Construction and Building material course

This presentation provides an overview of the essential materials used in construction and building projects. It begins by outlining the classification of building materials, covering categories such as natural materials (stone, wood, clay) and man-made materials (concrete, steel, glass).

1. Building Materials
2024
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•Building materialsare materials used forthe construction of any type of structure e.g. Building, Dam,
Road, Bridge etc.
•Examples: Concrete, steel, wood, glass, bricks, etc.
•Building materials are typically selected based on their strength, durability, and visual appeal.
Introduction
Fig. 1. different building materials

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•From the dawn of civilization, humans have always sought shelter using the materials available
around them.
•Early Shelter: Caves served as the first natural shelters, offering ready-made protection.
•Advancement in Construction: As humans evolved and moved beyond caves, they began
creating shelters from a diverse range of materials, including wood, grasses, animal skins, stone,
and other easily accessible resources.
•Innovation and Adaptation: This resourceful use of materials marks the beginning of human
progress in construction, laying the foundation for the advanced building techniques and
materials we use today.
Historical Perspective

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Materials have played a main role in the advancement of civilization so that entire eras are named
after them.
•The Stone Age: In the earliest phase of human history, known as the Stone Age, people relied
exclusively on natural materials such as stone, clay, animal skins, and wood to meet their needs.
•The Bronze Age: Around 3000 BC, the discovery of copper and the ability to strengthen it
through alloying ushered in the Bronze Age, marking a significant technological leap forward.
•The Iron Age: By 1200 BC, the mastery of iron and steel—stronger and more durable
materials—revolutionized warfare and tools, giving rise to the Iron Age.
•The Industrial Revolution: The next shift occurred around 1850 with the invention of an
economical steel production process. This breakthrough facilitated the construction of railroads
and laid the foundation for the industrial world's modern infrastructure.
Historical Perspective

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In recent years, significant advancements have been made in construction materials, leading to
the development of cutting-edge solutions with superior properties and sustainability.
•Advanced Materials: Innovations such as geopolymer, nanocomposites, and polymers offer
enhanced strength, durability, and environmental benefits.
•Insulation and Energy Efficiency: Materials like glass foams provide exceptional insulation,
while phase change materials are being utilized to improve energy efficiency in buildings.
•Sustainable Outcomes: These advanced materials not only improve the performance and
lifetime of structures but also contribute to more sustainable and eco-friendly construction
practices.
Historical Perspective

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Building materials, like many other products, are organized into distinct categories. One common
method of classification is based on their origin:
Natural Materials: These are resources directly obtained from nature, such as wood, stone, clay,
and other materials that require minimal processing.
Synthetic Materials: These are man-made materials, engineered through various industrial
processes, including concrete, steel, plastics, and composites, designed to meet specific construction
needs.
Types of building Materials

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Natural building material
•Stone (Obtained from rock)
•Sand/ Fine Aggregate
•Wood/ Timber
•Clay/ Mud
Natural building material

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•What is stone ?
•It is available in the form of rocks, which are cut to the required size and shape and used as
building blocks.
•Classification of rocks.
•Stone used for building may be classified in the following three ways.
What is stone ??
Classification of rocks
Geological Physical Chemical
Fig. 2. Stone

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•According to this classification, the rocks are three types
➢Igneous rocks
➢Sedimentary rocks
➢Metamorphic rocks
Geological classification
Fig. 3. Rock Cycle

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•The rock that formed by the cooling of MAGMA are
known as the igneous rocks.
•The igneous rocks are recognized in the following
TWO types according to the MAGMA cooling
process
•Plutonic rock
•Hypabyssal rock
Igneous rocks
Fig. 4. igneous rocks

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•These rocks are formed by the deposition
of products of weathering on pre-existing
rocks.
•All the product of weathering are finally
carried away from their place of origin by
the agent of transport.
•Such agent are rain, wind, flowing water
etc.
Sedimentary rocks
Fig. 5. Sedimentary rocks

