Compatability testing.pptx

The Compatibility can be determined by matching the different blood group systems, such as ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood.
The main purpose of this test is to distinguish the appearance of antibodies in the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor. These antibodies can be found on the surface of red blood cells of the donor after transfusion. 

1. PRESENTED BY D. JASMINE PRIYA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEP OF MLT SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CHENNAI – 19 COMPATABILITY TESTING

2. COMPATABILITY TESTING Cross Match is a laboratory test, performed prior to a blood transfusion to determine whether donor blood is compatible (or incompatible) with recipient blood. The Compatibility can be determined by matching the different blood group systems, such as ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood . The main purpose of this test is to distinguish the appearance of antibodies in the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor. These antibodies can be found on the surface of red blood cells of the donor after transfusion. 

3. An incompatible transfusion can lead to severe hemolytic anemia and even death. The Cross Match test does not perform in dogs and horses, because in them the naturally occurring antibody against important hemolytic red blood cell antigens are absent. Hence, these animals need sensitization to the red cell antigen, before a hemolytic reaction will occur.   After completion of blood transfusion to a dog or horse, a crossmatch should be performed prior to any subsequent transfusions to detect antibodies that may have been produced against a different red blood cell antigen.

4. Principle of Cross Matching Cross-matching is based on the serological detection of any clinically significant abnormal/unexpected antibodies in the blood of either the donor or the receiver. There are two varieties of cross-matching : 1. Major Cross Match : It entails comparing the donor’s red cells with the recipient’s serum to evaluate the presence of any antibodies that may cause hemolysis or agglutination of the donor’s red cells. This is more crucial than minor cross-matching . 2. Minor Cross Match : It entails analyzing donor plasma with recipient red cells to evaluate the presence of any antibodies that may cause hemolysis or agglutination.

5. Type Donor’s Recipient’s Major Cross Match Red Cells Serum/Plasma Minor Cross Match Serum/Plasma Red Cells

6. Major Cross Match – PROCEDURE Prepare blood samples from both the donor and the recipient, including the donor’s red cells and the recipient’s serum/plasma. Prepare a 3-5% red cell suspension in saline. Label a test tube. Add two drops of the donor’s serum and one drop of the recipient’s serum. Mix and incubate the tubes for 60 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Remove all of the serum and wash the cells three times in saline. Mix with two drops of Anti-human Globulin (AHG). Allow to stand for 5 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 1 minute. Using both macro- and microscopy, search for agglutination. If no macroscopic agglutination is noticed, a little amount should be transferred to a glass slide and examined for microscopic agglutination. Rouleaux does not signify incompatibility.

7. Minor Cross Match – PROCEDURE Prepare blood samples from the donor and recipient: the recipient’s red cells and the donor’s serum/plasma. Label a test tube. Add two drops of serum from the donor and one drop of cell suspension from the recipient. Mix and incubate the tubes for 60 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Remove all of the serum and wash the cells three times in saline. Mix with two drops of Anti-human Globulin (AHG). Allow to stand for 5 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 1 minute. Using both macro- and microscopy, search for agglutination. If no macroscopic agglutination is noticed, a little amount should be transferred to a glass slide and examined for microscopic agglutination. Rouleaux does not signify incompatibility.

8. Result of Cross Matching Both major and minor cross-matches should reveal no agglutination between compatible donor and receiver blood. Blood that is incompatible in a major cross-match should never be transfused, as the recipient’s huge plasma volume containing antibodies can quickly destroy the donor’s red cells. Minor incompatibility is less significant since the antibodies in the donor’s serum are diluted in the recipient’s plasma, rendering them useless.

9. APPLICATION OF CROSS MATCH TEST This test is used during a blood transfusion. Cross Match test is used if anyone having a certain medical problem that could cause significant blood loss, such as a cesarean section, a renal biopsy, or a cholecystectomy. Used for sickle cell disease or thalassemia. Used to check the effects of chemotherapy. Used for detection of a bleeding disorder, for example, hemophilia. During pregnancy, this test is used to find out if the patient is Rh-negative or positive. This test is performed during organ transplant, bone marrow transplant, or tissue transplant.

10. Why to Get Cross matching? Cross matching is a laboratory test that is used to determine compatibility between a potential blood donor and a recipient before a blood transfusion is given. There are several reasons why cross matching is important: 1. To reduce the risk of transfusion reactions:  Cross matching helps to reduce the risk of transfusion reactions, which are adverse reactions that can occur when the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood are incompatible. Transfusion reactions can range from mild to severe and can include symptoms such as fever, chills, shortness of breath, and hives. 2. To ensure the safety of the transfusion:  Cross matching helps to ensure the safety of the transfusion by identifying any potential incompatibilities between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood. This helps to reduce the risk of complications that may occur as a result of the transfusion .

11. 3. To match the blood type of the donor and recipient:  Cross matching helps to match the blood type of the donor and recipient to avoid complications such as hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells). It is important to match the blood type of the donor and recipient to ensure that the transfusion is successful and does not cause any adverse reactions. 4. To match the Rh blood group of the donor and recipient:  Cross matching also helps to match the Rh blood group of the donor and recipient. The Rh blood group system consists of two blood types: Rh positive and Rh negative. It is important to match the Rh blood type of the donor and recipient to avoid complications such as hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells). Overall, cross matching is an important step in the process of transfusing blood to ensure the safety of the recipient and to reduce the risk of transfusion reactions and other complications that may occur as a result of the transfusion.

12. Why do I need this test? It is not possible for me to determine why you specifically may need a blood cross matching test without more information. Blood cross matching is a laboratory test that is used to determine compatibility between a potential blood donor and a recipient before a blood transfusion is given. There are several reasons why a person may need to have a blood cross matching test, including: 1. To prepare for a blood transfusion:  If you are going to receive a blood transfusion, your healthcare provider may order a blood cross matching test to ensure that the donor’s blood is compatible with your blood. This helps to reduce the risk of transfusion reactions and other complications that may occur as a result of the transfusion .

13. 2. To check for bleeding disorders:  If you have a bleeding disorder, your healthcare provider may order a blood cross matching test to determine if you have any antibodies that may react with the donor’s blood. If you have antibodies that react with the donor’s blood, it could cause a transfusion reaction. 3. To prepare for surgery:  If you are going to have surgery, your healthcare provider may order a blood cross matching test to ensure that you have enough red blood cells and to check for any potential incompatibilities between your blood and the donor’s blood. 4. To diagnose a blood disorder:  If you are experiencing symptoms that may be related to a blood disorder, your healthcare provider may order a blood cross matching test to help diagnose the condition.

14. What happens if crossmatch is positive ? If a blood crossmatch test is positive, it indicates that there is an incompatibility between a recipient’s blood and a donated blood product. This means that the transfusion or transplant should not proceed unless additional testing or precautions are taken to ensure the safety and success of the procedure. A positive crossmatch does not necessarily mean that the transfusion or transplant cannot proceed, but it does indicate that additional testing or precautions may be necessary to ensure the safety and success of the procedure. Some possible options in the event of a positive crossmatch may include:

15. Performing additional cross matching tests to determine the specific cause of the incompatibility Using a different blood product that is compatible with the recipient’s blood Pre treating the recipient’s blood with medications to remove or neutralize any antibodies that may cause a reaction with the donated blood product Using a blood product from a universal donor, such as type O negative red blood cells