Contribution of Scientists, Seminar PS.pptx

Contribution of scientists P.C Ray, Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, E.C.G Sudarshan, G. Madhavan Nair to the scientific world is presented in this powerpoint presentation.

1. Contribution of Scientists. Hanna Alex Kurien

2. Contents PC Ray APJ Abdul Kalam G Madhavan Nair ECG Sudarshan

3. Prafulla Chandra Ray (PC Ray) (1861-1944) Scientist, Reformer, Entrepreneur. Pioneer of modern chemistry in India. One of the first Indian chemical researchers. Done admirable research in Ayurveda. Passionate social worker.

4. Born on 2 August 1861 in Raruli-Katipara , a village in the district of Khulna (in present day Bangladesh). Obtained both B.Sc and D.Sc degrees from the Edinburgh university. Chemistry professor at the Presidency College, Kolkata from 1889. Elected as the Indian Science Congress President in 1920.

5. Contributions. Around 1895 he started working in discovering Nitrite chemistry. In 1896, published a paper on preparation of a new stable chemical compound: mercurous nitrite. Established ‘Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works’ (1901), the first pharmaceutical company in India. Research work- ‘A History of Hindu Chemist’ (1902). Autobiography- “Life and Experience of a Bengali Chemist” (1932).

6. Honorary doctorates. Honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Calcutta. Honorary D.Sc Degree from Durham University. Honorary D.Sc Degree from Banaras Hindu University. Honorary D.Sc Degree from the University of Dhaka. Honorary D.Sc Degree from the University of Allahabad.

7. Academic honours and Fellowships. Faraday Gold Medal of the University of Edinburgh. Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Fellow of the Chemical Society.

8. Academic honours and Fellowships. Faraday Gold Medal of the University of Edinburgh. Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Fellow of the Chemical Society.

9. Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam (1931-2015) Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. Missile Man of India. Missiles- Agni, Prithvi, Akash, Trishul, Nag. People’s President.

10. Born on 15 th October 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. Studied Physics and Aerospace engineering. Put his entire effort for the development of India’s Space rocket technology. 11 th President of India from 2002 to 2007.

11. Contributions. Developed certain indigenous missiles. Played a pivotal role in Pokhran-II nuclear tests. Project director for India’s first Indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). In 1980, the SLV-III successfully placed the Rohini satellite into orbit, making India an exclusive member of the “Space Club” of nations.

12. Collaborated with cardiologist Dr. Soma Raju to develop a low-cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent" , making heart treatment more accessible. Worked on creating lightweight calipers for polio-affected children, significantly reducing the weight from 4 kg to just 400 grams. Passionate educator and motivator, especially for the youth.

13. Books. Autobiography- “Wings of Fire”. India 2020- a vision for new millennium. My Journey. Ignited Minds.

14. Awards. Padma Bhushan in 1981. Padma Vibhushan in 1990. Bharat Ratna in 1997. First Asian to be honoured with “Hoover Medal” 2009. Honorary doctorates from about 30 Universities globally.

15. G. Madhavan Nair. (31 October 1943) Indian Space Scientist and Technologist. Former Chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. Secretary to the Department of Space, Government of India.

16. Joined the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1967. Associated with the development of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3). His tenure saw the successful completion of 25 missions. Represented India at the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS).

17. Contributions. Led and supervised the launch of India's first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1 , a landmark achievement in Indian space exploration. Leading technologist in the field of Rocket System. Led the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) and was instrumental in the indigenous development of cryogenic technology. As Director of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), he oversaw the successful maiden flight of the Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for remote sensing and communication.

18. Awards. Padma Bhushan in 1998. Padma Vibhushan in 2009, India's second-highest civilian honor, in recognition of his immense service to the nation. Recipient of numerous other national and international awards for his contributions to science and technology.

19. Books. In August 2017, Nair's autobiography, titled  Agnipareekshakal , was published. English translation of autobiography, titled “Rocketing through the skies : An eventful life at ISRO” was published in August 2023.

20. E.C.G. Sudarshan. (1931-2018) Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan. Indian American theoretical physicist. Professor at the University of Texas.

21. Contributions. In 1958, Sudarshan and Robert Marshak proposed the V-A (Vector minus Axial-vector) theory to describe the weak nuclear force. This theory was a crucial step toward the Standard Model of particle physics. Theoretical development of tachyons , hypothetical particles that travel faster than the speed of light. In the early 1960s, he developed a diagonal representation of the density matrix in quantum optics, now known as the Sudarshan-Glauber P-representation .

22. Along with Baidyanath Misra, Sudarshan co-proposed the Quantum Zeno Effect which says that that a quantum system's evolution can be slowed or halted by continuous or frequent observation. He co-authored a book on classical mechanics, offering a modern perspective on the subject. Developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of open quantum systems.

23. Awards. Padma Bhushan in 1976. Padma Vibhushan in 2007. C. V. Raman Award in 1970. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics nine times but never won.

24. Thank You