Control And Coordination Padhai Ak Mazza Best Hand written Notes 2025.pdf

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3. Introduction
MIS SIN
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Stimulus
"
So what is Coordination?
Control and Coordination in Plants
Howyou
can
see
&Sensethings
Howyou
can
feelHoteCold
Howyou
can
feelthepain
BasicallyHow
Youfeel?
=>
Ourmindhelp
us
in
Feeling
our
surroundings
and
Respond
tothemiscalledthe
ControlcCoordinationof
mind
[Body
SoLet'sstart&
Understandit
MyQuestionisthat
.
YouRespondtosomechangesintheenvironmentlikewhen
a
BitesYou
andyou
respondSuddenly
on
Gradually
Yeahyou
respondSuddenlytotheChanges
intheEnvironment.
So
,
Thechanges
intheEnvironmenttowhichtheOrganismRespondsandreact
are
calledStimulus
Example
:
-Heat
,
Cold
,
Sound
,
Pain
,
Touch
,
Pressure
,
Pain
The
reactiontoStimulusisthecharacteristicspropertyoflivingOrganism
BothPlantsandAnimalsreact
or
respond
tovarious
StimuliAroundthemBut
:
Theanimals
can
ReacttoStimuliinmanydifferentways
ButPlantscannotreactinDifferentways
they
reactto
a
stimuliin
a
verylimited
way
theworkingtogetherof
various
Organsof
Organisms
in
a
Systematic
manner
So
as
to
produce
a
properesponsetotheStimulus
is
calledCoordination
.
Theplants
donothave
anavous
system
and
a
SensoryOrgans
likeEyes
,
Earsand
nose
as
AnimalshaveButthey
can
still
sense
things
Theplants
coordinatestheirbehaviouragainst
EnvironmentalChanges
byUsinghormones
Becausethey
don'thave
anervous
System
TheplantsResponsetoVariousStimuli
very
SlowlybyGrowing
so
inmostof
Cases
PlantResponse
cannotbeobservedimmediately
.
Thefunctionofcoordination
in
plants
is
performedby
Planthormonescalled
Phytohormone

4. Plant Hormones or Phytohormones
Let’s Discuss this Hormone’s Functions in Detail
1) Auxin2) Gibberellins
#
3) Cytokinin's
4) Abscisic acid
So we have talked enough about the plant hormones now let’s jump into the plant movements and that we will study in detail
about all the plant Movements
Control&Coordination
in
Plants
isdonebyPhytohormones
ORPlanthormones
There
are
four
major
typesofPlanthormones
or
Phytohormoneswhich
are
involvedinthe
CoordinationofPlants
1
Auxins
2Gibberelling
3
Cytokinin's
4AbsCISICAcids
Auxins
are
plantshormoneswhichpromotes
Cell
Enlargement
&CellDifferentation
in
Plants
Auxins
also
promotefrut
Growth
Auxins
Controlthe
plantResponse
to
light
andGravity
inOtherwordsResponsiblefor
Phototrophic
&
GeotrophicResponsesofPlant
Gibberelling
are
plant
hormonewhichpromotes
Cell
Enlargement
andCellDifferentiation
inthe
presenceofAuxins
Gibberellinhelp
in
breaking
thedormancy
inseeds
andbudsandPromoteGrowth
infruits
Promote
CellDivisioninPlants
Help
in
Breaking
theDormancyofseed
DelayLeafAging
PromoteOpeningofStomataandPromoteFruitGrowth
Growthinhibitor
ABAPromotesthe
dormancy
inSeed&
Buds
Promotes
ClosingofStomate
Promotesthe
falling
ofleaves

