computer system and overview

1. Computer Project Work Submit to > Mr. pankaj sir Leader - Shivam Group Name –Vaibhav , Rubal , Akhil , Adhweat , Arjun , Naman , Rageshwar Sundram , Subhrat , Neeraj , Vansh Class = IX D Topic - Computer System – An Overview

2. What is computer Computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operation according to a set of instructions called program A computer can be taught of a combination of hardware and software which transforms some data into information . Hardware It refers to the physical part of a computer, the ones that you can touch . Example > keyboard , monitor etc. Software Software refers to the instruction (the program ) that tell the computer what to do. without software , the computer will not work. Program Set of instruction given to computer are called a program .

3. Four Functions of a Computer Input:   the transferring of  information into a computer system - for our purposes this will be accomplished when you, the programmer, type source code at the keyboard or open a previously typed program. Processing:    the manipulation and control of information within the computer system.  Such manipulations are handled by the Control Unit, the Arithmetic Logic Unit and Temporary Storage. Storage:   the means by which information can be "permanently" saved (until such time as you wish to delete it).  This usually occurs on a hard drive, a diskette or a CD. Output:    the displaying of information - for our purposes this will be accomplished when your program displays information on the monitor or printed on paper

4. Memory Memory is a storage brain of the computer , which holds the data during processing .

5. A Wide Area Network with Satellite Relays of Microwave Signals

6. Functional Component of a Computer System Computer systems ranging from a controller in a microwave oven to a large supercomputer contain components providing five functions. A typical personal computer has hard, floppy and CD-ROM disks for storage, memory and CPU chips inside the system unit, a keyboard and mouse for input, and a display, printer and speakers for output. The arrows represent the direction information flows between the functional units.

7. Basic Application In 1950s , computer were giant , special purpose machines that were used by huge institutions like government and universities . and they were used for performing complex numerical task such as calculating the precise of mars or planning the trajectories of missiles etc . In 1960s , business world started using computer for commercial purpose . In 1970s the invention of personal computer revolutionized the world and today computer are being used in nearly every field of life . > Business > Communications > medicine and health care > education and reference > science , research and engineering > Manufacturing > low information by police > government > military > music > theatre , films and television > computer at home Some major application of computer are being listed below :

8. Business > budgeting > accounting > billing > reporting Medicine > diagnosis > monitoring patients > assisting surgeons > virtual patients for medical student Communication > e-mail > video conferencing > chatting > internet Education > project > computer based training > informative internet > virtual classrooms Science and research > experimentation > weather forecasting > computer aided designing ( CAD ) > computer aided engineering Manufacturing > robotics > computer aided manufacturing ( CAM ) > monitoring pressures and temperature

9. Law enforcement > information storage > DNA finger printing Government > census work > economy > reservation > income tax processing Military > nuclear tests > trajectory of missiles > broadcasting > data storage Music > musical instrument digital interface ( MIDI ) > playing variety of musical format > editing sound > recording musical notes Theatre films and tv > special effects > visual tricks > stage lighting > realistic fantasy At home > learning tool > games > letters and e-mail > listing to music > on small publications

10. Weakness of computer > lack of decision > IQ zero > no heuristics How to create an E-mail id   E-mail are many types Example > gmail , ymail , radiff , rocket mail etc.

11. Example > GMAIL Go to Gmail.com.  The first step to creating an email account with Gmail, Google's free email service, is to visit Gmail's main site. Type "gmail.com" into your browser's navigation bar, or, alternatively, type "Gmail" into your search engine of choice and click the relevant result Step 1

12. Click "Create an account. " On Gmail's login screen, look for an account creation link under the email and password entry boxes. Click this link to proceed to the account creation process . Note - if you already have a Gmail account registered on your computer (for instance, if a family member already has his or her own account), you will need to click on "Manage accounts on this device," then "add account," then, finally, "Create an account." Step 2

13. Enter your personal information.  On the next page, you'll be asked for your name, phone number, birthday, and an alternate email address. Some of this information, like, for instance, the alternate email address, is optional. Step 3

14. Choose an email address and password.  On the same account creation page, you'll also be asked to decide on an email address and a password. The password you choose must be at least eight characters long, while your email address must not already be in use by someone else. Enter this information in the appropriate boxes . You'll need to write your password twice to confirm its accuracy. Step 4

15. Verify.  Scroll down until you see a picture containing some distorted numbers and a photo of a building's address marking. Type these numbers into the designated box - doing this ensures that you are human and not an automated program attempting to register an email account for commercial/nefarious purposes . If , for whatever reason, you don't want to participate in this verification process, you may be required to verify via phone late Step 5 Step 5

16. Agree to the terms of service and submit.  Check the box next to the text that says "I agree to the Google Terms of Service and Privacy Policy." This signifies that you understand and agree to these documents, which you can read by clicking on their links. When you're ready, click "Next step." Step 6

