Computer Networking Theory Assignment 1

Illustrate this Basic concept of Computer networks and
distributed systems, Goals of networking, General approaches of communication
within a network, Network classification, Uses & Network Software's.

1. Assignment - 1





Course Title: Computer Networks Theory
Course Code: CSE 317




Submitted To
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer, Department Of CSE
City University, Dhaka


Submitted By
Hasibul Islam Nirob
ID: 182482526
BSc in CSE (Day)
Batch: 49th

2. 1. Illustrate this Basic concept of Computer
networks and distributed systems?


Each machine works toward a common goal and the end-user views results as one
cohesive unit.
Each machine has its own end-user and the distributed system facilitates sharing
resources or communication services.

Hardware and software architectures are used to maintain a distributed system.
Everything must be interconnected—CPUs via the network and processes via the
communication system.

Distributed networking, used in distributed computing, is the network system over which
computer programming, software, and its data are spread out across more than one
computer, but communicate complex messages through their nodes (computers), and
are dependent upon each other.



Goals of networking

• It provides sharing of resources such as information, devices or processors
• It provides inter-process communication among user and processors.
• It provides the network user with maximum performance at minimum cost
• It provides centralized control for a geographically distributed system.
• It provides compatibility of dissimilar equipment and software.
• It provides centralized management and allocation of network resources.
• It provides distributed processing functions.

Resource sharing: is the main objective of the computer network. The goal is to
provide all the program, date and hardware is available to everyone on the network
without regard to the physical location of the resource and the users.

Reliability: The second objective is to provide the high Reliability. It is achieved by
replicating the files on two or more machines, so in case of unavailability (due to fail
of hardware) the other copies can be used.

Scalability: Computer network have provided means to increase system
performance as the work load increases (load balancing). In the days of mainframe
when the system was full it was to replace with the other large mainframe computer,
usually at and expensive rate not convenience for user.

3. Performance: Another closely related goal is to increase the systems performance
as the work load increases by just adding more processors. With central
mainframes, when the system is full, it must be replaced by a larger one, usually at
great expense and with even greater disruption to the users.

Security: Only authorized user can access resource in a computer network. Users
are authenticated by their username and password. Hence it is not possible to
access the data without proper account. This increases security.




General approaches of communication within a
network:


Client-server—Clients contact the server for data, then format it and display it to the
end-user.

Three-tier—Information about the client is stored in a middle tier rather than on the
client to simplify application deployment. This architecture model is most common for
web applications.

n-tier—Generally used when an application or server needs to forward requests to
additional enterprise services on the network.

Peer-to-peer—There are no additional machines used to provide services or manage
resources. Responsibilities are uniformly distributed among machines in the system,
known as peers, which can serve as either client or server.



Network classification:


• PAN (Personal Area Network)
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)

4. 1. PAN (Personal Area Network):
• Personal Area Network covers an area of 10 meters.
• PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop.
• Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea
of the Personal Area Network.

2. LAN (Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a
small area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building.
• It is a network which consists of less than 5000 interconnected devices
across several buildings.
• Data of all network users can be stored on a single hard disk of the server
computer.
• Local Area Network provides higher security

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network
across an entire city, college campus, or a small region
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM,
ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
• It offers fast communication using high-speed carriers, like fiber optic cables.





4. WAN (Wide Area Network)-
• WAN network system could be a connection of a LAN which connects with
other LAN's using telephone lines and radio waves. It is mostly limited to an
enterprise or an organization.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.
• The software files will be shared among all the users; therefore, all can
access to the latest files.

5. Uses & Network Software’s


Difference Between Operating System Software and Application
Software

Operating System Software Application Software
A system software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and
provides common services for computer
programs
A software designed to perform a group of
coordinated functions, tasks or activities
for the benefit of the user
Works as the interface between the user
and hardware, performs process
management, memory management, task
scheduling, hardware device controlling
and many more
Performs a single specific task
Developed using C, C++, Assembly
languages
Developed using Java, Visual Basic, C,
C++
Boots up when the user switches on the
computer and runs till he switches off the
machine
Runs only when the user requests to run
the application
Necessary for the proper functioning of the
computer
Cannot be installed without an operating
system
Ex: Windows, Unix, Linux, MAC

Ex: Word, Spreadsheet, Presentation,
Multimedia tools, Database Management
Systems & any Website

6. Difference Between Hardware, Firmware and Software

Hardware Firmware Software
Hardware is a physical
entity.
While firmware is a set of
instructions.
Software’s are generally
set of instructions to
instruct computer.
Hardware is referenced as
the body of instruments or
devices.

Updating of hardware’s are
usually difficult.
While firmware is
referenced as the heart of
instruments or devices.

Updating of firmware’s are
usually difficult.
Updating of software’s
are very easier.
Programs are required to
run the hardware.
While it is the program
itself.
Software usually run of
CPU and main
processors.
Hardware can’t function
without a firmware.
While it operates on
hardware.
Software’s cannot be a
firmware.
The user can easily modify
the hardware.
While here, the user can’t
easily modify.
It can be changed
constantly.
Ex: Remote, Keyboard,
mouse, speakers, etc.
Ex: BIOS, EPROM chips,
etc.
Types of software includes
application software,
shareware, system
software, etc.
Hardware is a complete
tool for device.
While the firmware is
saved in hardware.
Software’s are designed
for user interaction.

7. References
https://blog.stackpath.com/distributed-system/
https://engineering.case.edu/computer-and-data-sciences/research/networking-and-
distributed-systems
https://slideplayer.com/slide/10423155/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hardware-and-firmware/
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/medium
https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computers-and-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:the-
internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:connecting-networks/a/computer-networks-overview
https://www.guru99.com/basic-computer-network.html#1
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-software-and-firmware/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hardware-and-firmware/