Community-based Conservation

Resource Management, economic costs & benefits, social & community impacts, biodiversity and conservation and sustainable analysis

1. Community-based Conservation


RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

ECONOMIC COSTS & BENEFITS

SOCIAL & COMMUNITY IMPACTS

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS
Resource Management, economic costs &
benefits, social & community impacts,
biodiversity and conservation and
sustainable analysis
Submitted to:
Dr. Zaira Ahmad

Submitted by:
Taskeen Rubab
2025117079
Biodiversity and Conservation

2. A community based
conservation meeting in the
Qomolangma (Mt.
Everest) National
Nature Preserve

Introduction


Community-based conservation is an approach to conservation that involves local communities in the
management and protection of natural resources. This approach recognizes the vital role that local
people play in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems and seeks to empower them to take an
active role in protecting their natural heritage.

3. Literature Review



 3
Purpose

Community-based conservation (CBC) aims to promote the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity by
involving local communities in conservation efforts. The main purposes and aims of CBC are:
 Conservation of natural resources: CBC aims to conserve natural resources by involving local communities in
sustainable management practices. This involves empowering communities to take ownership of their natural
resources and encouraging them to implement conservation practices that are tailored to their specific needs.
 Sustainable use of resources: CBC promotes the sustainable use of natural resources, recognizing that many
communities rely on these resources for their livelihoods. This involves ensuring that resources are used in a
way that does not degrade the environment or compromise the ability of future generations to use these
resources.
 Poverty reduction: CBC can contribute to poverty reduction by providing communities with alternative
livelihood opportunities, such as ecotourism, sustainable agriculture or forestry, and non-timber forest
products. By providing economic benefits to local communities, CBC can help reduce their dependence on
natural resources.
 Empowerment of local communities: CBC aims to empower local communities to take control of their own
conservation efforts. By involving communities in decision-making and management processes, they become
more invested in the long-term success of conservation efforts.
 Promotion of social justice: CBC recognizes that conservation efforts can have social and economic impacts
on local communities. It aims to promote social justice by ensuring that the benefits and costs of conservation
are distributed fairly among all members of the community.



Community-Based Conservation Trends and
Issues

Community-based conservation (CBC) refers to conservation initiatives that are designed and implemented with the
active involvement and participation of local communities. Here are some trends and issues in CBC:
Trends:
 Recognition of the importance of community participation and ownership in conservation
 Emphasis on collaborative decision-making and co-management of natural resources
 Recognition of the role of traditional knowledge and practices in conservation
 Integration of conservation with community development goals
 Increased use of technology and social media for communication and engagement
 Emergence of community-led ecotourism and sustainable livelihoods as conservation strategies
 Increased attention to issues of social equity and justice in conservation.

4. Literature Review



 4

Issues:

 Conflicts over resource use and access
 Power imbalances and unequal representation in decision-making processes
 Limited capacity and resources of communities to participate effectively in conservation
 Lack of recognition and support for traditional knowledge and practices
 Challenges in balancing conservation objectives with the needs and aspirations of local communities
 Threats to community-based conservation initiatives from external factors, such as extractive industries and
large-scale development projects
 Limited funding and financial sustainability of community-based conservation initiatives.


Benefits and Costs of Community-Based
Conservation

Community-based conservation (CBC) is a conservation approach that involves local communities in the management
and protection of natural resources. Here are some benefits and costs of community-based conservation:
Benefits of Community-Based Conservation:
 Local communities become active participants in conservation efforts, which can increase their sense of
ownership and pride in their natural resources.
 Local knowledge and expertise are often utilized, which can lead to more effective and sustainable
conservation practices.
 Conservation efforts are often more cost-effective, as communities are more likely to invest their own
resources (e.g. time, labor, funds) in the management of natural resources they depend on.
 CBC can provide economic benefits to local communities through ecotourism, sustainable harvesting of
natural resources, and other income-generating activities.
 CBC can improve the relationship between conservationists and local communities, leading to greater trust
and cooperation in conservation efforts.

