Components Details of SHP and Their Schemes Layout.pptx

Components Details of SHP and Their Schemes Layout.pptx

1. Components details of SHP and their schemes layout Department of Energy Science and Engineering MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL-462003 Submission Date: 15 September 2025 Assignment Subject Code: EN RE 1101 Subject Title: Renewable Energy Systems Submitted to Prof. Meena Agarwal Submitted by Shubham Tomar (25318011107)

2. Civil Components of SHP Diversion Structure Dam / Weir / Barrage (Weir & Barrage are more common in SHP) – to divert or store water Spillway – safe flood discharge Energy Dissipation Arrangement – stilling basin, plunge pool Fish Pass / Ladder – ecological requirement Residual Flow Arrangement – to maintain downstream ecology Water Conveyance System Intake Structure – screens, trash racks, gates Desilting Tank / Basin – to remove silt & debris before turbines Canals – open channel water conveyance Tunnels / Aqueducts – where canals are not feasible Forebay Tank / Surge Tank – flow regulation, surge control Penstocks – high-pressure pipes carrying water to turbines Powerhouse (Civil Part) Building structure housing turbines, generator, and auxiliaries Tailrace channel to discharge water back to river

3. Electro-mechanical Components of SHP Turbines Pelton (high head, low flow) Francis (medium head, medium flow) Kaplan (low head, high flow, adjustable blades) Generator Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (usually synchronous type) Control & Protection System Governors, excitation system, circuit breakers, relays, SCADA Transformers & Switchyard Step-up transformer for grid connection Switchyard for transmission & distribution integration

4. Typical SHP Layout Diagram Figure: Typical SHP Layout Diagram[1]

5. Feature Dam Weir Barrage Purpose Creates a large reservoir by fully blocking river flow; used for power, irrigation, flood control, water supply. Slightly raises river water level; mainly for diversion into canals or intakes. Controls and diverts river water into canals; also regulates river flow for irrigation/power. Structure Massive wall (concrete, masonry, earth-fill, rock-fill). Small overflow barrier, usually masonry or concrete, sometimes with shutters. Low dam with adjustable gates across its length. Height & Storage Usually high (tens to hundreds of meters), creates large storage. Low height (a few meters), negligible storage. Low to medium height , little or no storage. Flow Control Flow controlled by spillways . Flow passes over the crest (fixed height). Flow controlled by gates , giving flexibility. Cost & Construction Very expensive , long construction time. Cheaper , relatively simple structure. More expensive than weir, but cheaper than a dam. Applications in SHP Used in storage-based SHP schemes (rare, costly for “small hydro”). Commonly used in run-of-river SHP to divert flow. Used in canal-based or irrigation SHP , where regulation is needed. Environmental Impact High – submergence, resettlement, ecology affected. Low – minimal submergence, mostly eco-friendly. Moderate – alters river flow, but less submergence than dams. Dam Vs Weir Vs Barrage

6. Classification by Shape Rectangular Weir: Has a straight, horizontal crest with vertical sides. Use: Ideal for measuring large flows in wide channels. Triangular (V-Notch) Weir: Features a V-shaped notch. Use: Highly accurate for measuring low to medium flow rates. Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Weir: A combination of a rectangular and a triangular weir. The sides slope outward. Use: The unique shape helps to simplify flow calculations by compensating for contractions. Classification by Crest Shape Sharp-Crested Weir: Has a thin, sharp edge that forces the water to flow over it without sticking. Use: Primarily for accurate flow measurement in laboratory or controlled settings. Broad-Crested Weir : A solid structure with a wide, flat crest. Use: Used for large flows, often integrated into spillways of dams. Ogee-Shaped Weir : The crest has a curved profile that follows the natural path of the overflowing water. Use: Commonly used for dam spillways to pass high flows with minimal energy loss. Classification by End Conditions Contracted Weir : The width of the weir is less than the channel's width. Effect: The flow is constricted at the sides, causing the nappe to contract. (Note: Requires a correction factor in flow calculations.) Suppressed Weir: The weir spans the full width of the channel. Effect: No side contractions occur. (Note: Simplifies flow calculations but requires proper aeration under the nappe.) Weir Classification

7. Figure: Rectangular Weir [2] Figure: Triangular Weir (V-Notch Weir) [2] Figure: Trapezoidal Weir (Cipolletti Weir) [2] Types of Weirs

