Contributions of eminent scientists

All scientists by shreyas desai

1. By Geetha Kulkarni N.V. BEd (I SEM) R.NO.85 CONTRIBUTIONS OF EMINENT SCIENTISTS

2. SCIENCE DEFINATION : Science is a systematic enterprise that builds & organises KNOWLEDGE In the form of testable EXPLANATIONS & PREDICTIONS about the UNIVERSE .

3. Contemporary science is typically subdivided into : NATURAL SCIENCES: Study of material universe. SOCIAL SCIENCES: Study of people & societies. FORMAL SCIENCES: Study in mathematics. APPLIED SCIENCES: Study in engineering & medicine

4. ISAAC NEWTON lived(1643-1727)

5. Early Life & Education Isaac Newton was born on January 4 , 1643 in the tiny village of Woolsthorpe -Lincolnshire, England. His father was a farmer. At the age of 12, he attended The King’s School, Grantham. He was taught classics, but no science or mathematics.

6. While still working part time as a servant, he posed questions about: gravity, nature of light, nature of colour & vision, atoms-that not yet been answered by science then. A Mind on FIRE In 1665, at the age of 22 after his 4 year scholarship his first major discovery was in Mathematics- Generalized Binomial Theorem. He was also awarded his B.A degree.

7. He began making significant progress in three distinct fields- Calculus Gravity Optics & behaviour of light Fellow & L ucasian Professor of Mathematics: At the age of 24, in 1667 he return to Cambridge, First he was elected as a fellow of T rinity college later, in 1668 awarded an M.A degree then, appointed as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at T rinity college at the age of 26.

8. ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES Generalised binomial theorem Built world’s first working reflecting telescope. Discovered/ invented calculus, the mathematic of change. Wrote the scientific book ” P rincipia ” to explain gravity & motion. Law of universal gravitation (that caused on apple to fall from a tree). Formulated three laws of motion- Newton’s Laws. Predicted correctly, earth is not perfectly spherical but squashed into an oblate spheroid, around the poles.

9. F=   Moving on In 1696 he was appointed as Warden of the Royal Mint. In 1700 became master of the Mint. In 1703 was elected as president of Royal society. In 1705 Knighted as Sir Isaac Newton.

10. THE END Died on March 31 , 1727, aged 84. Buried in Westminister Abbey, London

11. JOHN DALTON Lived(1766-1844)

12. Early Life & Education Born on September 6, 1766, In Eaglesfield, England UK. His father was weaver. Attended village school until he was 11, began helping as a teacher at age 15, to run a Quaker boarding school in the town of Kendal. He taught himself Science, Mathematics, Latin, Greek & French. At 19 became school’s principal continued till his 26.

13. ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES In 1794, he wrote his first scientific paper: Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours. In 1802, published research on Behaviour of Gases. In 1803, published Law of Partial Pressures. Distinguished as first rank scientist gave lectures at Royal Institution in London. In 1808, published D alton’s Law in a book called A New S ystem of Chemical Philosophy. Put forth his Dalton’s Atomic Theory in same year.

14. HONORS In 1822, elected as member of Royal Society. In 1826, awarded the Society’s Royal Medal for his Atomic Theory. In 1833, elected as one of the foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1834, elected as one of the foreign member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

15. THE END At the age of 71 had a small stroke of paralysis attack. Died aged 77 on July 27, 1844. Buried at Manchester, Ardwick cemetery.

16. NIELS BOHR lived(1913-1963)

17. Early Life & Education Born on October 7 , 1885, i n Copenhagen, Denmark. His parents were well educated with wealthy background. He earned his undergraduate & graduate Degree in Physics. Earned Doctorate in Physics in 1911 from Copenhagen University.

18. ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES D eveloped & explained Atomic S tructure of an Atom. S tudied properties of an Atom. Put forth Bohr atomic model. Discovered that electrons travel in separate orbits. His theoretical works contributed for nuclear fission. Liquid Droplet Theory, split Uranium atoms in 1930s in development of atomic bomb. Contributions to U.S Atomic energy project during W orld War II. For peaceful application of Atomic Physics. Concept of Quantum theory 1933.

19. HONORS Hughes Medal 1921. Nobel prize in Physics 1922. Matteucci Medal 1923. Franklin Medal 1926. Foreign member of the Danish Academy of Sciences. Max Plank Medal 1930. Chemical element Bohrium( Bh ), NO.107 on the periodic table of elements named before him. Atoms for peace award 1957.

