Comprehensive Guide to Earthquakes: Causes and Safety.pptx

"Earthquakes occur due to shifts in tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface, causing seismic waves that result in ground shaking. This presentation covers the scientific causes, types of seismic waves, effects like tsunamis and landslides, and the methods used to measure earthquake magnitudes. It also provides essential safety measures to follow during and after an earthquake to minimize harm."

1. Introduction to Earthquakes An Overview of Causes, Effects, and Safety Measures

2. What is an Earthquake? An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth's surface caused by sudden movements in the Earth's crust. The energy released during these movements generates seismic waves.

3. Causes of Earthquakes 1. Tectonic Plate Movements 2. Volcanic Activity 3. Human Activities (e.g., mining, dam construction)

4. Types of Seismic Waves 1. Primary Waves (P-waves): Travel fastest through the Earth. 2. Secondary Waves (S-waves): Slower and only travel through solids. 3. Surface Waves: Cause the most damage on the Earth's surface.

5. Measuring Earthquakes Earthquakes are measured using seismometers. The Richter scale and the Moment Magnitude scale are commonly used to quantify the magnitude of earthquakes.

6. Effects of Earthquakes 1. Ground Shaking 2. Ground Rupture 3. Tsunamis 4. Landslides 5. Building Damage

7. Earthquake Safety Measures 1. Drop, Cover, and Hold On during an earthquake. 2. Stay away from windows and heavy objects. 3. After the earthquake, check for hazards like gas leaks and structural damage.