8. Core Principle: Power generation is directly dependent on the river's current flow. Generation stops if the flow is too low. Low Head Schemes Location: Built in river valleys. Options: Diversion: Water is diverted to a power intake with a short penstock. Integrated Dam: A small dam with gates creates the head and integrates the intake, powerhouse, and fish ladder into one structure. Medium and High Head Schemes Components: Use a weir to divert water. Water is then transported to the turbine via either an expensive penstock (pressure pipe) or a more economical low-slope canal followed by a short penstock. Alternative: A low-pressure pipe can be used if a canal is not feasible. Water Discharge: Water is returned to the river through a tailrace . Optional Feature: A small reservoir or pond can be created to store water for generation during peak hours. Run of River Scheme Figure: High head scheme[3] Figure: Low head scheme with penstock[3]

9. Siphon Intake Schemes Function: A siphon intake is a solution for linking the headwater (reservoir) and tailwater, especially for dams that are not excessively high. It allows the turbine to be installed without major modifications to the dam. Siting: The turbine can be located either on top of the dam or on the downstream side. Application: This method is effective for schemes with heads typically up to 10 meters and unit sizes up to 1000 kW, though larger examples exist. Installation: The entire unit can be prefabricated and installed with relative ease . Schemes with the powerhouse at the base of a dam Small Hydropower Schemes with Existing Reservoirs Concept: These schemes leverage existing dams built for purposes like flood control , irrigation , or recreation . The hydropower plant then uses the water discharge that's compatible with the dam's primary function. Economic Advantage: This approach avoids the high cost of building a large, dedicated dam and reservoir, making the hydropower project economically viable. Figure: Low head scheme using an existing dam[3] Figure: Low head scheme – siphon intake[3]

10. Integrated Canal Schemes Purpose: This design is for new canals and requires the canal to be enlarged to house the entire hydropower system, including the intake , power station , tailrace , and a lateral bypass . Key Feature: The lateral bypass is crucial for ensuring uninterrupted water supply for irrigation in case the turbine shuts down. Timing: This scheme is most cost-effective when it is designed and built at the same time as the canal itself. Existing Canal Schemes Purpose: This design is a suitable option for existing canals . It only requires a slight enlargement of the canal to accommodate the intake and a spillway . Components: An elongated spillway is used to minimize the width of the intake. A penstock then carries pressurized water from the intake along the canal to the turbine. A short tailrace returns the water to the river. Additional Detail: Because migratory fish are typically not found in canals, fish passes are not needed for these types of schemes. Schemes with the powerhouse at the base of a dam Figure: Integrated scheme using an irrigation canal [3] Figure: Elongated spillway scheme using an irrigation canal[3]

11. Core Concept: This scheme generates electricity by using the energy that would otherwise be wasted when high-pressure drinking water is released from a reservoir. Instead of using special valves to dissipate this energy, a turbine is installed at the end of the pipe. Key Challenge: The primary concern with this system is managing water hammer, a phenomenon where a sudden pressure surge can occur. This is particularly risky in older pipes. Safety and Reliability: A bypass valve system is crucial to ensure the city's water supply is not interrupted during turbine shutdown, failure, or maintenance. Ancillary bypass valves, often operated by a counterweight, provide an emergency backup in case the main valve fails and overpressure occurs. Control System: The control system must be designed to manage the opening and closing of all valves slowly to keep pressure variations within safe limits. The system is more complex when the turbine's outlet is connected to a pressurized water network. Schemes integrated in a water abstraction system Figure: Scheme integrated in a water supply system[3]

12. Source: MNRE (Ministry of New & Renewable Energy), “Small Hydro | MNRE” YouTube, uploaded by MNRE, Jul 10, 2025 , video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTyATWX_U6s [4] Small Hydro Power Plant – Video by MNRE

13. Technology, E. (2022, September 29). Hydropower Plant – types, components, turbines and working. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2021/07/hydropower-plant.html Haider, M. (n.d.). Weirs. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/weirs/33464586 ESHA guide on how to develop a small hydropower plant . (n.d.). Canyonhydro.   https://www.canyonhydro.com/images/Part_1_ESHA_Guide_on_how_to_develop_a_small_hydropower_plant.pdf mnreindia. (2025, July 10). Small Hydro | MNRE [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTyATWX_U6s References