5. $
#
%
#
$#
The Plant Movements Fall into Two main categories
1) Tropisms
2) Nasties
Tropisms or Trophic Movements
Types Of Tropism’s
Plant Movements
MIS SIN
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Theplant
is
fixed
at
a
place
withtheirroofsintheGround
so
theyCannot
more
from
one
placetoanother
.
That
is
plant
donotshowlocomotionhowevermovementoftheindividualparts
or
Organs
of
aplant
are
possiblewhenthey
are
subjectedto
some
ExternalStimul
Likeforceof
Gravity
ChemicalSubstanceswaterandtouchetc
These
movementof
plant
are
Usuallycausedby
an
Unequal
Growth
initstwo
R
theactionofPlanthormonesundertheinfluenceof
a
stimulus
"¥
LessGrowthFor
Example
:-
The
auxin
hormone
is
madeandSecretebuytheArithmetictissueatthe
tipof
stemSoauxinhormone
is
speedofthe
Growth
inStim
↑
If
onesideof
stemhas
more
oxygen
thantheothersidethanthesideofstem
having
more
auximhormonewill
growfasterthantheOtherSidethiswillcausethestemtobend
The
movement
inany
part
ofthe
plant
is
usually
a
growthmovement
Mazza
M
MORE
Agrowthmovementof
a
plantpart
inresponseto
an
ExternalStimulus
inwhichthedirection
ofStimulusdeterminedthedirectionofresponseiscalled
Tropisms
Tropism
is
a
directionalmovement
If
a
Growth
or
movementofplant
istowardstheStimulusitiscalled
Positivetropism
If
a
Growth
or
movementofPlant
is
Away
fromtheStimulusitiscalled
Negativetropism
1
.
The
movementof
plantpart
inresponsetothe
light
iscalled
:
-Phototropism
2.
The
movementof
plantpart
inresponsetothe
Gravity
iscalled
:
-Geotropism
>
Imp
3.
The
movementof
plantpart
inresponsetotheChemicaliscalled
:
-Chemotropism
U.
The
movementof
plantpart
inresponsetothewateriscalled
:
-Hydrotropism
3.
The
movementof
plantpart
inresponsetothetouchiscalled
:
-Thymotropism

6. Phototropism
Geotropism
Chemotropism
Hydrotropism
O PS
MIS SIN
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REMINDER
Plant
needSunglight
showtheStem
or
Shootsrespondto
SunlightbyGrowing
towardsit
The
StemofPlantrespond
to
light
andbendtowardsit.
Theplant
isstem
respond
to
light
andbendtowardsit.
duetotheactionofAuxin
Hormone
When
a
plantpart
isComingintheContact
ofSunlightfor
a
long
timethentheAuxinhormone
startscollecting
on
theopposite
side
ofthatPart
WhichpromoteGrowth
on
the
Oppositesideofthat
part
ofPlant
And
WhentheOppositeSideGrowsfasterthan
the
plant
bendtowardslight
The
response
ofPlant
to
Gravity
iscalledGeotropism
.
The
roofsofPlantalwaysgrowdownwardinresponse
to
Gravity
thismakesurethattheyfind
sollandwater
The
stems
forShootsofPlantalways
growupawayfrom
thepullof
Gravity
thismakeSurcthey
willGetlight
ThemovementofplantsrootstowardstheEarthandthatofstemawayfromEarthboard
Cause
Geotropism
Thegrowthof
a
plantpart
duetotheChemicalStimulusisknown
as
Chemotropism
Example
:
TheGrowthof
a
PollentubetowardstheoulkinducebySurgysubstance
as
stimulus
The
rootsofPlant
grow
towardswater
even
if
means
Goingagainst
thepullof
gravity
This
iscalled
Hydrotropism
M

7. Thigmotropism
$
%
#
#
Nasties or Nastic Movement
$
#
%
&
Thigmonasty
#
%
Photonasty
#
%
Tendrils
are
thinthreadlikeGrowthOntheStemsOR
leavesof
climbingplant
Tendrils
are
sensitivetotouckofOtherObjects
Tendrils
are
positivelyThiymotropic
which
means
that
theyGrowtowardsthingstheyhappentotouch
Tendrils
are
ClimbingOrgansofPlantwhich
are
itsuclythigmotropic
The
movementofplantpart
inresponse
to
an
Externalstimulusinwhichthedirectionofresponseis
not
determinedby
thedirectionof
Stimulusiscallednasticmovement
The
main
differencebetweentrophic
andthenasticmovementitisthat
TrophicMovementsisDirectional
movementof
a
plantpart
butNasticmovementsisnotDirectionalmovementofPlant
withrespect
tostimulus
Ex
:-
Folding
up
ofleavesof
mimosa
podica(touch
me
not)Ontouch
isnot
a
GrowthmovementBut
Opening
and
closingofpotulsofflowersby
theAction
ofSunlight
isGrowth
movement
Wewill
now
describethe
plant
movementswhichtakesplaceimmediately
The
non
directionalmovementof
a
plantpart
inresponse
tothetouch
of
an
Object
iscalled
thigmonastic
Example
:
-Touch
me
not[MimosaPudica]
Thefolding
up
oftheleavesofSensitive
plant
on
touching
isdueto
theSuddenlossofwater
frompad
like
swellingspresent
at
thebase
of
allleavesofSensitive
plant
whichloosetheirwatercausingthe
leaf
todropandfull
M
Thenon-directionalmovementofPlantpartusuallypetulsofflowersinresponsetolight
iscalled
Photonasty
Opening
andclosingofflowersinresponseto
Light
isGrowthmovements

