Construction Equipment’s like earthwork, transportation etc.docx

Fundamentals of earthwork operations - Earth moving operations -Types of Earthwork Equipment-Tractors, Motor Graders, Scrapers, Front end waders, Earth Movers. Equipment for Dredging, Trenching, Tunneling, Drilling, BlastingEquipment for compaction-Erection Equipment. Types of pumps used in construction - Equipment for Dewatering and Grouting -Foundation and Pile Driving Equipment. Forklifts and Related Equipment - Portable Material Bins – Conveyors - Hauling Equipment

1. Construction Equipment
1. Introduction
Construction equipment are mechanical systems designed to perform operations that
are too heavy, fast, or precise for manual labor.
Major functions:
1.Earthwork & excavation
2.Material handling & hauling
3.Compaction & paving
4.Lifting & erection
5.Dewatering & foundation work
Factors in equipment selection:
Nature of work (earthwork, concrete, demolition).
Project scale & duration.
Soil/rock condition.
Cost vs productivity.
2. Fundamentals of Earthwork Operations
2.1 Earthwork Basics
Includes excavation, hauling, spreading, compacting soil/rock.
Productivity depends on:
oMaterial type (loose sand vs clay vs rock).
oHaul distance.
oEquipment capacity.
oOperator skill.
2.2 Earth Moving Cycle
1.Excavation/Loading
2.Hauling
3.Dumping/Spreading
4.Returning to excavation
3. Types of Earthwork Equipment

2. 3.1 Tractors
Crawler (tracked): better traction in soft soils.
Wheeled: higher speed, suitable for firm soils.
Uses:
Towing scrapers, pushing bulldozers, clearing vegetation.
Advantages: durable, versatile.
Disadvantages: low speed (crawler), high fuel use.
3.2 Motor Graders
Long blade beneath machine → used for fine grading, leveling, ditch cutting.
Applications:
Road base preparation, camber formation, finishing works.
3.3 Scrapers
Large bowl collects soil, carries it, spreads it.
Can load by self-loading (pushed by tractor) or elevating type.
Best for: medium haul (200–600 m).
3.4 Front-End Loaders (Wheeled/Tracked)
Bucket attached to arms.
Uses:
oLoading trucks
oExcavating soft soil
oHandling aggregates
Case: Common in batching plants for aggregate handling.

3. 3.5 Earth Movers (Dump Trucks/Haulers)
Carry large volumes of soil, aggregate, ore.
Capacities: 10–100 tonnes.
Advantages: fast hauling.
Disadvantages: requires haul roads.
4. Equipment for Dredging, Trenching,
Tunneling, Drilling, Blasting
4.1 Dredging Equipment
Used for removing sediments in rivers, harbors, canals.
Types:
oCutter suction dredger (mechanical + suction).
oBucket dredger (buckets scoop soil).
oHydraulic dredger (pumps slurry).
4.2 Trenching Equipment
Trenchers → cut trenches for pipelines, cables.
Chain trenchers, wheel trenchers.
4.3 Tunneling Equipment
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM): full face excavation with lining installation.
Roadheader: mechanical cutting head for soft rock.
Case: TBMs used in Delhi Metro tunneling.
4.4 Drilling & Blasting Equipment
Drill rigs: rotary, percussion.
Blasting tools: explosives, detonators.

4. Applications: rock excavation, quarrying.
5. Compaction Equipment
Smooth Wheel Rollers → finish rolling of asphalt.
Sheep Foot Rollers → clayey soils, deep compaction.
Pneumatic Tyred Rollers → flexible surface compaction.
Vibratory Rollers → granular soils, base course compaction.
Case: National Highway projects in India.
6. Erection Equipment
Cranes:
oMobile cranes
oTower cranes
oGantry cranes
Hoists & Winches – vertical lifting.
Hydraulic jacks – for lifting heavy loads.
Applications: tall building construction, bridges, precast erection.
7. Pumps in Construction
7.1 Types of Pumps
Centrifugal pumps: water removal, dewatering.
Positive displacement pumps: grout injection, concrete pumping.
Submersible pumps: deep excavations.
7.2 Dewatering Equipment
Well point system: shallow groundwater removal.
Deep well pumps: up to 30–40 m depth.
Sump pumping: simplest, for small excavations.

5. 7.3 Grouting Equipment
High-pressure pumps inject cement slurry into soil/rock.
Used for:
oSeepage control in dams.
oFoundation strengthening.
8. Foundation & Pile Driving Equipment
Drop Hammer: traditional method.
Diesel Hammer: impact energy by combustion.
Hydraulic Hammer: quieter, modern method.
Vibro Hammer: for sheet piles.
Case: Mumbai Metro → hydraulic hammers for bored piles.
9. Material Handling Equipment
9.1 Forklifts
Used for warehouses, precast yards.
Lifting capacity: 1–25 tonnes.
9.2 Portable Material Bins
Temporary storage of aggregates, cement, debris.
Facilitate quick handling.
9.3 Conveyors
Belt conveyors → for aggregates, sand.
Screw conveyors → for cement, fly ash.

6. 9.4 Hauling Equipment
Trucks, dumpers, trailers – short & long haul.
Rail mounted systems – tunneling.
Barges – water transport.
10. Solved Numerical Examples
Example 1 – Loader Productivity
Loader bucket = 2 m³, efficiency = 0.8, cycle time = 1.5 min.
No. of cycles/hr = 60 ÷ 1.5 = 40.
Hourly output = 2 × 0.8 × 40 = 64 m³/hr.
Example 2 – Roller Coverage
Roller width = 2 m, speed = 3 km/h, overlap = 0.2 m.
Effective width = 1.8 m.
Coverage/hr = 3000 × 1.8 = 5400 m²/hr.
Example 3 – Pumping
Pump discharge = 50 L/s, pumping 5 hr/day.
Total/day = 50 × 3600 × 5 = 900,000 L/day = 900 m³/day.
Example 4 – Dump Truck Hauling
Truck capacity = 10 m³, average haul = 2 km, speed = 30 km/h, cycle time = 12 min.
Cycles/hr = 60 ÷ 12 = 5.
Hourly output = 10 × 5 = 50 m³/hr.
11. Assignments

7. Section A – Theory
1.Explain cycle of earthmoving operation with neat sketches.
2.Differentiate between crawler tractor & wheel tractor.
3.Describe working of TBM with case studies.
4.Compare smooth wheel, sheep foot, and vibratory rollers.
5.Explain methods of dewatering with neat diagrams.
6.Discuss different types of pile driving hammers.
Section B – Numericals
1.A scraper has a 5 m³ bowl. Average cycle time = 6 min, efficiency = 0.75. Find
hourly output.
2.A vibratory roller of 2.2 m width covers 8 km/hr. Calculate coverage/day if 8 hr/day
work.
3.A dump truck hauls 12 m³ soil per trip over 1.5 km. Travel speed = 25 km/hr, cycle =
10 min. Find output/hr.
4.A pump discharges 80 L/s. How much water is removed in 6 hr shift?
5.Calculate pile driving energy if diesel hammer delivers 30 kN drop at 1.5 m.
12. Case Studies
Delhi Metro (2000–2017): Used TBMs, dewatering pumps, pile driving rigs.
Sardar Sarovar Dam: grout pumps used to control seepage.
Golden Quadrilateral Highway Project: vibratory rollers, graders, dumpers in
large-scale earthwork.
Noida Metro: tower cranes, mobile cranes for precast segment erection.