CONFINED SAPCE ENTRY and how to rescue in emergency

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1. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
1

2. Confined Space Entry
WELCOME
TO
NPCC HSE TRAINING

3. Training Outline
Introduction
General Hazards
Permits
Atmospheric Testing
Safety Procedures
Training and Duties of the
Confined Space Entry Team
Review and Quiz

4. Rescuers Account Rescuers Account
for Over 60% of for Over 60% of
Confined Space Confined Space
FatalitiesFatalities

5. Confined Space TragediesConfined Space Tragedies
Three construction supervisors die
from asphyxiation in a manhole.
Oxygen levels 18.5 – 20 and
Methane levels 300 – 600 ppm

6. Regulatory RequirementRegulatory Requirement
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: Permit-
Required Confined Spaces - (Jan 1993)
Identify Confined Spaces in Workplace
Identify hazards in these spaces
Identify procedures for controlling these
hazards
Train employees on confined space entry
Keep records of compliance & training for all
confined space activities

7. What is a Confined Space?What is a Confined Space?
Large enough that an employee can enter
and perform assigned work
Has limited or restricted means for entry or
exit
Not designed for continuous employee
occupancy

8. ExamplesExamples
tanks
pits
tunnels
vaults
boilers
sewers
shafts
ventilation
ducts
crawl spaces

9. Permit-RequiredPermit-Required
Confined SpaceConfined Space
Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous
atmosphere
Contains a material that has the potential for
engulfing an entrant
Internal configuration that might cause entrant to
be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging
walls or floor that slopes downward and tapers to a
smaller cross section
Contains any other recognized serious safety or
health hazard

10. ENTRY PERMIT
An entry permit is mandatory for a person to enter or partially enter a
confined space.
An entry permit is NOT A PERMIT TO WORK and
appropriate permits must be obtained to cover any work activity after
entry.

11. Confined Space Hazard Can Include :
Poor Air quality (too little or too much oxygen, flammable or toxic air)
Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion as well as inhalation of ‘bad’
air.
Fire hazard – May be an explosive / flammable atmosphere due to flammable liquids
and gases and combustible dusts which if ignited would lead to fire or explosion.
Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals, release of contents of a supply
line. Results of failure to properly isolate the space from the normal process
connections.
Noise.
Safety hazards such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards,
entanglement, slips, falls.
Contamination by engine exhaust gases or pollutants through any entry point.
Temperature extremes including atmospheric and surface.
Shifting or collapse of bulk material.
Barrier failure resulting in a flood or release of free-flowing solid.
Uncontrolled energy including electrical shock.
Visibility.
Biological hazards.

12. PHYSICAL HAZARDS AND AGENTS
Physical agents may be present depending on the
nature of the work and these may include :-
Ultraviolet radiation from arc welding
Infra red and heat from hot work
Environmental heat from job
Risk of falling from ladders, staging or scaffolding
Excessive noise either location or job created
Effects of blowers or educators
Abrasive blasting, chipping, grinding or high
pressure cleaning.
Electric shock.

13. Engulfment - Loose materials such as fine coal,
saw dust or grains, the material
can cause suffocation.
Entrapment or Capture - People trapped in vessels and
caught in machinery, then die of
exposure of due to suffocation.
Mechanical equipment - Machinery such as blades, rotors or
conveyors can shift because of
tensioned springs, hydraulic
pressure or even gravity.
OTHER HAZARDS

14. Why is working in a confined space more hazardous than
working in other workspaces?
Some examples include:
The entrance/exit of the confined space might not allow the worker to
get out in time should there be a flood or collapse of free-flowing
solid.
Self-rescue by the worker is more difficult.
Rescue of the victim is more difficult. The interior configuration of the
confined space often does not allow easy movement of people or
equipment within it.

15. Reducing Risks of Hazards
Post signs to alert employees to the dangers of confined spaces
Use barriers to keep unauthorized employees out of permit spaces
Develop and use a written space entry program
Conduct air monitoring and other tests to identify and evaluate
hazards in each permit space
Ventilate, eliminate, or control the space’s atmospheric hazards
before entry into the space

16. Preparation of Permit Space
Notify all affected departments
Post signs and put up barriers to protect entrants from traffic and
pedestrians
Blind or disconnect and cap all input lines so that no hazardous
materials can enter the space
Empty space of any materials that may be hazardous
Verify breathing safety by air testing
Add emergency contact telephone numbers

17. Atmospheric Testing
Continuously test and monitor air in all areas before entry
Make sure that the oxygen content is between 19.5 and 23.5 percent
List any toxic materials that could be present and their permissible
exposure limits
Evaluate heat stress potential
Control any hazards present before entry
Evacuate the space and cancel the permit if air becomes hazardous

18. Monitors
Simultaneously monitors up to four atmospheric hazards:
Carbon monoxide
Flammables
Hydrogen sulfide
Variable oxygen levels

20. Atmospheric HazardsAtmospheric Hazards
Oxygen Levels - below 19.5 %
or above 23.5%
Flammable/Explosive – exceeds
10% of Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
Toxic Substances – exceed
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

21. Oxygen DeficiencyOxygen Deficiency
Normal air contains 21% Oxygen (O
2). An
O
2 level of 19.5% or less is considered O
2
deficient.
A reduction in O
2
can be caused by
rusting, decomposition, or replacement by
another gas.
Lack of O
2
can cause a person to collapse
and die.