8. Coordination in Animals
'
(
)
*
Types of Receptors Present
+
Control and Coordination in Humans
,
Human Nervous System
-
.
,
HURRY UP
DEADLINE
Asystem
made
up
of
nerve
celliscalled
nervous
System
The
ControlandCoordinationinhigher
animals
calledVertebratesincluding
humanbeingstakesplace
through
the
nervous
system
as
well
as
hormonalSystem
calledEndocrineSystem
There
are
five
sense
organs
inour
bodyEyes
,
Ears
nose
tongue
andskin
Thereceptor
is
a
cellin
a
SenseOrganwhichis
sensitiveto
a
particulartypeofStimulus
Such
as
light,
Sound
,
small
,
taste
,
heat
,
Pressure
etc
1Photoreceptordetectlightthey
are
present
in
our
Eyes
2
Phononoceptor
detectsound
they
are
present
in
much
walls
of
car
3
Olfactoryreceptorsdetect
small
they
are
present
in
nose
-
Y
Gustatoryreceptorsdetecttaste
they
are
present
in
tounge
3
Thermorceptor
detectheatandcold
they
are
present
in
.
Skin
AllthereceptorsreceivesStimulifromthe
surroundingEnvironment
andsand
a
message
conveyedby
themtotheSpinal
Condandbrain
intheformofElectricalimpulsethrough
the
sensory
nerves
There
are
two
SystemsofCoordinationofActivitiesinhumansthese
are
①NervousSystem
②
Endocrinesystem
Thefunctionof
nervous
system
istoco-ordinatetheActivitiesof
our
body
The
nervous
systemhelps
allother
systemof
our
body
toworktogether
TheHuman
nervous
System
receives
informationfromthe
surrounding
processinterprets
andthen
response
accordingly
Mazza
M
MORE

9. Unit of Nervous System Neuron
,
-
.
,
-
Neurons are of three types
/
Transfer of nerve Impulse
.
-
,
NervousSystem
ismadeofspecialized
Callcalled
nevron -
Neuron
isthe
largest
Cellinthe
body
Y
NeuronContainsSomebasicparts
as
anyotheranimal
Cell
buttheirstructureis
speciallyadapted
tobeabletocarry
messages
over
largedistancesinthebodyQuickly
TheNeuron
hasthreeComponents
:
1.Cellbody
=
islike
a
typical
unimalcellwhichContainsCytoplasm
andnucleus
2.Dendrites
=
Thelong
andthinfibres
are
stretching
outfromthecell
bodyof
a
neuron
they
are
Called
nerve
fibres
theshort
one
ofthem
are
calledDendrites
3
Axon
=
Thelongest
fibre
on
thecell
bodyof
a
neuron
iscalledAxon
The
messageswhichthe
neuron
transmitinthe
nervous
System
are
inthe
formof
Electricalimpulse
called
nerve
impulse
Thedendritespick
upthe
nerve
impulsesfromreceptorstheypassedthe
impulse
totheCell
body
andthen
along
theAxontheAxonpassestheimpulsetoanother
neuron
through
a
functioncalledSynapse
1sensory
neurones
:-
Sensory
neurones
transmitimpulsesfromSensoryCellstowardstheCentral
nervous
System
2Motor
neurones
:
-TransmitimpulsesfromtheCentral
Nervous
System
toand
Spinal
Cord
3
Relay
neurones:-
Relay
neurones
OccurinCentral
nervous
system
where
they
serve
as
link
betweenanother
neuron
Mazza
Ma
MiscroscopicGappresentthepairofadjacent
herronesover
whichthe
nerve
>
Synapse
cat
impluse
passeswhen
goingfrom
onencuron
tothenextiscalled
Synapse
⑪
fi
O
Whenthe
nerve
impulsefrom
Cellbody
reachestheendoftheAxon
&&-
ofsensory
neuron
Nerve
!
"¥
Dendrite
Then
the
finy
amountofChemicalsubstancereleasedinto
the
Synapse
thischemicalSubstance
crosses
theGapandstarts
a
similar
Ending
Electricalimpulse
inthedendriteofnext
neuron