5. Literature Review



 5
Costs of Community-Based Conservation:
 CBC can be time-consuming and resource-intensive to implement, as it often involves significant community
engagement and consultation.
 The involvement of local communities can lead to conflicting interests and perspectives, which may need to
be resolved through negotiation and compromise.
 CBC may require a significant amount of capacity-building and training for local communities to effectively
participate in conservation efforts.
 The success of CBC may be dependent on factors outside of the control of local communities, such as global
economic trends or political instability.
 The benefits of CBC may not always be evenly distributed among community members, leading to potential
conflicts and inequalities.


Community Capacity

 Collaboration: Communities with strong capacity collaborate with diverse stakeholders to identify and
address challenges. This includes working with local organizations, businesses, government agencies, and
residents.
 Leadership: Strong community capacity requires effective leadership at all levels. This includes individuals
who are able to mobilize and inspire others, as well as institutions that support community initiatives.
 Resources: Communities with strong capacity have access to a range of resources, including financial
resources, human resources, and social networks. They are able to leverage these resources to address
challenges and improve the well-being of residents.
 Innovation: Communities with strong capacity are innovative and able to adapt to changing circumstances.
They are able to identify and implement creative solutions to challenges and are willing to take risks in pursuit
of their goals.
 Evaluation: Communities with strong capacity use data and evaluation to assess the effectiveness of their
initiatives and make adjustments as needed. This allows them to continuously improve their efforts and
ensure that they are making a positive impact.









The Gama Valley of the Qomolangma Mt. Everest National Nature Preserve, among
the first protected areas in the world without wardens.

6. Adams River
Sockeye by Jeffery
Young/David
Suzuki Foundation
PACIFIC SALMON
CASE STUDY

Place-Based Management of Salmon in the
Pacific Northwest


Context:
The Pacific Northwest region is home to five species of wild salmon, including Chinook, Coho,
Sockeye, Pink, and Chum. These species are economically and culturally important, supporting
commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries, as well as playing a key role in the region’s
ecology. However, many populations have experienced declines in recent decades due to
overfishing, habitat degradation, and other factors.

7. Case Study: Place-Based Management of Pacific Salmon



 7

Participatory Resource Management System:
Place-based management of salmon in the Pacific Northwest involves a participatory resource
management system that brings together diverse stakeholders to develop and implement
management plans. This system includes government agencies, tribal governments,
conservation organizations, and industry stakeholders, among others. Through this
collaborative approach, stakeholders work together to identify and implement strategies to
improve salmon populations while balancing competing demands for the resources.
Economic Costs and Benefits:
The economic costs and benefits of place-based management of salmon in the Pacific
Northwest are complex and varied. On the one hand, the decline in salmon populations has led
to economic losses for commercial and recreational fisheries. On the other hand, the recovery
of salmon populations can lead to increased economic benefits through improved fishing
opportunities and tourism. In addition, habitat restoration and conservation efforts can create
jobs and stimulate local economies.
Social Costs and Benefits:
The social costs and benefits of place-based management of salmon in the Pacific Northwest
are also complex and varied. For many Indigenous communities in the region, salmon are a key
part of their cultural heritage and traditional diet. The decline in salmon populations has had
significant impacts on these communities, leading to loss of cultural traditions and increased
food insecurity. Place-based management of salmon can help to address these social issues by
ensuring that Indigenous communities have a voice in decision-making and that their traditional
knowledge is valued.
Biodiversity Costs and Benefits:
Salmon are a keystone species in the Pacific Northwest, playing a crucial role in the region's
ecology. The decline in salmon populations has had negative impacts on other species that rely
on salmon as a food source, including bears, eagles, and orcas. Place-based management of
salmon can help to promote biodiversity by restoring habitat and protecting critical ecosystems.
Sustainability Analysis:
The place-based management approach to salmon management in the Pacific Northwest is
designed to promote long-term sustainability of salmon populations and their ecosystems. This
approach seeks to balance the needs of different stakeholders while ensuring that the resource
is managed in a way that is environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable. To achieve
this goal, place-based management strategies focus on habitat restoration, sustainable fishing
practices, and collaboration between stakeholders. Through ongoing monitoring and
evaluation, the effectiveness of these strategies can be assessed and adjusted as needed to
ensure that the goals of sustainability are being met.

8. 
 
