Computers History and Hardware/software.

Lecture slides of programming fundamental course

1. Programming Fundamentals
(SE111)

BY
FAIZA LATIF


Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and
Technology Islamabad
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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2. LECTURE 01
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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3. About the Instructor
►Course Instructor: Faiza Latif
►Email: [email protected]
►Education: MS Software Engineering (COMSATS University Islamabad)
►BS Information Technology (Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad)
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering, Federal Urdu
University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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4. Course Assessment
Evaluation tools Weightage (%)
Quizzes 10
Assignment/Project 15
Midterm Exam 25
Terminal Exam 50
Total 100
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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5. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
About Course
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►Provides fundamental concepts of
programming.
►Problem solving Steps.
►Role of compiler and linker.
►Introduction to algorithms.
►Basic data types and variables.
► Input/output constructs.
► Arithmetic, comparison and logical
operators.
►Lists, string and string operations.
►Function definition and calling.
►Pointers/references, static and
dynamic memory allocation &
► File I/O operations.

6. Reading Material
►Text Books:
1.Problem Solving and Program Design in C++, 7th
Edition by Jeri R. Hanly & Elliot B. Koffman.
2.Starting out with Programming Logic & Degins, 4th
Edition, Tony Gaddis,

►Reference Books:
1.Object Oriented Programming in C++ by Robert
Lafore
2.The C Programming Language, 2nd Edition by Brian
W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software
Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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7. Course Learning Outcomes
UNDERSTAND BASIC
PROBLEM-SOLVING STEPS
AND LOGIC CONSTRUCTS.
APPLY BASIC
PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT
ALGORITHMS TO SOLVE
REAL WORLD PROBLEMS.
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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8. Policy & Procedures
Evaluation
►Attendance Policy:
Every student must attend 75% of the
lectures delivered in this course. The students falling
short of required percentage of attendance of
lectures shall not be allowed to appear in the
terminal examination of this course and shall be
treated as having failed this course.

►Missing Exam:
No makeup will be given for any exam.
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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9. Electronic Computers Then Now:
►The first electronic computer was built in the late 1930s by Dr. John
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University.
►The first large-scale, general-purpose electronic digital computer,
called the ENIAC, was completed in 1946 at the University of
Pennsylvania.
►Modern computers are categorized according to their size and
performance.
► Personal computers
❑used by a single person at a time.
►Mainframes
❑Large real-time transaction processing systems, ATMs, corporate
reservations systems for motels, airlines, and rental car.
►Supercomputers
❑used by research laboratories like weather forecasting.

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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10. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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(a)Desktop Computer, iMac. (b) Hewlett Packard Laptop. (c) iPad. (© D. Hurst/Alamy).
(d) Android phone, LG Thrill 4G.

11. Computer System
►A Computer System is the combination of
hardware and software. A typical
Computer System has a memory and set of
states that define the relationship
between the system’s inputs and outputs.
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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12. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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13. Hardware & Software
►Hardware
Physical parts of the computer, including processor
and memory chips, input/output devices, tapes, disks,
modems, cable, etc.

►Software
Programs that tell the computer what to do. It
provides instructions that the CPU will need to carry
out.

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad

14. Computer Hardware
Following are the computer hardware components:
►Main memory
►Secondary memory, which includes storage devices such as
hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and flash drives
►Central processing unit (CPU)
►Input devices, such as keyboards, mouses, touch pads,
scanners, joysticks
►Output devices, such as monitors, printers, and speakers
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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15. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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16. Input Devices
►The data that is given to the computer
is called Input.
►Input devices are used to input data
and instructions into the computer.
►These devices send this data to the
Processing Unit.
►Most common input devices are
keyboard and mouse.

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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17. Following are some examples of Input devices :-
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad

18. Output Devices
►The data processed into useful information is called output.
►Output devices are used to display the result of processing.
►Most common output devices include monitor and printer.

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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19. Following are some examples of output devices :-
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad

20. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
►The Processor is used to process data. It is also called
Central Processing Unit (CPU).
►It is the brain of the computer.
►Perform data processing operations.
►Control working of entire system.
►Consists of two components:
❑Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
❑Control Unit (CU).
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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21. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
eering,
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22. Storage Devices
►Storage usually refers to the Secondary storage.
►The main memory stores data and programs temporary & is called
Primary Storage.
►The Secondary storage is required to store Data , Information and
Programs permanently.
►Main memory are of two types:
❑RAM (Random Access Memory)
❑ROM (Real-Only Memory)
►Secondary memory consists of storage devices:
❑Magnetic Disk
❑Optical Disc



Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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23. Following are some examples of storage devices
:-
•Primary Storage Devices
RAM
(Random Access
Memory)
ROM
(Read Only
Memory)

24. •Secondary Storage Devices

25. Computer Software
►Computer software is often broken into two categories:
►System software
❑provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the
computer.
❑If we think of the computer system as a layered model,
the system software is the interface b/w hardware and
user application.
❑Windows XP, UNIX, Computer Language translators, Mac
OS.

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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26. Operating System
►Operating system (OS)
software that controls
interaction of user and
computer hardware
and that manages
allocation of computer
resources.
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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27. Computer Software
►Application software
❑used by users to accomplish specific tasks.
❑It includes things such as database
programs, word processors, Web browsers
and spreadsheets.
❑Microsoft office, Adobe photoshop, Google
chrome. VLC Media players, Tally etc.

Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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28. Computer Languages
►Developing new software requires writing lists of instructions for a
computer to execute.
►Machine Language:
►A collection of binary numbers understood by computers.
►A drawback of machine language is that it is not standardized: There
is a different machine language for every type of CPU.
►Assembly Language:
►A language in which computer operations are represented by
mnemonic codes rather than binary numbers and variables can be
given names rather than binary memory addresses.
►Each assembly language instruction corresponds to exactly one
machine instruction.
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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29. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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30. Computer Languages
►High-level Language:
►Machine-independent programming language that
combines algebraic expressions and English symbols.
►For example, the machine/assembly language program
fragment shown in Table 1.3 would be a single statement
in a high-level language:
a = a + b;
►This statement means “add the values of variables a and
b, store the result in variable a (replacing a ’s previous
value).”
Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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31. Week 1 Lectures by Faiza Latif, March 11, 2024, Department of Software Engineering
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Islamabad
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