10. -
The Organs of Human Nervous System
,
-
.
Let’s discuss how an nervous system work
/
Parts of Nervous system
/
Synapse
Ensurethat
nerve
impulsetravelinOnly
one
directionthrough
a
particular
setof
neurons
becausesynapsesactually
actlike
one
wayvalue
Mazza
M
The
main
organsof
nervous
system
are
brain
Spinal
Cordand
nerves
The
sense
Organs
likeEyes
,
Ear
,
tounge
,
nose
andskincanbeconsideredtobeother
organsofthe
nervous
systembecausethey
help
in
functioning
of
nervous
System
.
Brain
andSpinal
lord
are
connectedtoallthe
SenseOrgans
andother
partof
ourbodyby
millions
of
nerves
1.When
oursense
Organ
is
affected
itsendsthemessagetothebrain
inthe
formofelectricalimpulse
called
nerve
impulsethroughsensory
neuron
2
the
brainanalysethismessageanddecidetheactiontobetaken
3.
Thebrainthensandsoutinstructiontothemusclesofconcernedbodypart
fortaking
necessaryaction
through
motor
nerves
↑
Thebodypart
thenacts
according
totheinstructionsby
brain
Note
:
-
In
theprocessingofComplicated
responsewhich
requiredthinking
inthoseresponseBoth
BrainandSpinalCord
are
involved
In
theprocessing
ofsimple
responseswhichdonotrequiredthinking
theSpinal
cordaloneis
involve
The
nervous
system
canbedividedinto
twomain
parts
①
Central
nervous
System
-
ConsistsofbrainandSpinal
cord
②Peripheral
nervous
System-Consistsofallthe
nerve
ofthebody
lificcranial
nerve
,
Spinal
nerve
,
visceral
nerve

11. Note point
,
.
-
The Peripheral Nervous System
.
/
The Autonomic nervous system
0
&
The Somatic nervous system
1
0
Voluntary nervous system
/
,
/
The
Cranial
nerve
Connectsallthe
parts
intheheaddirectly
tobrain
TheSpinal
nore
connects
all
theremaining
partsofthebodytoSpinal
Lord
Visceral
nerve
connectstheinternalorgansofthebody
toSpinalLord
All
the
narre
ofthebodytogether
makesup
the
peripheral
nervous
System(PNS)
The
Threetypesof
nerve
which
makeupthe
peripheral
nervous
System
arc
①Spinal
Nerve
②
Granial
Nerve
-
>
Functions
inAbovenote
paint
!
Mazza
③Visceral
Nerve
M
MORE
Itforms
a
partofthePNS
The
nerves
ofPNSthatContexttheVoluntary
actionsofthebodyfrom
theSomatic
navors
System
Thevoluntary
nervous
systemhelps
us
totake
Voluntary
actionswhich
are
undertheConsciousControlofthebrain
Ex-writing
a
letter
,
dancing
,
playing
et
The
Autonomic
nervous
system
means
Self-Governing
nervous
System
Autonomic
nervous
SystemControlesand
regulatethefunctionofthe
iner
Organsof
our
bodyin-voluntary
on
itsown
withoutthinking
orNoExternalStimuliisinvolved
Ex-Heartbeat
,
Breathing
,
Urinationetc
Two
divisionsoftheautonomic
nervous
System
are
Sympatheticand
Parasympathetic
nervous
System
TheSympathetic
nervous
system
Prepare
thebodyforintensephysicalactivityitGenerate
fight-or-flight
response
Whilethe
ParasympatheticSystem
hasalmosttheExactOppositeeffectandrelaxesthebody
andinhibits
or
slows
HighEnergyfunctions

