no- 17101263/17110012612 Registration no- 2017.k/A.1206

2. introduction Horticulture- Horticulture is a science, as well as an art of production, utilization and improvement of horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants. Commercial Horticulture- Commercial horticulture includes the production, harvesting, marketing and distribution of small fruits, tree fruits, wine grapes, vegetables, alternative specialty crops, greenhouse ornamental and edible crops, container and in-ground nursery crops, as well as the design, installation, and maintenance of residential and commercial landscapes.

3. Types of growing media Soil mixture Sand Coco Peat Sphagnum moss Coco peat Sphagnum moss Vermiculite Vermiculite Saw dust Perlite Saw dust Perlite

4. Propagation structures and containers GREENHOUSE HOT FRAMES AND TUNNELS COLD FRAMES Shade house Lath house LATHHOUSE SHADE HOUSE NET HOUSE PLASTIC TUNNEL Net house PLASTIC TUNNEL

5. CONTAINERS USED FOR PROPAGATION FLATS / PLUG TRAYS Clay pod Plastic pod Fibre pots Plastic containers Polyethylene bag WOODEN CONTAINER

6. Types of Beds There are basically 3 types of seedbeds flat beds, raised beds, and sunken beds. The best type to use depends much more on the particular climate and soil conditions than on the crop. 1. FLAT BEDS 2. RAISED BEDS 3. SUNKEN BEDS

7. types of nursery Nursery is a consequently the basic need of horticulture. The pre requisite of a successful and remunerative fruit production is the availability of true to type, healthy and good quality planting material. ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF SALE Retail nursery Wholesale nursery Private nursery Mail order

8. Types of propagation performed By Seeds By Layering By Cutting By Budding By Grafting

9. Propagation by seed STEP-2 Make row with stick STEP-3 Seed drop with hand STEP-4 row cover with sand Common method of propagation for self-pollinated crops. Involves union of pollen(male) with the egg(female) to produce a seed . Seed sowing of kainth seed First Seeds are extracted. Make a bed Lines with the help of a stick are made for seed sowing Seeds are sown

10. Sowing of seeds in nonbio-degradable containers Chili seeds are sown in empty milk carton Cauliflower seeds are sown in empty soft drink bottles by cutting as shown in pic

11. BY LAYERING It is the development of roots on a stem while the stem is still attached to the parent plant. Types- 1.Simple layering (ex. climbing rose) 2.Tip layering (ex. Purple & black raspberries) 3.Compound layering (ex. Grapes) 4.Mound layering (ex. Apple rootstock) 5.Air layering (ex. Baramasi lemon) Compound layering Mound layering Tip layering Simple layering

12. Air Layering in Baramasi lemon A portion of bark is removed with the help of knife as shown Air layering made on branch of Baramasi Lemon with sphagnum moss as root Initiating medium covered with polythene bag. Small water droplets appear inside the polythene bag after 7 days Small roots appear inside the polythene sheet after 15 days Full roots are appeared on inner surface of polythene sheet after 25 days. Branch with air layering is cut down and planted in polybag. Removed bark Medium covered with polythene bag. Small water droplets appear inside the polythene bag after 7 days Full roots are appeared

13. Propagation by cuttings Many plant parts can be used, thus, cuttings are classified as: 1. Root cuttings (ex. Blackberry) 2. Leaf cuttings (ex. Patthar chatt) 3. Stem cutting (ex. Rose) Stem cuttings are most commonly used

14. PLANTING OF CUTTINGS of jasmine Cuttings should have 3-4 buds, make a slant cut at the bottom and straight cut at the top. IBA(Indole-3- Butyric acid) is used for root initiation. Cuttings are dipped in IBA solution from the bottom for 5 mins. Planting of cuttings on sunken beds.

15. PROPAGATION BY BUDDING It is the operation of applying a single bud, bearing little or no wood, to the surface of the stock Types of budding: 1.T-budding (ex. Mulberry, avocado) 2. I-budding 3. Inverted T-budding 4. Patch budding 5. Chip budding

16. Practicing different types of buddings on mulberry Inverted T-Budding Patch Budding I-Budding Ring Budding Flute Budding

17. T-budding performed by me on mulberry A bud is placed in a T shaped cut Bud is then wrapped with the polythene sheet strip

18. Propagation by grafting It involves the joining together of plant parts by means of tissue regeneration. Types of grafting: 1. Wedge grafting 2. Tongue grafting 2. Veneer grafting 3.Cleft grafting 4.Side grafting 5.Bark grafting 6.Bridge grafting 7.Epicotyl grafting 8.Splice grafting 9.Inarching 10.Double wedge grafting

19. Different types of grafting practiced Wedge Grafting Veneer Grafting

20. Bridge Grafting Ring of bark is removed from the root stock Scions of this shape are cut as above Scions are then inserted in the bark

21. KITCHEN GARDENING Kitchen garden is prepared according to the prescribed layout of PAU SEEDS SOWN ON RIDGES- Turnip, Carrot, Radish and Toria. SEEDS SOWN ON BEDS- Methi, Metha, Spinach and Pea.

