Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.

1. Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L .) A. M. S. B. Athapaththu UWU/EAG/11/0016 K. G. A. P. Dulanjalee UWU/EAG/11/0019

2. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Genus : Phaseolus Species : P. vulgaris

3. Introduction A n annual, herbaceous plant Other names- Green Bean, String Bean, Field Bean Origin - in Central Mexico Production -about 21 million metric tons annually Producing countries -about 150 countries Latin America , Brazil, Mexico , Africa (Uganda , Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Congo)

4. In Sri Lanka beans can be grown in all agro-ecological regions except the  up-country w et zone Well-drained soils are suitable pH - 6 to 6.5 Temperature (Optimum) - 20 to 26 °C ( The maximum temperature during flowering should not exceed 30 ° C) Annual rain fall - 600 to 650 mm Light – short day plant Ecological Requirements

5. Leaves  - broad at the  base, can be simple or compound Roots - single main   taproot &  fibrous roots Fruit -Pod (economically important part) Great diversity of phenotypes - colour , pod size ,seed size

6. Importance Pod – as a vegetable , rich source of protein(18-30%), vitamins, minerals, and fiber Leaves - occasionally used as a vegetable , straw can be used for fodder Medicinal use - diseases concerning  heart, kidney and bladder dysfunctions Restore soil fertility

7.   Varieties of Common Bean 1.    Bush bean a)    Wade Pods - dark green, round, fleshy, stringless and smooth surfaced, medium long b)    Top Crop Pods-light green, flattened to round, stringless , medium long

8. 2.    Pole bean a)    Kentucky Wonder Green Pods - green, oval cordate , medium size, stringy, slightly S-shaped b)    Kentucky Wonder Wax Pods - light yellow, oval cordate , short to medium length, stringy, curved c)    Other promising varieties -Pees Butter - Katugastota -Lanka Nill

9. Main disease in bean cultivation Pythium rot Collar rot Anthracnose Rust Bacterial blight Bean mosaic virus

10. Pythium rot ( Pythium spp.) Symptoms Scorching of leaves   Browning of basal stem and roots Control - Avoid continuous cultivation in the same field -Facilitate good drainage -Avoid excessive use of nitrogen -Use recommended fungicides for seed and soil treatment

11. Collar rot ( Sclerotium rolfsii ) Symptoms -Yellowing of leaves -Rotting at base of stem -Presence of a white mycelia mat at collar region Control Avoid accumulation of plant debris on the soil

12. Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ) Symptoms - Sunken spots on pods and leaves -Discoloration of buds and die back of plant   Control - Use a recommended fungicide

13.   Rust ( Uromyces sp .) Symptoms -light reddish-brown colored small raised blister like spots appear on leaves and pods Control -Use a recommended fungicide

14. Bacterial blight ( Xanthomonas phaseoli ) Symptoms -Leaves develop water-soaked spots, turn brown , and fall -Water-soaked spots appear on pods Control -Follow a crop, rotation -Use resistant varieties -Remove all diseased plants at the earliest symptoms

15.   Bean mosaic virus Symptoms -Yellow and dark green mottling on leaves -Plant stunting Control -Use resistant varieties -Use virus-free seed

16. Main Pests Leafminer fly –photosynthetic reduction , yield loss Root borer –in two leaves stage, spirally boring into the stem core of plants

17. Bean Aphids - leaves then turn yellow and become crumpled Thrips – feed on plant sap Bean pod borer - larva chews on flower parts, thus affects pollination or make flowers drop

18. Management Practices Land Preparation The soil should be ploughed to a depth of 30-40cm and worked to very fine tilth

19. Seed Establishment Seed rate     Bush bean - 75 kg/ha     Pole bean - 50 kg/ha Time of planting A fter heavy rains is recommended for both Maha and Yala seasons   Planting and spacing a)    Dibble seed on raised beds b)    Spacing     Bush bean - 50 x 10 cm    Pole bean - 60 x 45 cm

20. Fertilizer application Basal- apply the following formulation and rates: - Urea-190 kg/ha - TSP-285 kg/ha - Murate of potash-150 kg/ha Top dressing-apply 125 kg/ha of urea 4 week after planting

21. Irrigation Daily- until germination is complete Once every 2-3 days - until the crop is established M aintenance of adequate moisture during flowering and pod-filling stage is very important

22. Weeding 1.    Bush beans a.    Earth-up 1 week after planting b.    Weed 3 weeks after planting to, coincide with fertilizer application 2.    Pole beans a.    Weed 2 and 6 weeks after planting b.    When an-inverted trellis is used, two additional weedings are needed to control weeds between rows

23. Other Stake pole beans when, support is required A dd mulch to the planting beds

24. Harvesting Fresh beans -picked at an immature stage, when the seeds inside have not yet fully developed -firm , sizable pods and snap or cut off the plant . Do not tear the plant Dry beans-  Pods can also be left on the plant to dry completely

25. Storage - Store beans in a moisture-proof, airtight container in the refrigerator -Beans can be kept fresh for about 4 days, or blanched and frozen immediately after harvesting -Beans can also be canned or pickled

26. Constrains Susceptibility to diseases Narrow range of genetic diversity Inefficient plant types and law yielding varieties Lack of suitable varieties for different agro ecological zones Competition from weeds Law level of crop management by farmers

27. Thank you..