12. Reflex action and Reflex arc
.
,
2
Reflex arc
/
,
Note points
The Central Nervous System
1
Brain
/
/
/
/
/
/
Question
0
1
Thesimplestformof
responseinthenervous
System
is
ReflexAction
Areflexactionis
one
which
we
performAutomatically
Example
:
-If
we
unknowingly
touch
a
hot
plate
,
we
immediatly
moreour
handaway
fromit
somovingour
handaway
on
touching
a
hotplate
is
an
exampleofreflexaction
The
pathwaytakenby
nerve
impulse
in
a
Reflexactioniscalled
Reflex
and
*reflex
actionis
an
automaticresponseto
a
Stimulus
1
TheReflexinwhichonlySpinal
Lordisinvolved
are
called
SpinalReflex
2TheReflexinwhichonlybrain
isinvolvediscalledCerebral
Reflex
Mazza
The
CentralNervous
system
Consistsofbrainandsmalle
M
MORE
Brain
isthehighest
Coordinating
Centreinthe
body
The
Brainislocatedinsidetheskullof
our
body
andthe
topoftheSpinalCord
Protectedby
a
Bony
boxintheskullcalledGranium
Drain
issurroundedby
threemembranescalled
meninges
which
help
to
protect
theBrain
The
spacebetweenthemembrancisfilledwith
a
fluidcalled
Crebospinalfluid
whichhelpin
protecting
thebrainfrommechanicalshock
The
Brain
isdividedintothree
Regions
1
TheForcBrain-consistsmainly
ofCerebrum
2TheMidBrain
3TheHindBrain
:
-
Consistsof
pons
,
Cerebellumandmedulla

13. Cerebrum or Forebrain
/
/
/
Midbrain
/
/
Hindbrain
/
/
/
Spinal Cord
/
/
/
/
/
Padhai Ak Mazza
The
Cerebrumisthemainthinkingpart
ofthe
brain
.
T
It
isthesiteof
our
faculties
Such
as
learning
reasoning
intelligence
,
personality
andmemory
All
our
thoughts
sensationactionandmovement
are
controlled
by
Cerebrum
MidbrainControlreflexmovementofheadneckandtrunk
inresponsetovisualandauditoryStimuli
It
alsoControlesthechanges
in
thepupil
SizeandshapeofEye
lens
The
ponstakepart
in
regulatingrespiration
The
Cerebellumhelps
in
maintainingposture
andbalanceofthe
body
Italso
helped
us
tomakepreciseand
accuratemovement
The
CerebellumCoordinatesSmoothbodymovementsSuch
as
walkingdancingriding
andbicycle
andpicking
up
pencil
Spinal
Cord
is
a
cylindricalstructure
TheSpinal
Lordbegins
in
Continuation
withmedullaandextentdownwards
SpinalLordissurroundedbymembranecalledmeninges
-
As
many
as
31painsof
nevearises
fromthe
spinal
Lord
Spinal
LordControlbodymovementsand
functions
·
Report
senses
toyourbrain
Mazza
·
Manage
YourReflexes
M
MORE