22. Preparation of fruit fly trap

23. PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE Bordeaux mixture (Bordo Mix) is used as a fungicide is a mixture of copper sulphate (CuSO4) and slaked lime (Ca (OH)2). It is used in vineyards and fruit farms and garden to prevent infestation of fungal diseases. copper sulphate saresh Bordeaux mixture Apply on pear orchard

24. SEEDS SOWN IN PROTRAYS Cocopeat filled in portrays and holes are made in it Seeds of Poppy are sown in Pro-trays Seed sowing in pro trays Seedling of poppy emerged

25. TIP CUTTING OF MARIGLOD Preparation of tip cutting of marigold:- Detach a 2-6 inch piece of stems from the marigold plant. Make the cut just below the node. Remove lower leaves that would touch the ground or media. Dip the stems in rooting hormones Gently tap the end of the cutting to remove excess hormone. Make a hole in the soil with a stick and insert the cutting deeply enogh . Irrigate immediately .

26. STAKING OF TOMATO PLANTS IN NET HOUSE Procedure:- Tie the thread with the clip and place the clip on the wire running near the roof of the net house. The jute twins are tied to the GI wire grid provided at 2.5-3m height and then to the base of the plant with the help of plastic ring. Now, tie another end with the clump and place it around the stem near the bottom. Tying plants to the twins starts from 6 th week after planting. Then, make turns of thread in zigzag motion around the main stem of plant. STAKING OF TOMATO

27. PIT DIGGING FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF MANGO ORCHARD PROCEDURE:- The size of the pit depends on the type of soil. Then, we started digging the pit with the help of spade. When the soil is taken out of the pit, the soil from upper half is kept on one side and from lower half on other side. Before filling the pit a mixture of well decomposed FYM was prepared and mixed with upper as well as lower soil of the pit. The mixture of upper soil is filled first followed by lower soil mixture. During filling of pit soil is pressed well. After filling we irrigated the pit to settle down the soil of the pit. PIT DIGGING

28. TRAINING AND PRUNING Baramasi lemon Training  refers to the judicious removal of plant part / parts to develop proper shape of a plant capable of bearing a heavy crop load whereas  pruning  is defined as the judicious removal of plant parts like root, leaf, flower, fruit etc.to obtain a good and qualitative yield

29. EXTRACTING SEEDS FROM JATTI KHATTI Procedure:- Firstly, we take the fruit of citrus jambhiri. Then we peel and remove the albedo layer with the help of hands. After that we were count the segments of the fruit; After counted the segments next we were count the seeds of fruit and take them aside. Later on Planting the seeds and irrigated immediately. No. of fruits = 1 No. of segments = 12 N0. Of seeds =31 EXTRACTING SEEDS

30. PREPARATION OF DOUBLE RING BASIN AROUND CITRUS Preparation of double ring basin:- Loose the soil around the plant with spade or khurpi. Remove all the clods and weeds inside the ring basin A basin is made around the stem of the plant which may be square, rectangular or circular in shape, which is based on the canopy of the plant. Then apply fertilizers that is 200g urea and 200g DAP mix properly and applied all around the citrus inside the ring basin. Benefits of double ring basin:- Water is applied uniformly and wastage of water is minimum. Soil gets sufficient time to absorb water Soil erosion is checked. Intercropping and intercultural operations are done easily. Used to protect plants from fungal attack. Growth of weeds is minimized . Preparation Apply fertilizers

31. Transplanted of sanchezia / FISHTAIL PALM Procedure A polythene bag was used We filled the bag with media (soil) up to the top. We made a hole in the centre by using a stick and finger. We placed rootstock inside the polythene so that the roots could properly cover with soil. Then watering was done by us at adequate level by sprinkler. Transplanting of sanchezia Transplanting of fish palm

32. MULCHING Mulching- A mulching is the process of covering soil around the plants with an organic or synthetic material to create congenial conditions for the plant growth and development. Reasons for applying mulch include : Conservation of soil moisture Improving fertility and health of the soil Reducing weed growth Types of mulching Organic mulching Synthetic mulching Principal of mulching