Concepts of Microbiology.pptx

The presentation briefly describes the concepts of microbiology and the impacts microbiology has on our life.

1. Concepts of Microbiology   Microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding life on earth (biology). Bhoj R Singh Head, Division of Epidemiology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

2. Microbes are living being. Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye including bacteria (Bacteriology), archaea ( Archaeabacteriology ), viruses (Virology), fungi (Mycology), prions, protozoa (Protozoology) and algae (Phycology), collectively known as 'microbes'. Dark matter of Microbial world: Archaea

3. Some of the most important discoveries that have underpinned modern microbiology Germ Theory of cause of disease:   Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546 proposed first contagion as cause of disease. Robert Koch conclusively established  Koch's Postulates. Antonio van Leeuwenhoek: Discovery of Bacteria and protozoa Jenner -vaccine against smallpox. Pasteur- Pasteurization and sterilization Nicolas Appert : Heat Sterilization Charles Chamberland - autoclave sterilizer Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll: Discovery of electron microscope Hans Christian Gram :  Gram Staining method in 1884 Paul Ehrlich: Ziehl–Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacteria  Dmitry I.  Ivanovsky  (1892) Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1898): Discovery of Virus Loeffler and Frosch : Thee first animal virus, the foot and mouth disease virus in 1898  Walter Reed (1902): Yellow fever virus, the first identified human virus A. Fleming: Penicillin, Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren:  Helicobacter pylori  infection and stomach ulcers. zur Hausen - Papilloma virus and cervical cancer. Stanley B.  Prusiner : Prion

4. Tools of microbiology Modern: Cryo -Electron Microscopy, Cryo -EM tomography and single-particle analysis, Omics analysis, genomic editing, genetically modified animals, single molecule imaging, and single-cell analysis have significantly improved out understanding of how bacterial pathogens target and create niches within host tissues. Conventional: Microscopes Stains and dyes Growth media A Petri dish Test tubes   A  Bunsen burner , Bunsen burners are being phased out in favour of infrared  microincinerators , which serve a similar purpose without the safety risks of an open flame. An  inoculation loop , used to streak microorganisms on agar in a Petri dish or to transfer them from one test tube to another. Autoclaves and Sterilization : Moist Heat Sterilization Dry Heat Sterilization Gas/ chemical Sterilization Sterilization by Radiation Sterilization by Filtration

5. Important advancement in life concepts Microbes are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Only a few microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. Microbes are the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Emergence of globally significant diseases Threats of bioterrorism Emergence of microbes resistant to antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases. Spoilage and contamination of food on a large scale. Reductionist approaches have been used till date for blaming microbes for causing diseases. However, we need to move to “ One world one health”, a holistic approach where we need to progress into the realm of synthesis—weaving together a fabric of measurements and observations of the microorganism, its environment, and the influence of other organisms at many scales to create an integrative picture of microbial activities . Integrative approaches will enable microbiologists to predict microbiological outcomes, allowing them to pinpoint the consequences of a perturbation of human health or of a given ecosystem.

6. Microbes With 10 13 microbes from some 500 different species on a single host (Human). More than 90% of the cells in our bodies are microorganisms; bacteria and fungi populate our skin, mouth, and other orifices.  Realizing that the 10–100 trillion microbes living in and on each of us are intricately tied to our health and disease has been a profound realization. Nine out of the ten top reasons we die now have microbial links, and Clostridium difficile infections can be cured by fecal transplants! It has been estimated that a staggering 5×10 31  (50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000—weighing more than 50 quadrillion metric tons) microbial cells exist on this planet, and it is difficult to overstate their importance to the biosphere. Estimates reveal that excluding cellulose, microbes constitute approximately 90% of the biomass of the whole biosphere (more than 60% if cellulose is considered). Microbes are at the base of many food chains, they siphon previously inert, inorganic materials into the biosphere and also at the top of every food chain. They are the master recycling experts; they degrade biological wastes and release the critical elements for use by other organisms.

7. How do microorganisms cause disease? Pathogenic microorganisms and viruses have an individual ecological strategy that determines where they strike and what impacts they have on the host. One common root of the problem is that pathogens colonize areas within the human body that our immune system sees as “privileged.” In the process of gaining access to these locations or in maintaining their colonies, microorganisms and viruses may cause damage to host tissues, creating signs and symptoms of disease. Disease may also begin when the immune system detects a microbial cell or virus. The body's immune system responds with an attack on the foreign organism that may cause harm to the body itself. In some cases, the damage caused by pathogens in human tissues or the immune response to them can promote the transmission of the pathogen to a new host. Hence, causing disease is just another ecological strategy for certain microorganisms—one in which the host body is used as a habitat for multiplication, persistence, and transmission.

8. Microbiophobia : Fear from microbes Cause : poor understanding of microbiology in medically educated people. How “ microbiophobia ” is detrimental? It lead to surges in the use of disinfectants, antimicrobial soaps, and other products that purport to keep disease at bay. But in reality? Bioterrorism and the distinct possibility that anthrax or another infectious microbe could be used as a weapon against innocent civilians, crops, or livestock have frightened people across the globe. An apparent increase in the emergence of novel infectious diseases, including SARS, West Nile disease, Ebola, Marburg, Zika virus and others, has also brought microbes into the public eye. Failure of conventional antimicrobial therapies due to the ongoing evolution in pathogens, heightening public doubts about the ability of scientists and physicians to protect the public even from familiar diseases. A few chronic diseases that were once thought to be due to factors like genetic susceptibility or chance have instead been shown to be the work of bacteria or viruses. Occurrence of large-scale food contamination events are on the rise, often sickening tens or hundreds of people before public health officials can identify the sources of infection and restrict the public's exposure.

9. Microbes and Green Earth Pharmaceutical research now relies heavily on microbes and microbiology for drug discovery and production. Green chemistry, in which microorganisms are employed to carry out industrial processes, is an increasingly effective strategy for tackling issues of safety and sustainability in chemical-related industries. Biotechnology, relies on microbial technologies and microbial genes for carrying out modifications that improve crops, breeds of livestock, and synthetic feed-stocks. In agriculture, microbes and microbial products are now used in probiotic therapies, antibiotics, and pest control measures. At hazardous waste sites, microbes have been put to work digesting noxious chemicals—metabolizing them into harmless materials, thereby preventing further contamination of soil and water.

10. The imminent needs Reductionist to integrative and collaborative approach. Koch's postulates to Evans postulates. Genomics employs all or part of the genome, the full genetic complement of a cell, to answer questions about an organism.  Metagenomic technologies used to examine the DNA of nonculturable bacteria and microbial consortia without any sub-culturing, thereby allowing us to understand the interplay of genes and functions in an ecosystem, regardless of the specific microbial hosts. Proteomics or transcriptomics (the pattern of gene expression), has a great impact on the practice of microbiology research. Nanotechnology and related approaches allow researchers to experiment with single cells, answering long-standing questions about microbial physiology. High-end imaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), ESR, and others have allowed detailed analyses of microbial cell structure and the structure of microbial communities. The Global Genome Question: Microbes as the Key to Understanding Evolution. “Ecology” and “Microbial Ecology and Genomics: A Crossroads of Opportunity.