20. THE END Died aged 77 of sudden heart failure in Copenhagen on November 18, 1962. Buried ashes in Copenhagen’s assisters cemetery.

21. C.V RAMAN lived(1888-1970)

22. Early Life & Education Chandrasekhar V enkata Raman born on November 7, 1888 of Trichinopoly, Madras Presidency, British India, now, Tiruchirirapally, Tamil Nadu. His father was a teacher of Mathematics & Physics. In 1903, aged 14, persuaded Bachelor’s Degree at presidency college by winning medals in P hysics & English in 1904. Travelled from Madras to University of Cambridge in 1914. In 1907, aged 19, he graduated with Master’s Degree in Physics.

23. ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES In 1906 aged 18, he published his first academic paper to Philosophical Magazine titled “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture” – that delt about the behaviour of light. He passed his civil service examination & became a full time Government A dministrator, part time scientist in the Indian Finance Department in Kolkata. IN 1917, he was offered the Palit Chair of Physics aged 28 by University of Kolkata. In September 1921, he sailed back to India & reported on research of light scattering in a letter to the journal Nature. In 1927, found the answer for scattering of light & was named “The Raman Effect”.

24. IN 1930, He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for “The Raman Effect”. His investigation on livings cells & tissues gave Raman spectroscopy. In 1932, He gave The Photon’s Spin. IN 1929, He was Knighted as Sir C.V.Raman. IN 1933, He became the first Indian Director of The Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. In 1947, He became India’s first National Professor. IN 1948, founded the Raman research Institute in Bangalore.

25. THE END C.V.Raman died on, aged 82, of heart disease on November 21, 1970 Bangalore India.

26. VENKATRAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN

27. Early Life & Education Popularly known as “Venki Ramakrishna” born in 1952, Chidambaram Tamil Nadu. Parents were scientists father was HOD of Biochemistry at the Maharaja S ayajirao University of Baroda. Schooling at Convent of Jesus & Mary Vadodara Gujarat. Graduated in Physics in 1971 from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Obtained PhD degree in Physics, Ohio University USA.

28. ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES In 1999, Published 5.5amstrong resolution structure of 30S sub unit of the Ribosome & its complexes with several antibiotics. Provided structural insights on fidelity of protein biosynthesis. In 2007, determined atomic structure of whole Ribosome in complex with its tRNA & mRNA ligands. Also known for his work on histone & chromatin structure. Published most cited papers in Nature, Science & Cell(2015).

29. HONORS In 2002, elected as a member of EMBO ( European Molecular Biology Organisation). In 2003, achieved Fellow of Royal Society (FRS). In 2004, elected, member of US national academy of sciences. In 2007, awarded, Louis- Jeantet Prize for medicine. In 2008, Fellow of Trinity college Cambridge & a Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy. In 2009, awarded The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Molecular structure of Ribosome . Awarded P adma Vibhushana in 2010. Knighted in 2012, New Year honors for services to molecular Biology & titled Sir V.Ramakrishnan.

30. THE END Sir V.Ramakrishnan was included as one of the 25 G reatest G lobal L iving Indians by NDTV channel India 2013 .

31. BIMLA BUTI

32. Early Life & Education Born 1933, an Indian Physicist & specializes in the field of Plasma Physics. First Indian women Physicist attained Fellow of Indian National Science Academy(INSA). Obtained BSc (Hons) & MSc Degree in Physics University of Delhi. In 1962, earned a PhD Degree in Plasma Physics.

33. ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES 1977-1983 an Associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science USA. Founded Plasma S cience society as President in 1992-1993. Contributed fundamentals in Physics of nonlinear waves & chaos. Thesis on Relativistic E ffects on Plasma Oscillations & Two-Stream Instability.

34. HONORS IN 1977,Vikram Sarabhai award for Planetary Sciences. In 1993, Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lectureship Award. In 1994, INSA- Vainu Bappu Award for Astrophysics. In 1996, professional Achievement Citation Award of University of Chicago, USA. IN 2010, US Medal for Fundamental Contributions In the Physics of Nonlinear Waves & Chaos. Fellow of TWAS . Fellow of National Academy of Sciences. Fellow of American Physical Society . Fellow of Indian National Science Academy.

35. THE END First Indian women Physicist attained Fellow of Indian National Science Academy(INSA ). Now resides in New Delhi & works for young scientists award at B uti Foundation Chandigarh.

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