17. Enjoy your new Gmail account.  You're finished! Click on "Continue to Gmail" to access your inbox, read your emails, and write new ones. Step 7

18. Short Forms & Full Forms Computer = Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used in Technical and Educational Research CPU = Central Processing Unit RAM = Random Access Memory ROM = Read Only Memory PROM = Programmable Read Only Memory EPROM = Erasable PROM EEPROM = Electrically EPROM HDD = Hard Disk Drive FDD = Floppy Disk Drive KBD = KeyBoard I/O = Input & Output CD = Compact Disk DVD = Digital Video Disk SMPS = Switch Mode Power Supply POST = Power ON Self Test LCD = Liquid Crystal Display USB = Universal Serial Bus VGA = Video/Visual Graphic Adapter LAN = Local Area Network WAN = Wide Area Network MAN = Metropolitan Area Network HLL = High Level Language LLL = Low Level Language MIPS = Million of Instruction Per Second Mbps = Mega Bytes Per second Kbps = Kilo Bytes per second HTTP = Hyper Text Templates WWW = World Wide Web IP = Internet Protocol

19. ISP = Internet Service Provider 4 Bits = 1 Nibble 8 Bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte ( KB ) 1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte ( MB ) 1024 MB = 1 Gyga Byte ( GB ) 1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte ( TB ) 1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte ( PB ) 1024 PB = 1 Exa Byte ( EB ) 1024 EB = 1 Zetta Byte ( ZB ) 1024 ZB = 1 Yotta Byte ( YB ) BIOS = Basic Input Output System VDU = Visible Display Unit LED = Light Embedded Diode

20. Basic characteristics about Computer are: 1. Speed: - As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second . Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a second). From this you can imagine how fast your compute performs work. 2. Accuracy: - The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is 7 determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data . 3. Diligence: - A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers human being in routine type of work . 4. Versatility: - It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills . 5. Power of Remembering: - computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you want to store in a computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.

21. 6. No IQ: -   Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can. 7. No Feeling: -  It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users . 8. Storage: -   The Computer has an in-built  memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to other computer

22.   Types of Computer Embedded Computer A specialized computer system that is part of a larger system  or machine. Typically, an embedded system is housed on a single microprocessor   board  with the  programs  stored in  ROM. Virtually all appliances that have a  digital interface   - watches, microwaves, VCRs, cars -- utilize embedded systems. Some embedded systems include an  operating system , but many are so specialized that the entire logic can be implemented as a single program. Programmable computer A redundant term, because what makes a computer a computer is that it follows a set of instructions. Many electronic devices are computers that perform only one operation, but they are still following instructions that reside permanently in the unit.

23. Laptop A  laptop  is a portable  personal computer  with a  clamshell form factor, suitable for  mobile use .They are also sometimes called  notebook computers  or  notebooks . Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, including work, education, and personal multimedia. A laptop combines the components and inputs as a desktop computer; including  display , keyboard , speaker and pointing device (such as a  touchpad), into a single device. Most modern-day laptop computers also have a webcam  and a mic (microphone) pre-installed . A laptop can be powered either from a  rechargeable battery , or by  mains electricity via an  AC adapter. Laptops are a diverse category of devices, and other more specific terms, such as  ultrabooks  or  notebooks, refer to  specialist types  of laptop which have been optimized for certain uses. Hardware specifications change vastly between these classifications, forgoing greater and greater degrees of processing power to reduce heat emissions. Portable computer, originally  monocrome  CRT-based and developed into the modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter, cheaper, and more powerful and as screens became smaller and of better quality, laptops became very widely used for a variety of purposes Workstation  A type of Computer  used for engineering application (CAD/CAM), desktop publication , software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics c apabilities. Workstations generally come with a large , high revolution  graphics screen, at least 64 MB (megabytes) of RAM, built-in network support , and a graphical user interface . Most workstations also have a mass storage device  such as a disk drive , but a special type of workstation, called a comes without a disk drive. The most common operating system  for workstations are Unix  and window NT In terms of computing power, workstations lie between personal computer and minic computer although the line is fuzzy on both ends. High-end personal computers are equivalent to low-end workstations. And high-end workstations are equivalent to minicomputers.            The Role of Linux in Datacenter Modernization: An IDC Whitepaper Like personal computers, most workstations are single-user computers. However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local –area network , although they can also be used as stand alone system (2)  In networking, workstation refer to any computer connected to a local-area network. It could be a workstation or a personal computer. Workstation  also is spelled  work station  or  work-station .

24. mainframes Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron"[1]) are computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning and transaction processing. The term originally referred to the large cabinets called "main frames" that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers.[2][3] Later, the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units.[4] Most large-scale computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve. Super computers A  supercomputer  is a  computer  at the frontline of contemporary processing capacity – particularly speed of calculation which can happen at speeds of nanoseconds.

25. Thank You Presented By :- Shivam Class:- IX D Roll No :- 35