22. Oxygen DeficiencyOxygen Deficiency
Oxygen Content
(% by volume)
Signs and Symptoms
(at Atmospheric Pressure)
19.5%
Minimum permissible levels that work can be performed without
respirators. Below this level, workers shall be required to wear supplied
air respirators.
17% Hypoxia symptoms, accelerated breathing and heart rate appear
14-16%
Accelerated breathing, increased heart rate, poor muscular coordination,
fatigue, impaired perception and judgment.
12% Unconsciousness without warning, poor judgment, blue lips
6-10%
Nausea, vomiting, and unconsciousness; 8 minutes 100% fatal; 6
minutes, 50% fatal; 4-5 minutes, recovery with treatment.
<6% Coma in 40 seconds, spasmatic breathing, convulsions, and death

23. Oxygen EnrichmentOxygen Enrichment
O
2 levels above 23.5% are considered
“Oxygen Enriched.”
Oxygen Enriched atmospheres create fire
and explosion hazards.
Cause flammable materials such as clothing
to burn rapidly when ignited and may cause
non-flammable materials to ignite.

24. Hydrogen Sulfide ExposureHydrogen Sulfide Exposure
ConcentrationEffect
1 ppm Smell of rotten egg
10 ppm 8 hr. TWA
15 ppm 15 min. STEL
100 ppm Lose sense of smell
300 ppm Loss of consciousness (approx. 20 min.)
1000 ppm
Immediate respiratory arrest, loss of consciousness,
followed by death

25. Carbon Monoxide ExposureCarbon Monoxide Exposure
ConcentrationEffect
35 ppm 8 hr. TWA
200 ppm Ceiling, faint signs of discomfort may begin to appear
600 ppm Headache and discomfort after 1 hour
2500 ppm Loss of consciousness after approximately 30 minutes
4000 ppm Quickly fatal
CO Poisoning can be reversed if caught in time.

26. SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Cleaning :-
All materials, solid, liquid or gas , seen as likely hazards to persons
inside a confined space must be removed.
Flushing :-
The vessel may require flushing out with potable water to displace
the hydrocarbons through vent lines.
Stubborn deposits:-
Any vessel residue should be flushed out with a water hose.
Purging :-
The vessel must be purged until the lowest safe gas concentration
are attained.

27. PURGING AND VENTILATION
Natural and man-made processes create atmospheric hazards in
confined spaces which includes :-
Rusting
Painting
Fumigating
Welding
Cleaning with solvents
Inerting

28. PURGING :-
tanks before entry
displaces the air
may be done with steam, air , water and inert gas
VENTILATION:-
is used to enter the space
continue to circulate fresh air
must be done with fresh air or breathing quality

29. Safe Working Environment
Ventilations
Natural Draught :- All access points must be open to ensure the
maximum flow of air through the confined
space.
Forced Ventilation :- Fresh certified quality air may be introduced
through a hose with its outlet inside the
confined space. Air must be sources from a
safe area with regard for the possibility of
recirculation.
Mechanical Ventilation :- The major systems are used - electrical or
powered fan or compressed air venture
eductor.

30. Before EntryBefore Entry
Ventilate, eliminate, or control
the space’s atmospheric
hazards
Blind or disconnect and cap all
input lines so that no
hazardous materials can enter
the space
Lockout/Tagout
When entrance covers are
removed, guard the opening
immediately

31. Atmospheric MonitoringAtmospheric Monitoring
Test permit space before
entry
Periodically monitor
permit space to determine
if entry conditions are
maintained
Test all areas (top, middle,
& bottom)
Observe status of existing
hazards and those created
during entry operations

32. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Full-body Harness
Respirator (half-mask, PAPR, Air-line
Respirator, etc.)
Tyvek Suit
Gloves (Nitrile, Welding, etc.)
Safety Glasses/Goggles

33. Equipment RequirementsEquipment Requirements
Testing and monitoring
equipment
Ventilating equipment
Communications equipment
Lighting equipment
Barriers
Equipment needed for safe
entry and exit
Emergency equipment
Other equipment for safe entry

34. The Entry PermitThe Entry Permit
Permit must be completed
before entry is authorized
Entry supervisor must sign the
permit
Permit must be made available
at the time of entry so entrants
can confirm that pre-entry
preparations have been
completed

