Communication Networks and Protocols. IoT Networks

Communication Networks and Protocols, IoT Networking

1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
(An Autonomous Ins?tute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
DepartmentNACC ‘A’ Grade of ComputerAccredited, ISO Engineering 9001:2015
Certified
(NBA Accredited)

2. Subject- Internet of Things (CO312)
Unit No: -3 Communication Networks and Protocols

3. Contents:
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) and Wireless HART: Layers in HART,
HART vs ZigBee, NFC (Near Field Comm.)
Bluetooth: Features, Connections, Piconet, Modes, L2CAP, RFComm, SDP, Z wave, ISA
100.11A: Features, Security, Usage Target Tracking

4. (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) and Wireless
HART: 1. HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer):
• HART is a communication protocol used in process automation for transmitting and
receiving data between smart field devices (such as sensors, actuators, and transmitters) and
control systems (such as PLCs and DCSs).
• It operates over the existing 4-20 mA analog current loop, allowing digital communication to
coexist with analog signals on the same pair of wires.
• HART allows for bidirectional communication, enabling devices to not only transmit process
variables (PVs) but also receive configuration commands, setpoints, and diagnostic
information from the control system.
• The protocol operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) and data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI
model, using frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation for digital communication.

5. 2. Wireless HART:

• Wireless HART is an extension of the HART protocol that enables wireless communication
between field devices and control systems.
• It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band using IEEE 802.15.4 radio technology, providing robust
and reliable wireless communication in industrial environments.
• Wireless HART retains the key features of HART, such as bidirectional communication,
multi-drop topology, and support for device diagnostics and configuration.
• It offers benefits such as reduced installation costs, increased flexibility in device placement,
and easier scalability of industrial automation networks.

6. Layers in HART:
HART protocol consists of the following layers:
1. Physical Layer (Layer 1):
• Defines the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the communication interface, such as
voltage levels, current loop configuration, and connector types.
• HART operates over a standard 4-20 mA analog current loop, with digital communication
superimposed on the analog signal.
2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
• Manages the transmission and reception of data frames between devices over the physical
layer.
• Defines frame formats, error detection and correction mechanisms, addressing schemes, and
data exchange protocols.
• HART uses a master-slave communication model, where the master (control system) polls
the field devices (slaves) to request data or send commands.

7. HART vs ZigBee:
1. HART:
• Designed specifically for process automation applications in industrial environments.
• Operates over existing 4-20 mA analog current loops, allowing for backward compatibility
with legacy systems.
• Provides reliable communication for monitoring and controlling field devices such as
sensors and actuators.
• Suitable for applications requiring long-distance communication and robustness in harsh
industrial conditions.

2. ZigBee:
• A low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication protocol designed for short-range, low-
cost wireless sensor and control networks.
• Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band (among other frequency bands) and uses mesh
networking to extend the communication range.

8. • Commonly used in home automation, smart energy, healthcare, and other Internet of Things
(IoT) applications.
• Offers features such as self-organizing networks, low latency, and support for battery-
powered devices.


NFC (Near Field Communication):
NFC is a short-range wireless communication technology that enables data exchange between
devices when they are brought close together (typically within a few centimeters). Here are
some key points about NFC:
• NFC operates at 13.56 MHz frequency and is based on RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) technology.
• It allows for communication between an active device (e.g., a smartphone, NFC reader) and
a passive device (e.g., an NFC tag, smart card) by using electromagnetic induction.

9. • NFC supports three operating modes: peer-to-peer mode for device-to-device
communication, reader/writer mode for reading data from NFC tags, and card emulation
mode for emulating contactless smart cards.
• NFC is commonly used for contactless payment systems (e.g., Apple Pay, Google Pay),
ticketing, access control, data transfer between smartphones, and IoT applications.
• The short-range nature of NFC provides inherent security benefits, making it suitable for
secure transactions and data exchange in various applications.

10. Bluetooth:
1. Features:
• Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology designed for short-range data exchange
between devices.
• It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and supports data rates ranging from 1 Mbps (Bluetooth
Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate) to 2 Mbps (Bluetooth Low Energy).
• Bluetooth devices can form ad-hoc networks known as piconets and scatternets for
communication.
• It supports various profiles for different use cases, such as Hands-Free Profile (HFP),
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP), and Human Interface Device Profile (HID).

2. Connections:
• Bluetooth devices can establish connections using various pairing methods, including Secure
Simple Pairing (SSP), Numeric Comparison, and Passkey Entry.
• Once paired, devices can communicate securely using encryption and authentication
mechanisms.

11. 3. Piconet:
• A piconet is a network of Bluetooth devices consisting of one master device and up to seven
active slave devices.
• The master device coordinates communication within the piconet, while slave devices
synchronize their transmissions with the master.

4. Modes:
• Bluetooth devices can operate in different modes, including discoverable mode for device
discovery, connectable mode for establishing connections, and non-discoverable mode for
privacy.

5. L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol):
• L2CAP is a protocol used in the Bluetooth protocol stack to provide multiplexing and
segmentation of higher-layer data packets.

12. • It supports connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission, enabling efficient
communication between Bluetooth devices.

6. RFCOMM (Radio Frequency Communication):
• RFCOMM is a protocol used to emulate serial ports over Bluetooth connections.
• It allows legacy applications that rely on serial communication to communicate with
Bluetooth devices transparently.

7. SDP (Service Discovery Protocol):
• SDP is a protocol used to discover and browse services offered by Bluetooth devices.
• It enables devices to identify available services, such as file transfer, audio streaming, and
printing, on remote devices.

13. Z-Wave:
1. Features:
• Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol designed for home automation and IoT
applications.
• It operates in the sub-1 GHz ISM band, providing longer range and better penetration
through walls compared to 2.4 GHz protocols.
• Z-Wave supports mesh networking, allowing devices to relay messages to extend the
communication range.
• It offers features such as low power consumption, secure communication, and
interoperability among different manufacturers' devices.

14. ISA 100.11A: 1. Features:
• ISA 100.11a is a wireless communication standard developed for industrial automation and
control systems.
• It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
modulation for robust communication in industrial environments.
• ISA 100.11a supports mesh networking, time-synchronized communication, and multi-hop
routing to ensure reliable data transmission in large-scale industrial applications.

2. Security:
• ISA 100.11a incorporates security features such as encryption, authentication, and key
management to protect data integrity and confidentiality.
• It employs industrial-grade security mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access, tampering,
and interference with critical control systems.

15. 3. Usage:
• ISA 100.11a is used in various industrial automation applications, including process
monitoring and control, asset tracking, safety systems, and environmental monitoring.
• It is suitable for industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, and
manufacturing, where robust and reliable wireless communication is required for remote
monitoring and control.
Target Tracking: 1. Usage:
• Target tracking refers to the process of locating and monitoring the movement of objects or
individuals in real-time.
• It is used in various applications, including surveillance, security, logistics, navigation, and
sports tracking.
• Target tracking systems use sensors such as cameras, radar, lidar, GPS, and RFID to collect
data and algorithms to analyse and interpret the data for tracking purposes.

16. THANK YOU