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•These rocks are formed by the
change in the character of the pre-
existing rock.
•The igneous rock as well as
sedimentary rock are changed in the
character when they are subject to
great heat and pressure.
•The process of the change is known
as metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks
• There are three agents of
metamorphism, heat, pressure, and
chemically acting fluid.
Fig. 6. Sedimentary rocks

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•The classification is based on the general structure of the rock.
•According to these classification the rock are three types
Physical classification
Physical classification
Stratified rock Unstratified rock Foliated rock

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•The classification is based on stone chemical composition.
•According to these classification the rock are three types
Chemical classification
Chemical classification
Siliceous rock Argillaceous rock calcareous rock
Silica predominate Clay predominate Calcium carbonate

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1.Structure: Stones are used for foundations, walls, columns, arches, roofs, floors, damp roof
etc.
2. Face works: Stones are adopted to give massive appearance to the structure. Wall are of bricks
and facing is done in stones of desired shades. This is known as composite masonry.
3. Paving stones: These are used to cover floor of building of various types such as residential,
commercial, industrial etc. They are also adopted to form paving of roads, foot paths etc
Uses of stones

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4. Basic material: Stones are disintegrated and converted to form a basic material for cement
concrete, roads, calcareous cement, artificial stones, hollow blocks etc.
Stones are also used for
(i)ballast for railways
(ii)flux in blast furnace
(iii)Blocks in the construction of bridges, walls, houses, dams etc.
Uses of stones

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•Crushing strength: For a good building stone, the crushing strength generally falls within the range
of 60 to 200 MPa. (to resist the load coming on it).
•Appearance: Good building stone should be a uniform colour, and free from clay holes, spots of other
colour bands etc, capable of preserving the colour for longtime.
•Durability: A good building stone should be durable. The factors like heat and cold alternatives wet
and dry, dissolved gases in rain, high wind velocity etc affect the durability.
•Fracture: For good building stone its fracture should be sharp, even and clear.
•Hardness: When stones are used in floors, pavements or bridges, they become subjected to wearing
and abrasive forces caused by movement of men or machines over them. So it is required to test the
hardness of the stone.
Qualities of a good building stone

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•Resistance to fire: Stones should be free from calcium carbonate, oxides of iron, and minerals having
different coefficients of thermal expansion. Igneous rocks show marked disintegration principally
because of quartz which disintegrates into small particles at a temperature of about 575 °C.
Limestone, however, can withstand a little higher temperature; i.e. up to 800 °C after which they
disintegrate.
•Specific gravity: For a good building stone the specific gravity should be greater than 8.7 or so.
•Texture: A good building stone should have a compact fine crystalline structure that should be free
from cavities, cracks or patches of stuff or loose material.
Qualities of a good building stone

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•Water absorption: Water absorption of stone is directly proportional to the porosity of rock. If
a stone is more porous then it will absorb more water and cause more damage to stone. In
higher altitudes, the freezing of water in pores takes place and it results into the disintegration
of the stone. Permissible limits of water absorption for some the commonly used building
stones are as follow.
Qualities of a good building stone

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•Dressing: Giving the required shape to the stone is called dressing. It should be easy to dress so
that the cost of dressing is reduced. However, the care should be taken so that, this is not be at
the cost of the required strength and the durability.
•Workability: Stone should be workable. Stone is said to be workable when the work involved in
stone working (such as cutting, dressing & shaping) is economical and easy to conduct.
•Cost: Cost is an important consideration in selecting a building material.
Qualities of a good building stone

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•Stones are extracted from natural rocks in different sizes. The various methods which are
involved in the extraction of stones from rock beds are collectively termed as “Quarrying of
Stones”.
Quarrying of stones
Methods of quarrying
Quarrying by digging Quarrying by blasting
•By driving steel wedges into fissures
•By drilling artificial line of holes
•Used for very hard and un-fissured rock
•Various explosives are used (Gun powder,
Dynamite)