35. The Entry PermitThe Entry Permit
Duration may not exceed the time
identified on the permit
Retain each canceled entry permit for
at least 1 year to facilitate review of
the program
Problems encountered during entry
shall be noted on the permit so that
appropriate revisions can be made to
the program

36. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
Authority:- According to company procedures
Blanking / Disconnection :- For the purpose of man entry
isolation must be by means of blanking or disconnection.
Personnel :-
Scope of work
Potential hazards
Duties of all personnel
Safety equipments
Work site precautions
The use of respirators
Gas testing
Emergency response & rescue
procedures
Communication procedures

37. SAFE WORKING GUIDELINES
Proper planning and hazard identification.
Familiarization of the vessel
Isolation from the process lines
Chemical and physical agents and oxygen must be measured.
Safe and adequate lighting
Periods of the work
Breathing air intakes.
A qualified person must be kept standby
Personnel physical fitness.

38. Safety Procedures
Authorized entrants can enter a permit space only after it’s been
tested and found safe for entry
The assigned entrant has to know what equipment to use- and
how to use it
Once prepared, you want to get in and do the assigned task as
quickly and efficiently as possible
Alert the attendant immediately if you recognize a sign or
symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation

39. Training and Duties of the
Confined Space Entry Team
Duties of the Entry Supervisor:
Verifies that the permit is filled out completely and all safety steps
listed are taken, then signs the form
Checks conditions to ensure they stay safe throughout the work
Sees that any unauthorized people are removed
When work is complete, cancels the permit and concludes the
operation.

40. Training and Duties of the
Confined Space Entry Team
Duties of the Attendant:
Maintains an accurate count of who’s in the space, monitors activities inside
and outside of the space, and stays in touch with the entrants
Keeps unauthorized persons out of and away from an occupied permit space
Orders evacuation of the permit space, entrants show signs of behavioral
effects of hazard exposure, or an outside situation that could endanger the
workers in the space
Summons rescue and emergency services when needed

41. Duties of the Entrant:
Knows the hazards of the space and signs of exposure
Follows personal protective equipment training carefully
Keeps in contact with the attendant, leaves space at once if instructed to do
so
Is always ready to evacuate quickly
Leaves the space and tells the attendant if there is danger
Training and Duties of the
Confined Space Entry Team

42. Training and Duties of the
Confined Space Entry Team
Emergency and Rescue Procedures:
Self rescue
An entrant evacuates the space with no help
Non-entry rescue
Only workers trained in rescue can enter the space for the purpose
of rescue and only when there is another attendant present

43. ReviewReview

44. While inside a confined space:
Maintain continuous communication with the
standby man.
Exit the confined space immediately if:
Hazards or conditions change
Feeling ill, weak, dizzy, etc.
Directed by the standby man.
Monitor the confined space atmosphere continuously
or at periodic intervals.

45. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Ensure everyone inside the space exit immediately.
All equipment in use is to be left in a safe condition.
Notify the marshaller that all people have evacuated.
ANY EMERGENCY DEVELOP ON THE PLANT THE
PERMITS ARE AUTOMATICALLY CANCELED. RE-
CERTIFICATION IS REQUIRED TO RE-ENTER.

46. Using Respirators :- when ventilation cannot control
Only fully trained people may use a respirator.
Only positive pressure respirators are to be used
Using Barriers :- pedestrian or vehicular traffic is a
potential hazard during entry , barriers
must be used.

47. Quiz

48. Confined Space Quiz
1) A confined space means a space that:1) A confined space means a space that:
A) Is large enough that an employee can A) Is large enough that an employee can
enter and perform workenter and perform work
B) Has limited or restricted means for entry B) Has limited or restricted means for entry
or exit or exit
C) Both A&BC) Both A&B
D) None of the above D) None of the above

49. Confined Space Quiz
2) Examples of confined spaces are:2) Examples of confined spaces are:
A) Storage tanks, pits, silos, and vatsA) Storage tanks, pits, silos, and vats
B) Tunnels, sewers, shafts, and exhaust B) Tunnels, sewers, shafts, and exhaust
ducts ducts
C) Offices, carpools, and shopping C) Offices, carpools, and shopping
storesstores
D) A&BD) A&B

50. Confined Space Quiz
3) True or False: 3) True or False:
The employee must assess the workplace to The employee must assess the workplace to
determine if hazards are present that determine if hazards are present that
necessitate the use of PPE.necessitate the use of PPE.

