Computer applications in economics unit - 1

Introduction to Computers – Classification of Digital Computer Systems – Anatomy of a Digital Computer - Generations of Computers – Memory Units – Input Devices –�Output Devices – Auxiliary Storage Devices. Computer Hardware and Software –�Programming Languages: Machine Languages- Assembly level languages and high�level languages. Operating Systems.

1. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ECONOMICS- UNIT – I - INTRODUCTION Dr.M.Madhavan Assistant Professor of Economics This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

2. SYLLABUS- UNIT- I Introduction to Computers Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Introduction to Computers – Classification of Digital Computer Systems – Anatomy of a Digital Computer - Generations of Computers – Memory Units – Input Devices – Output Devices – Auxiliary Storage Devices. Computer Hardware and Software – Programming Languages: Machine Languages- Assembly level languages and high level languages. Operating Systems. 2

3. Introduction to computer Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A computer system has three main components: hardware, software , and people . The equipment associated with a computer system is called hardware . Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. People, however, are the most important component of a computer system - people use the power of the computer for some purpose. 3

4. topics Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Memory Units Input Device Output Device Classification of Digital Computer 4

5. Memory Meaning Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Memory consists of four types of memory chips RAM, ROM , CMOS and flash. RAM stand for random access memory and ROM stand for read only memory . these are also called primary memory of a computer. 5

6. Input and Output Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically perform both input and output operations. 6 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

7. Auxiliary Storage Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal The best example of auxiliary storage is hard disk drives and optical storage media like CDs, DVDs , and Blu-ray. Other auxiliary storage belongs to the peripheral devices category as well, such as flash drives and any type of memory card. Hardware is a physical parts computer that cause processing of data. Software is a set of instruction that tells a computer exactly what to do. 7

8. programming language Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java , FORTRAN , Ada, and Pascal. 8

9. Machine language Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Machine language is a language that has a binary form. It can be directly executed bya computer. While an assembly language is a low-level programming language that requires software called an assembler to convert it into machine code . 9

10. high-level language (HLL) Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN , or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. 10

11. operating system (OS) Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. ... The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 82.74% 11

12. Classification Of Digital Computer Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Micro Computer Mini Computer Mainframe Computer Super Computer 12

13. Micro Computer Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Micro Computer are small low cast and single user digital computers. It is a device with microprocessor, Input unit ,storage unit and CPU(Central Processing Unit). Microcomputer Computer formerly a commonly used term for Personal Computers particularly any of class of any small digital computers. Its CPU contained on a single integrated semi conductor chip. IBM PC based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple Macintosh are some Examples of microcomputers. Microcomputers include desktop computers, notebook computers or laptop, tablet computer, handheld computer, smartphones and notebook. 13

14. Types of micro computers Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A) Desktop Computer or Personal Computer(PC) B) Notebook Computers or Laptop C) Netbook . D) Tablet: E) Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant(PDA) F) Smart Phones 14

15. A) Desktop Computer or Personal Computer(PC) Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal - It is the most type of microcomputer.A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements.It is not very expensive and is suited t the needs of a single user at home,small business units,and organization. Examples:Apple,Microsoft,Dell,and Lenovo ,Sony,HP,etc are some of the PC manufactures. 15

16. B) Notebook Computers or Laptop Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A laptop is a small, portable computer and have all the features of a desktop computer. The advantage of the laptop is that it is small in size, so it can be carried anywhere. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. Laptops Computers are costlier than the desktop computers. 16

17. C) Netbook Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal These are smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost, and are designed for accessing web-based applications. Netbooks deliver the performance needed to enjoy popular activities like streaming videos or music, e-mailing, web surfing or instant messaging. 17

18. D) Tablet Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface. The tablet form factor is typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than a smartphone. 18

19. Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal E) Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant(PDA) It is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm. It is small in size. PDA uses a pen or a stylus for input, instead of the keyboard. They have a limited memory and are less potful. PDAs can be connected to the internet via wireless connection. 19

20. F) Smart Phones Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal A smartphone is a mobile phone with highly advanced features. A typical smartphone has a high-resolution touch screen display, WiFi connectivity, Web browsing capabilities, and the ability to accept sophisticated applications. The majority of these devices run on any of these popular mobile operating systems: Android, Symbian, iOS, BlackBerry OS and Windows Mobile. 20

21. Mini Computer Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal These perform multi-tasking and allow terminals to be connected to their services. the ability to connect minicomputers to each other and mainframes has popularized them among larger businesses. This use is being challenged by the development in the microcomputer range and the practice of starting resources of microcomputer under a network. Minicomputer are still recognized as being able to process large amounts of data. Types of minicomputer The types of minicomputer are- tablet PC, Desktop minicomputers, cell phones, notebooks, high-end mP3 players, etc. Examples:- IBM's AS/400e 21

22. Mainframe Computer Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Main frame computers generally require special attention and are kept in a controlled atmosphere. They are multi-tasking and generally used in areas where large database are maintained example as government agency or airline industry. Examples:- IBM LinuxONE 22

23. Super Computer: Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Super Computers operate very fast and have multiple processors. Ther are very few of these machines in existence due to their cost. This type of computer has been developed for scientific applications usually involving complex arithmetic and mathematical operations. One such use is in weather forecasting. A supercomputer is a type of computer that has the architecture, resources and components to achieve massive computing power. Although advances like multi-core processors and GPGPUs (general-purpose graphics processing units) have enabled powerful machines for personal use (see: desktop supercomputer, GPU supercomputer), by definition, a supercomputer is exceptional in terms of performance. China has owned the fastest supercomputer in the world. “Fast” is defined by the number of petaflops the computer system can perform. A petaflop is one thousand teraflops, or one quadrillion floating point operations per second. 23

24. Thank you Dr.M.Madhavan, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Dr. M. Madhavan [email protected] , www.aagacnkl.edu.in 24 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY