Components of engine & its materials

An Engine is a machine that converts the combustion of the fuels into mechanical forces to drive the vehicles

1. Session: Engine Components & its Materials 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 1 MODULE 1

2. SESSION OBJECTIVES 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 2 On the completion of this session, the students might be able to understand, Revolution in Engine modification Engine Classification Components of Engine & Its materials.

3. Topics History of engine development Combustion Types of Engine Components of Engine & its material 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 3

4. History of Engine Development 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 4 Newcomen Atmospheric Engine : Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 First practical device to harness steam to produce mechanical work. Britain and Europe used this engine for pump water out from mines. The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder.

5. History of Engine Development 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 5 Watt Steam Engine : 1776 Also called Mathew Boulton and watt steam engine. It was a first type of steam engine to make use of separate condenser.

6. History of Engine Development 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 6 Year of engine Revolution : 1769 France inventor Nicolas Joseph cugnot propelled first mechanical vehicle – using steam engine First true automobile It is a Tricycle. Steam Engine 4 Passenger 2.25 miles per hour speed.

7. History of Engine Development 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 7 Start of Internal Combustion Engine: Francois Isaac deRivaz – Inventor of first hydrogen powered Internal combustion engine with electric Ignition in the year of 1808 Jean joseph Etienne Lenoir – Invented the Lenoir gas engine in 1859 Fuel – Coal & Air Francois Isaac deRivaz Jean joseph Etienne Lenoir

8. History of Engine Development 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 8 Otto’s Atmospheric Engine: Compressed Charge Internal combustion Engine ran on Petroleum Invented by Nicholas August Otto German Engineer Liquid Fueled Engine - 1861 Otto’s 1876 Four cycle Engine Nicholas August Otto

9. COMBUSTION 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 9 Internal Combustion Engine: An internal combustion engine is a heat engine. Which converts the heat energy released by combustion of fuel taking place inside the engine into mechanical work.

10. COMBUSTION 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 10 What is Combustion : Combustion is a high temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between fuel (the reducant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke In combustion fire produces a flame & heat will sustained the combustion. Oxidation – Loss of electron Reduction – gain of electron Oxidation & Reduction

11. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 11 Classification of Engine : Oxidation & Reduction According to the type of Fuel used Petrol Engine Diesel Engine Gas Engine Bi-Fuel Engine

12. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 12 Classification of Engine : According to the number of strokes per cycle 4 – Stroke Engine 2 – Stroke Engine

13. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 13 Classification of Engine : According to the Method of Ignition Spark Ignition Compression Ignition

14. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 14 Classification of Engine : According to the Cycle of Combustion Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Duel Combustion

15. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 15 Classification of Engine : According to the Number of Cylinder Single Cylinder Multi cylinder

16. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 16 Classification of Engine : According to the arrangement of cylinder In-Line Engine V – Type Engine Opposite Cylinder Engine W – Engine Opposite Piston Engine Radial Engine W – Engine

17. Engine classification 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 17 Classification of Engine : According to cooling: Air cooled Engine - Contains fins all around the cylinders, Cylinder head, and exhaust port. - which provide increase area for better radiation of heat. Water Cooled Engine Water jackets around the cylinders, Combustion chambers, Valve, Ports, etc. Radiator is used to cool hot water.

18. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 18 PARTS OF IC ENGINE: Cylinder Block Piston Piston Rings Connecting Rod Crank & Crankshaft Valves Flywheel Crankcase

19. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 19 Cylinder Block: Part of the engine where fuel is burn and power is developed Inside diameter is called as Bore diameter Sleeve is fitted tightly in cylinder to prevent wearing of the block. Cylinder block made up of Grey cast iron or aluminum with steel sleeves.

20. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 20 2. Cylinder Head: Cylinder head is bolted at the top of the cylinder block. It houses the inlet & Exhaust valve. It also contains spark plug hole or injector hole and cooling water jacket. The material used for cylinder heads are cast iron, aluminum alloy etc.

21. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 21 3. Cylinder Linear: Linear material should withstand abrasive wear & Corrosive wear. Chromium plated mild steel tubes are used as linear

22. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 22 4 . Oil sump or oil pair: Oil sump is fitted at the bottom of crankcase by using gasket. It contains lubricating oil A drain plug is provided to the oil sump to drain out the oil. It made of pressesd steel sheet.

23. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 23 5 . Piston: It is a cylindrical shaped mass that reciprocates inside the cylinder. Purposes : It acts as a movable gas tight seal to keep the gasses inside the cylinder. It transmits the force of explosion in the cylinder to the crankshaft through connecting rod.

24. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 24 6. Piston: Cast Iron, Aluminum alloy, Chrome-Nickel alloy, Nickel iron alloy, and cast steel are used to fabricate piston using Casting or forging method Crown Skirt Lands Oil ring groove

25. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 25 7. Piston rings: Metallic Rings inserted into groves provided at the top end of the piston Function : It maintains a gas – Tight joint between the piston and the cylinder. The material used for piston rings are cast iron, alloy cast iron containing silicon and manganese, alloy steel, etc. Piston ring are generally coated with chromium or cadmium

26. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 26 7. Piston rings: Compression rings: These rings provide an effective seal for the high pressure gasses inside the cylinder. Each piston provided with at least two compression rings 1 st Ring: Maintains the seal and prevents the escape of burned gases and loss of pressure in the combustion chamber 2 nd Ring: Compression ring aids the top ring in sealing & Cooling

27. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 27 7. Piston rings: Oil rings: These rings wipe off the excess oil form the cylinder walls It also returns this excess oil to the oil sump through slots provided in the rings Oil Went

28. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 i 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 28 Connecting Rod: Link that connects the piston and crank shaft by means of pin joint. Function: It converts the rectilinear motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting rod must withstand heavy thrust. Carbon steel, Aluminum alloy, and Nickel alloy steel provide great strength & Rigidity

29. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 29 9. Crankshaft: It is the main shaft of the engine It used to convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion. At crank pins, the connecting rod attached and revolved around it.

30. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 30 9. Crankshaft: All the power from the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft which further passes it onto the fly wheel.

31. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 31 9. Crankshaft: The material of the crank shaft should be strong enough to resist the heavy impact force of the piston They are made of hot billet steel, Carbon steel, Nickel – chromium and other heat treated alloy steels.

32. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 32 10. Camshaft: The camshaft controls the opening & closing of the inlet & Exhaust valves The timing of the camshaft working is very important for efficient working of the engine. The profile of the camlobes decides the opening duration of the valve.

33. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 33 11. Flywheel: Mounted on crankshaft to maintain uniform rotation of crankshaft. It store the energy during power stroke & Release during other stroke. It is made up of cast iron or cast steel.

34. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 34 11. Sparkplug: The function of the sparkplug is to ignite the air fuel mixture after completing the compression stroke in the petrol engine. It is usually mounted in the cylinder head. It is only used in petrol engine Side Electrode Terminal Junction Center Electrode

35. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 35 12. Engine Valves: Valves are used for closing & opening the passage of the cylinder There are two valves in an engine cylinder namely inlet valve & Exhaust valve. Valves are operated by cam & Rocker arm mechanisms.

36. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 36 12. Engine Valves: Valve mechanisms : Side valve Mechanism Overhead valve Mechanism Overhead inlet & Side exhaust valve mechanism.

37. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 37 12. Engine Valves: Valve mechanisms : Side valve Mechanism

38. COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 38 12. Engine Valves: Valve mechanisms : 2. Overhead valve Mechanism.

39. 11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 39 END