51. Confined Space Quiz
4) Which are examples of permit space 4) Which are examples of permit space
hazards?hazards?
A)Hazardous atmosphere, engulfment, A)Hazardous atmosphere, engulfment,
electrocution, and heat stresselectrocution, and heat stress
B) Storage tanks, pits, silos, and vatsB) Storage tanks, pits, silos, and vats
C) Tunnels, sewers, shafts, and exhaust C) Tunnels, sewers, shafts, and exhaust ductsducts
D) None of the aboveD) None of the above

52. Confined Space Quiz
5) What are some ways of reducing risks 5) What are some ways of reducing risks
of hazards?of hazards?
A) Post signs and use of barriersA) Post signs and use of barriers
B) Develop and use a written programB) Develop and use a written program
C) Conduct monitoring and ventilate, C) Conduct monitoring and ventilate,
eliminate, or control the hazards of eliminate, or control the hazards of
the the confined spaceconfined space
D) All of the AboveD) All of the Above

53. Confined Space Quiz
5) What are some ways of reducing risks 5) What are some ways of reducing risks
of hazards?of hazards?
A) Post signs and use of barriersA) Post signs and use of barriers
B) Develop and use a written programB) Develop and use a written program
C) Conduct monitoring and ventilate, C) Conduct monitoring and ventilate,
eliminate, or control the hazards of eliminate, or control the hazards of
the the confined spaceconfined space
D) All of the AboveD) All of the Above

54. Confined Space Quiz
7) True or False: 7) True or False:
In the preparation of a permit space, In the preparation of a permit space,
you must notify all affected you must notify all affected
departments, post signs and barriers to departments, post signs and barriers to
protect entrants, and empty the protect entrants, and empty the
confined space of any hazardous confined space of any hazardous
materials.materials.

55. Confined Space Quiz
7) True or False: 7) True or False:
In the preparation of a permit space, In the preparation of a permit space,
you must notify all affected you must notify all affected
departments, post signs and barriers to departments, post signs and barriers to
protect entrants, and empty the protect entrants, and empty the
confined space of any hazardous confined space of any hazardous
materials.materials.

56. Confined Space Quiz
9) True or False: 9) True or False:
During atmospheric testing, you must During atmospheric testing, you must
evaluate heat stress potential and control evaluate heat stress potential and control
any hazards before entry but need not any hazards before entry but need not
evacuate the space if the air becomes evacuate the space if the air becomes
hazardous.hazardous.

57. Confined Space Quiz
10) During atmospheric testing, you 10) During atmospheric testing, you
must:must:
A) Continuously test and monitor air in A) Continuously test and monitor air in
all areas before entry all areas before entry
B) Make sure that the oxygen content B) Make sure that the oxygen content
is is between 19.5 and 25.5 percent between 19.5 and 25.5 percent
C) List any toxic materials that could be C) List any toxic materials that could be
present and their permissible present and their permissible
exposuresexposures
D) A&C D) A&C

58. Confined Space Quiz
11) True or False: 11) True or False:
The PhD Plus simultaneously monitors The PhD Plus simultaneously monitors
up to four atmospheric hazards which up to four atmospheric hazards which
are carbon monoxide, flammables, are carbon monoxide, flammables,
hydrogen sulfide, and variable oxygen hydrogen sulfide, and variable oxygen
levels.levels.

59. Confined Space Quiz
12) Regarding safety procedures entering a 12) Regarding safety procedures entering a
confined space, which of the following confined space, which of the following
applies:applies:
A) Authorized entrants can enter a permit A) Authorized entrants can enter a permit
space only after tested and found safespace only after tested and found safe
B) Each assigned entrant has to know what B) Each assigned entrant has to know what
equipment to use and how to use it equipment to use and how to use it
C) Do the task as quickly and efficiently as C) Do the task as quickly and efficiently as
possiblepossible
D) All the aboveD) All the above

60. Confined Space Quiz
13) Duties of the entry supervisor include:13) Duties of the entry supervisor include:
A) Verification of the permit and A) Verification of the permit and
checks checks the condition of the confined the condition of the confined
spacespace
B) Sees that unauthorized people are B) Sees that unauthorized people are
removedremoved
C) Cancels the permit when work is C) Cancels the permit when work is
donedone
D) All the aboveD) All the above

61. Confined Space Quiz
14) Duties of the attendant include:14) Duties of the attendant include:
A) Maintaining an accurate account of who’s A) Maintaining an accurate account of who’s
in the space, monitors activities of in the space, monitors activities of
the space, the space, and stays in touch with the and stays in touch with the
entrantsentrants
B) Keeps unauthorized persons away from an B) Keeps unauthorized persons away from an
occupied permit space occupied permit space
C) Orders the evacuation from the permit C) Orders the evacuation from the permit
space space and summoning rescue when and summoning rescue when
neededneeded
D) All the aboveD) All the above

62. Confined Space Quiz
16) True or False: 16) True or False:
Only workers trained in rescue can Only workers trained in rescue can
enter the space for the purpose of enter the space for the purpose of
rescue whether an attendant is present rescue whether an attendant is present
or not.or not.

63. Any Question ??

64. Thank you.