 
 
 Appendix I: Annotated Bibliography


8















Integrating traditional ecological
knowledge into academic research at
local and global scales

Research article

Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological
Knowledge as Adaptive Management

ABSTRACT: The common believe of a single successful form of knowing the
reality is misleading. A brief analysis of many human activities reveals a pluralistic
perspective of several coexisting conceptual schemes that underlie the form in
which women and men know a nd constitute the world in which we live. Here, I
will discuss the necessity of taking seriously this pluralistic perspective when
developing conceptual frameworks of human activities. As an example of great
interest and importance, I will consider the case of resource management that
has to contemplate the conservation and the response of ecosystems to human
activities that may lead to irreversible damage. Ecosystems’ activity occurs over
a wide range of space and time scales and, hence, policies and propo sals of
solutions to ecological problems should avoid narrow and monochromatic
approaches. Specifically, the Pemon perspective of fire is a good example to show
that for more robust and flexible resource management we need the knowledge
and experience of different cultural and disciplinary groups.

9. 
 
 
 
 Appendix I: Annotated Bibliography


9
Background
The concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) has been recognized as a critical
component of adaptive management for environmental and natural resource management. TEK
represents the accumulated knowledge, skills, and practices of Indigenous peoples and local
communities concerning their environment and natural resources. The importance of TEK has
been highlighted due to its potential for enhancing the resilience of ecosystems and communities
in the face of environmental change.

Introduction
This paper explores the rediscovery of TEK as an adaptive management strategy. It discusses the
real index, methods, results, and outcomes of various studies that have focused on the use of
TEK in environmental management. The paper also highlights important details and facts and
figures related to the use of TEK.

Real Index:
The concept of real index refers to the application of TEK in environmental management. This
involves incorporating the knowledge and practices of Indigenous peoples and local communities
into environmental management strategies. The real index is a measure of the effectiveness of
TEK in enhancing the resilience of ecosystems and communities.

Method
The rediscovery of TEK as an adaptive management strategy has been studied using a range of
methods, including literature reviews, case studies, and participatory research. These methods
have been used to investigate the application of TEK in various environmental management
contexts, including fisheries management, wildlife management, and forestry management.

Results
The results of various studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of TEK in enhancing the
resilience of ecosystems and communities. For example, in fisheries management, the
incorporation of TEK has led to the development of more effective management strategies, which
have resulted in the restoration of fish populations and the enhancement of ecosystem health.
Similarly, in forestry management, the use of TEK has led to the development of more sustainable
harvesting practices, which have helped to maintain the health and productivity of forest
ecosystems.

Outcomes
The outcomes of the rediscovery of TEK as an adaptive management strategy are numerous.
These include the restoration and conservation of ecosystems and the enhancement of
community well-being. The incorporation of TEK into environmental management strategies has
also helped to promote cultural diversity and social justice.

10. 
 
 
 
 Appendix I: Annotated Bibliography


10

Facts and Figures
Some facts and figures related to the use of TEK in environmental management include:

 More than 370 million Indigenous peoples live in over 90 countries worldwide, and they
possess a wealth of knowledge and experience related to environmental management.
 The incorporation of TEK into environmental management strategies has led to
significant improvements in ecosystem health and productivity.
 TEK has been recognized as a critical component of sustainable development and
environmental conservation.
Important Details
Some important details related to the use of TEK in environmental management include:

 The incorporation of TEK should be based on a respect for Indigenous peoples' rights and
sovereignty.
 The use of TEK should be complemented by scientific knowledge to ensure that
management strategies are based on the best available evidence.
 The use of TEK requires a long-term commitment to building relationships with
Indigenous peoples and local communities.

Reference
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as
adaptive management. Ecological Applications, 10(5), 1251-1262.

Western, D., & Wright, R. M. (Eds.). (1994). Natural connections: Perspectives in community-
based conservation. Island Press.

Berkes, F. (2004). Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18(3), 621-
630.

Cleaver, F. (2000). Moral ecological rationality, institutions and the management of common
property resources. Development and Change, 31(2), 361-383.

Brosius, J. P., Tsing, A. L., & Zerner, C. (Eds.). (2005). Communities and conservation: Histories and
politics of community-based natural resource management. Altamira Press.

McNeely, J. A., & Scherr, S. J. (2003). Ecoagriculture: strategies to feed the world and save
biodiversity. Island Press.

Agrawal, A. (2001). Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources.
World Development, 29(10), 1649-1672.