14. Hormones
0
3
&
Glands
1
The Endocrine System
,
.
,
.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
/
/
!
Hormones
are
ChemicalSubstancesSecreated
inVerysmallamountbyspecialized
tissue
inthebody
called
EndocrineGlands
Hormones
are
theChemicalSubstanceswhichco-ordinatetheactivitiesoflivingOrganism
andalsotherGrowth
Various
Characteristicsof
hormones
are
Givenbelow
:-
1Hormones
are
secrated
inSmall
Amountsby
theEndocrineGlands
2
They
are
poureddirectly
intothebloodandcarried
throughout
thebody
3Hormones
havetheireffectatthesitesdifferentfromthe
siteswhere
they
are
madeso
they
are
calledchemicalmessenger
M
HormonesAct
on
Specfic+issue
on
OrganCalledtargetOrgan
Mazza
M
There
are
twotypesofGlandsinthebody
MORE
-ExocrineGlands
:
-GlandwhichSecretesitproduct
intoduct
or
tubecalledExocrineGland
2EndocrineGlands
:
-GlandwhichSecretesitproductdirectly
intobloodStreamcalledEndocrmeGlands
A
group
ofEndocrineGlandswhich
produce
varioushormones
calledEndocrineSystem
In
additionto
nervous
systemtheEndocrineSystem
alsohelpsin
Coordinating
theActivitiesof
our
body
The
EndocrineGlandsPresent
inthehuman
body
are
Givenhere
:
The
hormoneproducesby
EndocrineGlandsActs
as
messengers
betweenthe
nervous
systemandtheOrgansof
our
body
Female
Hypothalamus
Glandis
present
inthebrain mala
HypothalamusProduceReleasing
hormoneand
inhibitory
hormons
Functions
ofhypothalamus
istoregulate
the
secrationsofhormonefrom
pituitaryglandthatishypothalamusControl
thepituitary
hormones

15. Pituitary Gland
2
,
Thyroid Gland
4
0
2
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
Pancreas
Question Time
O PS
Present
Justbelowthebrain
Thepituitary
GlandScreates
ano
ofHormones
·
OneofthehormonesscreatedbyPitutary
GlandisGrowthhormone
whichcontrolthe
development
ofbonesandmuscles
↓DeficiencyofGrowthhormone
inChildhoodleadstodwarfness
↑ExcessofGrowthhormoneleadstofallness
on
Giant
Makesthehormonecalled
Thyroxin
hormonewhichcontainsloding
ThefunctionofThyroxin
hormoneistocontroltherateofmetabolismofCarbohydratesfats
and
proteinsinthe
body
Iodine
isnecessaryformakingofthyroxine
hormonedeficiencyofIodine
inthedet
can
cause
deficiencyofthyroxine
hormone
in
thebody
1.There
are
foursmall
parathyroid
Glandwhich
are
embeddedinthe
ThyroidGland
2
Parathyroid
GlandSecreatehormonecalledparathyroid
hormone
functionofitisto
regulate
calciumand
Phosphatelevelintheblood
·
1.
Thymus
Glandlicsinthelower
part
ofneckandupper
partofChest
2Thymus
GlandSecretthymus
hormonewhichplays
a
rolein
thedevelopmentof
Immune
systemoftheBody
~
Pancreas
is
Justbelowthestomachinthe
body
-
Pancreas
Secretethehormonecalledinsulin
-
Thefunctionof
insulinehormoneistolowerthebloodSugarlevel
or
bloodGlucoselevel
~
Deficiencyofinsulineinthe
body
cause
a
diseaseknown
as
diabetes

16. Adrenal Glands
Testes
,
,
,
Ovaries
.
.
.
.
.
Pregnancy
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·
There
are
twoAdrenal
Glandswhich
are
located
on
thetopof
two
Kidneys
·
ThefunctionofAdrenalhormoneis
as
an
Emergencyhormone
in
Emergency
whenAdrenalinehormoneSecreate
Itpreparesour
bodyfor
actionitspeeds
up
heartbeatand
breathing
rateincrease
Bloodpressureandallowsmore
Glucosetogointothebloodtogive
us
a
lotofEnergyQuicklyto
fight
or
RunAway
Testes
are
theGlandwhich
are
presentonly
inmales
Testes
makemakeSexhormonecalledtestosterone
The
functionofTestosteronehormone
istocontrolthedevelopment
ofmakeSexOrgans
andmailfeatures
such
asdeeper
Voice
,
beardandbody
hair
Ovaries
are
theGlandwhich
are
presentonlyinfemales
Ovaries
maketwofemalesexhormoneCalledEstrogenand
Progesterone
ThefunctionofEstrogenhormone
is
toControlthe
developmentofFemal
Sex
OrgansandFemalefutureSuch
as
fimale
voice
softskinandmammaryGlands
AllthesechangescausedbyEstrogan
arc
Associated
withfemale
publity
whichGirlsattainat
an
Age
of10-124
Progestione
Helpsthebody
to
preparefor T
Mazza
M
MORE